Place names in the Tang Dynasty:
Qixingguan - ① On Qixing Mountain southwest of Bijie, Guizhou today, it is said to be the place where Zhuge Liang offered sacrifices to his flag. ②That is, Wangxingguan, southwest of today’s Maowen, Sichuan.
Qipanguan—located on the Qipan Ridge between today’s northeastern Guangyuan, Sichuan, and Ningqiang, Shaanxi.
Qi Min - refers to today's Fujian. In ancient times, it refers to the ethnic minority areas in present-day Fujian and southern Zhejiang.
Ba Min - Fujian was divided into eight prefectures, states, and armies in the Song Dynasty, and eight routes in the Yuan Dynasty, so Ba Min was later used as another name for Fujian.
Bagong Mountain—today’s west of Huainan City, Anhui Province.
Eight Hundred Daughters-in-eastern Shan State, Myanmar.
Jiujiang——①Today’s Jiujiang City. ②The name of the mansion in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was to govern morality (today's Jiupang). ⑧Qinhan County. Qin ruled Shouchun (today's Shouxian County), which governed present-day Henan, Anhui, Huainan, part of eastern Hubei, and Jiangxi Province. The Han Dynasty governed the area north of Chaohu in Huainan, Anhui today. Wei is Huainan County.
Jiuyuan - Qin County, governs Jiuyuan (today's west of Baotou), and has jurisdiction over Houtao and the northern part of Yikezhao League. At the end of Qin Dynasty, it was occupied by Xiongnu.
Sanchuan - Qinjun, Han Shizhi, Qin ruled Luoyang (now northeast of Luoyang City), and governed the Yi and Luoshui watersheds south of the Yellow River in Henan Province. Han Dynasty changed Henan County.
Sanhu——①Ancient Chu land, now northwest of Xichuan, Henan. ②The ancient ferry was on the ancient Zhang River in the southwest of Ci County, Hebei Province today.
Three passes - the three passes that separated the Song Dynasty and the Khitan refer to Yukou Pass (east of today's Ba County, Hebei Province), Yijin Pass (today's Ba County), and Waqiao Pass (today's Xiong County). Yukou Pass was called Caoqiao Pass (today's Gaoyang East).
Sanyuanli - in the north of Guangzhou.
Sanshoujiang City was built by Zhang Renyuan in the second year of Jinglong of the Tang Dynasty (708), both of which were located on the north bank of the Yellow River in Hetao. West Shoujiang City was located on the north bank of the Ujia River and south of Langshan Pass in Hangjinhou Banner, Inner Mongolia today. Zhongshoujiang City was on the present day To the west of Baotou, Shouxiang City to the east is in the south of today's Tuoketuo.
Srivijaya - the country where Sri Lanka died, an ancient country in Sumatra, Indonesia, from the 7th to the 13th century.
Khotan - an ancient country in the Western Regions, located in the Hotan area of ??Xinjiang today. The name of Tang Jun town is located southwest of today's Hotan.
Tumu Fort - in the east of Huailai, Hebei Province.
Xiapi——①ancient county name. Qin was in the northwest of present-day Suining, Jiangsu Province. The gold moved to Gupi Town in the northwest of Suining. Ming waste. ②The name of the ancient county. The Eastern Han Dynasty established a state, and the Southern Dynasty Song Dynasty changed the county to Xiapi, administering parts of the northern parts of Jiangsu and Anhui.
Xiaoxiang - the name of the ancient county, southwest of today's Suqian, Jiangsu Province, abolished by the Northern Qi Dynasty.
Xiacai—now Fengtai, Anhui. In the Spring and Autumn Period, famous states came. The Qin Dynasty established the county, and the Ming Dynasty abolished it.
Xiagang - an ancient country in Banten, west of Java Island, Indonesia today. The country was very prosperous in the sixteenth century.
Da Ningwei - established in the early Ming Dynasty, governed the west of present-day Ningcheng in Inner Mongolia, and governed the area north of the Great Wall in present-day Hebei and south of the Xilamulun River in Inner Mongolia. Rotate the capital to the north and parallel it. Yongle was still called Daningwei and moved to Baoding.
Daming Mansion - established by the Han Dynasty after the Five Dynasties, and governed the Daming East of present-day Hebei Province. Ming Dynasty moved to today's famous name.
Daxing City - During the Sui Dynasty and Han Dynasty, a new city was built in the southeast of Chang'an City, named Daxing City. It is located in today's Xi'an City and the east, south and west areas of the city. That is Chang'an City in the Tang Dynasty.
Dadu - Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty built a new city in the northeast of the capital city of Jinzhong, extending to the old Tucheng sites outside Beijing's Deshengmen and Andingmen to the north, and to the east and west Chang'an Street in the south. The east and west boundaries are now the original city walls of the inner city.
Daliang, the capital of the ancient Wei Dynasty, was located in the northwest of Kaifeng City, Henan Province. At that time, the Yellow River was far away from the city, and Fengqiu, Yanjin, Yuanyang and other counties north of today's Kaifeng were all on the south bank.
Dayi Town—now northeast of Yizheng, Jiangsu Province, Han Shizhong defeated the Jinbing Department.
The Dafeichuan River is located in the Qieji Plain in the southwest of today's ***he County, Qinghai Province, and is said to be the Buha River west of today's Qinghai Lake. Tang Xue Rengui and others were defeated by Tubo here.
Dajinchuan - Dajinchuan is the upper reaches of Dadu River, in the northwest of Sichuan. The seat of the Qing chieftain's administration is now Jinchuan, Sichuan. After the restoration, it belonged to Menuo Hall. Jinghua County was established in 1936, changed to Dajin County in 1953, and Jinchuan County in 1960.
Damogu - the name of the mountain, southwest of present-day Fei County, Shandong Province.
Daze Township—a collection of Liu Village in the southeast of Suxian County, Anhui Province today.
Jokhang Temple - one in the center of Lhasa, Tibet. Built in the seventh century.
Dasheng Pass - ① in the south of Luoshan County, Henan. ② Dacheng Port in the southwest of Nanjing was changed to Dasheng Port after Zhu Yuanzhang defeated Chen Youliang and set up a customs here.
Dayu Ridge - one of the five ridges (Yuecheng, Dupang, Mengzhu, Qitian and Dayu ridges between Hunan, Jiangxi and Guangdong and Guangxi). General Yu built a city here during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, so name. Also known as Meiling. Zhang Jiuling of Tang Dynasty, Cai Ting and Cai Kang of Song Dynasty all built roads.
Big Wild Goose Pagoda - in Nanda Ci'en Temple, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province. It was built in 652 by Xuanzang of the Tang Dynasty. It originally had five floors. It was increased to ten floors during the reign of Empress Wu Zetian. Now it has seven floors, 64 meters high.
Dazhenguan——on the east slope of Donglong Mountain in Qingshui County, Gansu Province today. After the middle of Tang Dynasty, it was an important place to defend Tibet.
Dani - an ancient country in the area of ??Pattani Port in southern Thailand, which is common in records of the Ming Dynasty.
Dawan - an ancient country in the Western Regions, located in the Fergana Basin of Central Asia in the present-day Soviet Union. Guishan City, the capital of the country, is in Jinkasansai.
Dashi - the Tang Dynasty called the Arab Empire Dashi, the original language is the name of a Persian tribe.
Da Qin——also known as Lixuan. The Han Dynasty called Rome Da Qin.
Bactria - the Greek Kingdom of Bactria, in what is now northern Afghanistan. In the middle of the third century BC, it became independent from the Seleucid Kingdom. Around 130 BC, it was occupied by the Dayue clan. Later it was absorbed by the Arabs.
Atlantic country - Ming people refer to Portugal.
Official names in the Tang Dynasty:
One or three divisions (Taishi, Taifu, Taibao) or three Dukes (Taiwei, Situ, Sikong)
The three divisions were relatively mature during the Western Zhou Dynasty. They were all elders of the clan and were responsible for guiding, assisting, and guardianship of the king. Bao, to protect one's body; Fu, to instill virtue and righteousness; Teacher, to teach one's lessons. "The ruler is the foundation of governance" ("Book of Rites of Great Dai. Three Books of Rites"), which plays a comprehensive guiding role when the monarch is young or immature. If the non-moral meritorious service is noble, then it will not occupy its position, and it is better to lack it than to overdo it. By the Tang Dynasty, it had transformed into three official positions, which were empty positions with high status but did not actually exercise power, and honorary positions that were not among the subordinates.
The two and three provinces are concurrently ministers (Zhongshu, Menxia, ??Shangshu)
The central administrative agency also has other provinces, temples, prisons and other departments, but these three are the most important. Among them, the Zhongshu Province is the agency entrusted with the functions of formulating and issuing various government orders under the supreme directive; the Menxia Province is the review organ for imperial decrees and various superior documents; and the Shangshu Province is the highest executive agency, executing various government orders.
The functional division and position setting of the three provinces mainly include:
1. Zhongshu Province: the principal officer is Zhongshu Ling, and the deputy chief is Zhongshu Shilang. Under the jurisdiction of:
Zhongshusheren, Yousanqi Changshi, Youjianyidafu, Youbuque, Youshiyi, Living Sheren, Jixian Hall and History Museum (institution)
2. Menxiasheng: The chief officer is the servant under the door, and the deputy chief is the servant under the door. Under the jurisdiction of:
Gi Shizhong, Zuo Sanqi, Zuo Jianyi, Zuo Jianyi, Zuo Buque, Zuo Shiyi, Qi Julang, Chengmen Lang, Fu Baolang, Hongwen Guan (organization, in charge of books, etiquette , system evolution, etc.)
3. Shangshu Province: the principal officer is Shangshu Ling, and the deputy chiefs are Zuo and Youpu She. Each of the six ministries has a minister and a minister as chief and deputy chiefs. It has six departments and twenty-four departments:
1) Personnel Department - responsible for the selection, appointment and dismissal, promotion, examination, etc. of officials. The subordinate officials include chief officer, Lingshi, Shulingshi, Shulingshi, Jiakulingshi, pavilion chief, Zhanggu, etc.
2) Household Department - in charge of household registration, economy, finance, etc. The subordinate officials include chief officer, order history, book order history, Ji history, and Zhanggu.
3) Ministry of Rites - in charge of etiquette, sacrifices, imperial examinations, schools, education, etc. . . . . .
Note: The above three parts are under the control of Zuo Si.
4) Ministry of War - in charge of military attache selection and military administration. . . . . . .
5) Ministry of Justice - in charge of judicial administration and trials. . . . . .
6) Ministry of Industry - responsible for various project construction and logistics-related work. . .
Note: The above three parts are under the control of Zuo Si.
The third and sixth ministries are government agencies, and there is also an administrative agency - Jiu Temple, which originated from Jiu Qing in the Qin and Han Dynasties. The status is below the six departments. The chief and deputy chiefs are Qing and Shaoqing. The specific divisions are as follows:
1) Taichang Temple
2) Guanglu Temple
3) Weiwei Temple
4) Zongzheng Temple
5) Taipu Temple
6) Dali Temple (the highest central judicial authority)
7) Honglu Temple
8) Sinong Temple
9) Taifu Temple
In addition, there are also directly affiliated institutions that are separated and independent from it - the Five Supervisors: Guozijian, Shaofu Supervisor, Ordnance Supervisor, The general will be the prisoner and the capital water supervisor.
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4. Internal attendant organizations
There are the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Academy of Academicians, and the Internal Affairs Bureau. Among them, the Bachelor's College was founded by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. At first, recruiting talented and learned people was called "waiting for imperial edicts", and then selected talented people from the court officials to live in the Hanlin, called "hanlin worship". Later, it was renamed "bachelor", who specialized in controlling internal affairs. Later, there was another name for "Inner Prime Minister", especially titles such as "Zhi Zhi Gao" and "Hanlin Bachelor Cheng Zhi". |
5. Rank system that is different from positions
Staff who do not hold actual management positions have their own ranks. In many cases, positions and ranks are not consistent. The ranks and names of civil servants are as follows:
1. The first rank: Taiwei, Situ, Sikong
2. The first rank: Kaifu Yitong Sansi
3. The second rank: Special Advance
4. The second rank: Doctor Guanglu
5. The third rank: Doctor Guanglu of Jinzi
6. Third grade: Yinqing Guanglu doctor
7. From the fourth level: Zhengyi doctor
8. From the fourth level: Tongyi doctor
9. From the fourth level: Tai Zhong Da Fu
10. From the four sides: Zhong Da Fu
. . . . . .
30. From the ninth rank: Shogun
In addition, there are also titles of different treatment awarded to members of the royal family, military exploits, etc.
6. Supervision, admonishment system and its structural settings
The Yushitai in the Tang Dynasty was a completely independent supervision structure. The Taiyuan Yushi is divided into three courtyards:
1) The Taiyuan Yushi is responsible for correcting and impeaching all officials of the imperial court.
2) Serving the censor in the palace and conducting various ceremonies in the palace. "Those who are in the main class and are listed outside the pavilion gate, and those who are not in the class and do not speak calmly".
3) The scope of supervision by the Procuratorate and the Censor is very wide. Patrol various places. Although the supervisory censor is only an eighth-rank minor official, he holds the Tianxian in his hand and has great courage. "When the censor is sent as an envoy, he cannot shake the mountains or shock the prefectures and counties. It is not his job to hold the post"!
In addition, in addition to the three public servants who also have such rights and responsibilities, the casual knights, regular attendants, admonishment officials, repairers, and relic collectors are also specialized admonishment officials. Wei Zheng, who was famous for his "violent appearance and strong admonition", once served as an admonishment official. And formed the "system in which admonishers follow the prime minister into the cabinet to discuss matters."
Discussing the official system and its origins in the Tang Dynasty
Each dynasty has a royal family and a government. The royal family is represented by the emperor, while the prime minister is the top leader of the government. Both prime minister and prime minister mean deputy, so the prime minister is also an adjutant. In the pre-Qin era, he was actually the adjutant of nobles such as kings or princes. Inside, the housekeeper is called the boss, and outside, the director is called the prime minister. After Qin unified the world, all the nobles fell, and only one noble family remained, the royal family. Therefore, the prime minister in their family had to manage both the country and the emperor's family affairs. This is the origin of the Prime Minister.
The prime ministers of the Tang Dynasty adopted a committee system, which was different from the leadership system of the Han Dynasty. The government has three yamen: Zhongshu, Menxia, ??and Shangshu. The functions of these three departments plus the Yushitai are equivalent to the powers of the prime minister in the Han Dynasty. This shows the decentralization of power among the prime ministers in the Tang Dynasty.
1. Zhongshu Sheng----issue orders. These orders were called "imperial edicts" in the Tang Dynasty. Although they were issued in the name of the emperor, they were not drawn up by the emperor but by Zhongshu Sheng.
The procedure is as follows: Zhongshu Sheren drafts multiple copies of the imperial edict, called "Wuhua Judgement", and then Zhongshu Ling (Zhongshu Provincial Governor) or Zhongshu Shilang (Zhongshu Provincial Adjutant) selects one and slightly polishes it. , became a formal edict, and then the emperor drew a word "edict" to become the emperor's order, and finally was issued to the provinces.
2. The province under the door----review. The emperor's order issued by Zhongshu Province must now be reviewed. If the review fails, the document will be returned to the Zhongshu Province with an annotation from the official (the official with the right to reject it), which is called "Tu Gui", which means requesting the Zhongshu Province to redraft it. If the review is passed, it still needs to be signed by the Shizhong (the governor of the Menxia Province) or the Shilang (the adjutant of the Menxia Province) before the edict will officially take effect, and then it will be sent to the Shangshu Province for execution. It was considered illegal in the Tang Dynasty if the emperor issued an order directly without a Zhongshu or a family seal.
3. Shangshu Province----Execution. The governor of Shangshu Province is called Shangshu Ling. Li Shimin once held this position before he became emperor. Therefore, none of the subsequent courtiers dared to serve as Shangshu Ling again, and the vacancy often remained vacant. The real power of Shangshu Province lies with his adjutants, who are called left and right servants. The left servant is in charge of the three departments of officials, households, and rituals, and the right servant is in charge of the three departments of military, punishment, and work. The functions of the six departments can be found in Brother zxc789's "A Quiz on the Central Management System of the Tang Dynasty." Each subordinate has four divisions, totaling twenty-four divisions.
Zhengshitang----Since an edict must go through the two provinces Zhongshu and Menxia before it becomes official, for the sake of convenience, when discussing major events, a joint meeting was held by the governors of Zhongshu and Menxia. The place is called "Zhengshi Hall". If a person is both a left and right servant, he is called "Tong Zhongshu Menxia Ping Zhang Shi", and he also has the right to enter the political hall to discuss matters (because the chief of the Shangshu Province is fictitious). But after Kaiyuan, Pushe could no longer enter the political hall to discuss affairs, and the Shangshu Province became a pure executive organ. Therefore, in the Tang Dynasty, the chief minister under Zhongshu and the sect was the real prime minister.
Let me introduce the Yushitai again. It is divided into left and right censors. The left censor supervises central government officials, mainly officials from the six ministries of Shangshu Province, while Zhongshu and Menxia provinces are not included in the supervision; the right censor inspects local officials. The country is divided into ten channels, each of which One is called "observer". This "observation envoy" was originally a central supervisory officer who inspected various areas. Later, he became a permanent central official stationed in the local area, and invisibly became the highest local official. If his mission is to patrol the border and stop at important border defense areas, and the central government gives him all the power to deal with local affairs, he becomes a "Jiedushi". Jiedushi was a kind of full-power seal at that time. With it, everything could be controlled, so it was called "Jiedushi". Because of its great power, it gradually evolved into a "vassal town".
In the Tang Dynasty, there were nine grades of officials. The first and second grade officials were designated as elders, who were not actually responsible for political affairs, that is, they had titles such as "three ministers". The top leaders of the "three provinces, six departments and one unit" mentioned above are all third-rank officials.
Official positions other than "three provinces, six ministries and one department" are mostly idle positions. Let’s talk about “Nine Temples” here. It comes from Jiuqing during the Qin and Han Dynasties. The status is below the six departments. The chief and deputy chiefs are Qing and Shaoqing.
1. Taichang Temple----"Chang", originally means "taste", which means to offer food to ancestors so that they can taste new things all the time. Therefore, Taichang Temple manages the emperor's sacrificial affairs;
2. Guanglu Temple - its origin is Guanglu Xun of the Han Dynasty. "Xun" is connected with "阍", which is the entrance of the royal family, so Guanglu Temple is in charge of the palace gate security;
3. Weiwei Temple--originally a royal guard in the Han Dynasty, but in the Tang Dynasty it only took care of the emperor's tents, etc.;
4. Zongzheng Temple--in charge of the emperor's clan affairs ;
5. Taipu Temple----Pu means driver, so Taipu Temple is in charge of the emperor's horses;
6. Dali Temple---- Originated from the imperial court of the Han Dynasty, it is the central judicial organ;
7. Honglu Temple - "Honglu" means paging. It originated from the great Honglu in the Han Dynasty. It was in charge of the emperor's dealings with people and was equivalent to the emperor's personal privacy. Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
8. Sinong Temple - originated from the Great Sinong in the Han Dynasty, an institution in charge of the government's economy. All income from the world's land tax is nominally managed by the Sinong Temple and goes into the national treasury;
9. Shaofu Temple - it is also an institution in charge of the economy, but it is responsible for taxes on Shanze salt mines and other taxes. This part of the revenue is included in the emperor's private treasury.
The hierarchical names of concubines
The Tang Dynasty was probably based on the Han system and was more complete than the Han system. They are: under the queen, there are noble concubines, Shu concubines, virtuous concubines, and virtuous concubines. There is one concubine each, who is the wife, the first rank; Zhaoyi, Zhaorong, Zhaoyuan, Xiuyi, Xiurong, Xiuyuan, Chongyi, Chongrong, and Chongyuan are each one, the ninth concubine, the second rank; Jieyu is nine. , the third grade; the nine beauties, the fourth grade; the nine talented people, the fifth grade; the twenty-nine Baolin, the sixth grade; the twenty-seven royal ladies, the seventh grade; the twenty-seven maidens, the eighth grade. The wives below all have their own duties: the concubine and the empress "are the ones who sit down and discuss the etiquette of women, and they regulate everything within the house"; the concubines Jiu and Jieyu teach the four virtues of the nine emperors and praise the etiquette of the queen; the beauty palm leads the female officials Cultivating sacrifices to guests; talented people preside over banquets and bedtimes.