Madame Curie (full name Marie Sklodowska Curie? , English name: Marie Sk? Odowska Curie (1867165438+1October 7th-1July 4th, 934) is a famous Polish female scientist, physicist and radiochemist in France. 1867165438+1was born in Warsaw on October 7th. 1903 On June 25th, Madame Curie discovered radium. 1903, she won the nobel prize in physics with her husband pierre curie and henry beck rael * * *,191year, and she won the nobel prize in chemistry for her achievements in radiochemistry. She was the founder of the Curie Institute, and won 10 awards and 16 medals in her life. It has social influence that ordinary scientists do not have. Especially because she is a pioneer of successful women, her model has inspired many people. Due to long-term exposure to radioactive substances, Madame Curie died of malignant leukemia on July 3, 1934 at the age of 67.
Madame Curie's signature
Learning stage1867165438+10. On 7 October, Mary Bureau was born in a middle school teacher's family in Shashi, Wang Guohua.
189 1 went to study in Paris in September, and 10 165438 entered the physics department of the Sorbonne University (that is, the University of Paris).
1894 In April, Joseph kowalski, a Polish scholar and professor of physics at Welfare University, introduced him to pierre curie in order to make use of the well-equipped laboratory led by Curie.
1895 In April, Mary Skoro Dovska's paper "Radioactivity of Uranium and Thorium Compounds" was read by Lippmann in the Academy of Sciences.
1895 On July 26th, Mary married pierre curie in Suozhen, a suburb of Paris. Marie Curie is a teacher in a girls' middle school.
Madame Curie 16 years old
Research stage
1896 In March, Mary passed the examination for the title of teacher for college graduates. With the support of Schuzenberg (1827—1897), Dean of the School of Physics and Chemistry, Mary got a job in the school physics laboratory, working with Buel (the director of the room).
1In July, 898, the Curies proposed to the Academy of Sciences "On a new radioactive substance in pitchblende", indicating that a new radioactive element No.84 was found, which was 400 times stronger than uranium and similar to bismuth. Madame Curie suggested naming this new element polonium after her native Poland. Since then, the Curies have worked closely together to establish the earliest radiochemistry working method.
189865438+In February, the Curies and their colleague Belmont proposed to the Academy of Sciences "A new substance containing strong radioactivity in pitchblende uranium", indicating that a new element, element 88, was discovered, and its radioactivity was one million times higher than that of uranium, and it was named radium. Marie Curie's report on the discovery of the new element polonium was published in the Polish monthly Svay Artero in Warsaw.
1900 In March, Mary taught physics at Seville Girls' Normal School in southwest Paris. Mary's paper "On the Atomic Weight of Radioactive Barium Compounds". The curies read a paper on "new radioactive substances and their emission lines" at the International Physics Society in Paris.
1900 10 Two German scholars Valkoff and Gizer claimed that radium had a strange effect on biological tissues. Later, it was confirmed by the Curies that laser rays would burn the skin.
1902, after three years and nine months of refining, the curies separated a trace (one gram) of radium chloride RaCl2 from several tons of residue, and the atomic weight of radium was 225. The exact number was 226.
1903, Curie and becquerel both won the Nobel Prize in physics.
1908 preface to pierre curie's Collected Works, tracing the author's achievements. This book was commissioned by the French Physical Society to be edited by Langevin and published in Paris. Be promoted to professor.
19 1 1 won the nobel prize in chemistry for separating pure metal radium. ?
19 15, moved from the physics laboratory of Sorbonne University to the radiation laboratory of Radium Institute. Traveling all over the world, guiding 18 field medical service teams.
19 16 held a crash course in radiology for health workers at the institute of radium, teaching doctors how to find the position of foreign bodies (such as shrapnel) in the human body, which was well received by the allied forces.
According to wartime notes, 192 1 year, Radiology and War was written and published in Paris.
192 1 On March 8th, I met with Cai Yuanpei, the headmaster of Peking University, China. Cai arrived in Paris on her way to study abroad and invited Madame Curie to give a lecture in Peking University. Answer: "I can't do this, but I will do it in the summer vacation." It didn't succeed.
192 1 In May, the mother and daughter traveled across the ocean to the United States to receive one gram of radium (current price100000 US dollars) from Marie Curie Committee of American Marie Curie Radium Fund. The award ceremony was held at the White House in Washington on the 20th, and was presided over by the President of the United States. To Philadelphia, accept new thorium five centigrams; She gave her first piezoelectric timepiece to the American Philosophical Association. On Isotopes and Isotopic Elements was published in Paris.
1922 was elected as an academician of the Paris Academy of Medical Sciences in February.
1922 In May, at the invitation of Sir Eric drummond, Secretary General of the League of Nations established after World War I, he participated in the International Cultural Cooperation Committee established last year. The first member was later elected as the vice chairman. To this end, I often go to Geneva to attend meetings.
1930, the French government applied for special research funds and got 500,000 francs.
1934, 1935 compiled and published a book "radioactivity" every year (two volumes). Iorio Curie and his wife discovered artificial radioactivity under the guidance of Madame Curie. Madame Curie felt physically and mentally exhausted, but it was a new comfort to see the progress of laboratory research and the achievements of the second generation she cultivated. She predicted that her daughter and her husband would win the Nobel Prize for their achievements, and sure enough, they won the prize next year.
June 1934: I was admitted to Sanseromo sanatorium in Haute Savoie province. July 4th: Died of pernicious anemia (caused by radium) in a sanatorium. July 6th: Buried in Curie's Tomb in Paris. Her brother (Joseph Scollo Dovski) and sister (Bronis Lava de Luska) spilled dirt from Poland on the grave.
The curies are in the laboratory.
Research fields include radiation physics, chemistry and mathematics.
Radioactive elements polonium and radium were discovered.
2. Propose that-rays (now known to be composed of electrons) are negatively charged particles.
Scientific Achievements Madame Curie designed a measuring instrument in the laboratory, which can not only measure whether a substance has radiation, but also measure the intensity of radiation. After repeated experiments, she found that the intensity of uranium rays is directly proportional to the uranium content in the material, but has nothing to do with the existing state of uranium and external conditions. ?
Madame Curie made a comprehensive investigation of known chemical elements and all compounds, and made an important discovery: an element called thorium can automatically emit invisible rays, which shows that the phenomenon that an element can emit rays is not only the characteristics of uranium, but also the same characteristics of some elements. She called this phenomenon radioactivity, and called elements with this property radioactive elements. The radiation they emit is called "radiation". ?
At the end of 1902, Madame Curie extracted one tenth of extremely pure radium chloride and accurately determined its atomic weight. Since then, the existence of radium has been confirmed. Radium is a natural radioactive substance, which is extremely difficult to obtain. Its shape is white crystal shining like fine salt. In spectral analysis, it is different from the spectral line of any known element. Radium is not the first radioactive element discovered by human beings, but it is the most radioactive element. Using its powerful radioactivity, we can further discover many new properties of radiation. Therefore, many elements can be further applied to practice. Medical research has found that laser rays have different effects on different cells and tissues, and those rapidly multiplying cells will be destroyed quickly once they are irradiated by radium. This discovery makes radium a powerful means to treat cancer. Cancer is made up of cells that reproduce very quickly, and the damage caused by laser rays is far greater than that caused by surrounding healthy tissues. This new treatment method was quickly developed all over the world. In France and France, radium therapy is called Curie therapy. The discovery of radium has fundamentally changed the basic principles of physics, which is of great significance for promoting the development of scientific theory and its application in practice.
Character works? On the chemical action of laser beam (co-authored with pierre curie) 1899.
Atomic weight of radioactive barium 1900
Newly discovered radioactive substances and their radiation (co-authored with pierre curie) 1900.
Theory of radiation process decay 1900
About radioactive substances +090 1 year
Atomic weight of radium 1902
Research on radioactive substances 1903
About sex +09 10 year
Isotopes and their components +092 1 year
Biography of pierre curie 1924
Radiology 1935
Personal glory
Madame Curie was the first person to win two Nobel Prizes in history. She won Nobel Prizes in two different fields.
Madame Curie won the Nobel Prize all her life (1903, 19 1 1 year). 65,438+00 famous awards, including the first scientist who won the Nobel Prize for Science twice, were awarded 65,438+06 medals by international advanced academic institutions; Governments and scientific research institutions around the world have awarded more than 100 titles.
Her various honorary titles are: 56 members, 2 presidents, 19 academicians, 1 president, 20 doctors, 1 professor and 3 honorary citizens.
bonus
1898 June Prize of Paris Academy of Sciences.
Paris academy of sciences 1900 Joune prize.
1902 June Prize of Paris Academy of Sciences.
1903 nobel prize in physics (shared with henry beck rael and pierre curie).
1904 Ausili Award (presented by the Paris newspaper syndicate and won by Eduardo Branly).
1907 Aker Tognan Award of the Royal Society of Science.
19 1 1 nobel prize in chemistry.
192 1 Ellen Richards research award.
1924 Marquis Jean-Dey 1923 Bronze Medal of the French Association for the Promotion of Industry.
193 1 Cameron Award, awarded by the University of Edinburgh.
medal
1903 Berthelot medal (shared with pierre curie).
1903 Paris medal of honor (shared with pierre curie).
1903 Order of David of the Royal Society of London (with pierre curie).
1904 Mathieu medal of Italian scientific society (with pierre curie).
1908 Cherman daikin medal, lear industrial association.
1909 Elliot Christen gold award, Franklin institute.
Albert Medal 19 10, Royal Art Association of London.
19 19 the great cross of Alfonce XII.
192 1 Benjamin Franklin medal, American philosophical society, Ferrara Delfia.
192 1 John Scott medal, American philosophical society, Ferra Delfia.
192 1 National Academy of Social Sciences Gold Award, new york.
192 1 William Gibbs Medal, American Chemical Society, Chicago.
1922 gold medal of American Radiological Society.
1924 first prize of Romanian government, with certificate and gold medal.
1929 Medal of new york Women's Clubs Federation.
193 1 American academy of radiology medal.
title of honour
1904 Honorary member of the Moscow Association of Friends of Imperial Anthropology and Ethnography.
1904 honorary member of the royal society of science.
1904 Foreign member of London Chemical Society.
1904 Correspondence member of Batawi Philosophy Society.
1904 Honorary member of Mexican Physical Society.
1904 honorary academician of Mexican academy of sciences.
1904 honorary member of Warsaw business promotion Committee.
1906 correspondent member of the Argentine scientific society.
1907 Foreign member of Dutch Science Society.
1907 honorary doctor of law, University of Edinburgh.
1908 academician of communication, Imperial College St. Petersburg.
1908 Honorary member of Bronsvik Natural Science Society.
1909 Honorary Doctor of Medicine, University of Geneva.
1909 communication researcher, bologna academy of sciences.
1909 academician of Czech academy of science, literature and art for foreign cooperation.
1909 honorary staff of Philadelphia College of Pharmacy.
1909 is currently an academician of Krakow Academy of Sciences.
19 10 is currently an academician of the Chilean academy of sciences.
19 10 Member of American Philosophical Society.
19 10 foreign academician of the royal academy of sciences of Swedish academy.
19 10 Member of American Chemical Society.
19 10 Honorary member of the London Physical Society.
19 1 1 Honorary member of the London Psychic Research Society.
19 1 1 external vehicle communication member of Portuguese Academy of Sciences.
19 1 1 Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Manchester.
19 12 honorary member of Belgian chemical society.
19 12 cooperative member of St. Petersburg imperial experimental medical research institute.
19 12 Full member of Warsaw Science Society.
19 12 honorary staff of philosophy department of rumburg university.
19 12 Member of Warsaw Photography Society.
19 12 honorary doctor of rumburg technical school.
19 12 honorary member of Werner scientific society.
19 13 special researcher of the royal academy of sciences in Amsterdam (department of mathematics and department of physics).
19 13 honorary doctor of Birmingham university.
19 13 honorary member of Edinburgh Federation of Science and Arts.
1965438+2004 Honorary member of Physical Medicine Society of Moscow University.
1965438+Honorary member of Cambridge Philosophical Society in 2004.
1965438+Honorary member of London Institute of Health Research in 2004.
19 14 Communication researcher, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.
19 18 honorary member of the royal Spanish society of medical electricity and medical radiology.
19 19 honorary chairman of the royal Spanish society of medical electricity and medical radiology.
19 19 honorary president of Madrid radium research institute.
19 19 honorary professor of Warsaw university.
19 19 Member of Polish Chemical Society.
1920 general academician of the Royal Danish Academy of Science and Literature.
192 1 year Honorary Doctor of Science, Yale University.
192 1 year Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Chicago.
192 1 year Honorary Doctor of Science, Northwest University.
192 1 year Honorary Doctor of Science, Smith College.
192 1 year Honorary Doctor of Science from Wellesley College.
192 1 honorary doctor of Pennsylvania women's medical college.
192 1 year Honorary Doctor of Science, Columbia University.
192 1 Honorary Doctor of Science and Law, University of Pittsburgh.
192 1 year Honorary Doctor of Law, University of Pennsylvania.
192 1 honorary member of buffalo natural science society.
192 1 honorary member of new york mineralogy club.
192 1 Honorary member of American Radiological Society.
192 1 Honorary member of the New England Federation of Chemistry Teachers.
192 1 honorary member of American Museum of Natural History.
192 1 honorary member of New Jersey Chemical Society.
192 1 honorary member of industrial chemistry society.
192 1 year, academician of Ania bachelor's college in Christie.
192 1 honorary academician of Knox college of arts and sciences.
192 1 honorary member of American radium society.
Honorary member of Norwegian Medical Radiology Society 192 1 year.
1922 Honorary member of the French Federation of new york.
1922 Academician of Free Cooperation of Paris Academy of Medical Sciences.
1922 honorary member of Belgian Russian science group.
1923 honorary member of Romanian medical mineral spring and climatology society.
1923 Honorary Doctor of Law, University of Edinburgh.
1923 honorary member of Czechoslovakia Mathematicians and Physics Federation in Prague.
1924 honorary citizen of Warsaw.
The name of 1924 is engraved side by side with Baxter on a building in New York City Hall.
1924 honorary doctor of polish chemical society in Warsaw.
1924 Honorary Doctor of Medicine, Krakow University.
1924 Honorary Doctor of Philosophy, Krakow University.
1924 Add Honorary Citizen.
1924 honorary member of Athens Psychic Research Association.
1925 Honorary member of Polish lublin Medical Association.
1926 Marlowe is an ordinary member of Pope Thiberg.
1926 honorary member of the chemical society of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
1926 Academician of Communication, Brazilian Academy of Sciences.
1926 Honorary member of Brazilian Feminist Development Federation.
1926 honorary member of the pharmaceutical and chemical society of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
1926 Honorary Doctor, Department of Chemistry, Warsaw Institute of Technology.
1927 honorary academician of Moscow academy of sciences.
1927 honorary member of bohemian society of literature and science.
1927 honorary academician of the Soviet academy of sciences.
1927 Honorary member of American Interstate Medical Graduate Association.
1927 honorary member of new Zealand research institute.
1929 honorary member of Poznan Association of Friends of Science, Poland.
1929 honorary doctor of law, University of Glasgow.
1929 Glasgow Citizen Honorary Citizen.
1929 Honorary Doctor of Science, University of St. Lawrence.
1929 honorary academician of new york academy of medical sciences.
1929 honorary member of polish medical and dental union.
1930 Honorary member of French Association of Inventors and Scholars.
1930 honorary chairman of the French association of inventors and scholars.
Honorary member of Geneva World Peace Federation 193 1.
193 1 year honorary staff of American Institute of Radiology.
193 1 year, foreign exchange researcher at Madrid Institute of Pure Physics and Natural Sciences.
1932 Academician of the Royal German Academy of Natural Sciences.
1932 honorary member of Warsaw medical association.
1932 honorary member of Czech chemical society.
1933 Honorary member of British Radiological Society and Roentgen Society in London.
65438+ certificate when winning the Nobel Prize in 0903.
19 1 1 year Nobel Prize certificate.
Celebrities say that the weak wait for opportunities; The strong create opportunities.
If you can live with your ideals, with integrity and freedom, with courage and perseverance,
Honesty and self-deception are bound to be perfect.
I think people can live an interesting and beneficial life at every stage. We should not waste our lives. We should be able to say, "We have done what I can", and people can only ask us to do so. Only in this way can we have a little happiness. ?
If you can live your ideal life, act in the spirit of integrity and freedom, be brave and persistent, be honest and not deceive yourself, you will certainly achieve perfection.
We live happily every day. Don't wait until the days have passed to discover our loveliness, and don't put all our special hopes in the future.
We have to eat, sleep, browse and fall in love, that is, we have to touch the sweetest things in life, but we have to give in to these things.
What matters in science is the "things" studied, not the "individuals" of researchers.
Only by paying equal attention to gymnastics and music can we become a complete personality. Because gymnastics can exercise the body and music can cultivate the spirit. ?
People should have perseverance, otherwise they will accomplish nothing.
I have never been lucky, and I will never expect to be lucky in the future. My highest principle is: never give in to any difficulties!
None of our lives seem easy, but what does it matter? Perseverance, especially confidence!
If we can follow our ideals and live in the spirit of freedom, persistence and honesty, we can achieve perfection.
Social evaluation Einstein's speech "Mourning Marie Curie": "When a noble figure like Madame Curie ends her life, we should not just be satisfied with recalling the contribution her work has made to mankind. The significance of first-class figures to the times and historical process, in terms of their moral quality, may be greater than pure intellectual achievements. Even the latter depends on the degree of personality, which may exceed what is usually thought. I am fortunate to have a lofty and sincere friendship with Madame Curie for 20 years. I admire her great personality more and more. Her strength, the purity of her will, the strictness of her self-discipline, her objectivity and her fair judgment-all these are rarely concentrated on one person. She always realizes that she is a public servant of society. She is very modest and never complacent. Because of the harshness and unfairness of society, her mood is always depressed. This makes her have that kind of serious appearance, and it is easy for people who are not close to her to misunderstand-this is a rare seriousness that no artistic temperament can escape. Once she realized that a certain road was right, she persisted uncompromisingly and stubbornly.
Einstein said: "among all the world celebrities, Marie Curie is the only one who has not been spoiled by fame."
Chauffard, President of the Academy of Sciences: Marie Curie, you are a great scholar, a great woman who devoted herself to work and sacrifice for science, and a patriot who always worked for extra responsibilities in war and peace. We salute you. You are here, we can get spiritual benefits from you, and we thank you; We are proud to have you among us. You are the first French woman to enter the Academy of Sciences, and you deserve it.
The curies
1934, Madame Curie in her later years.