Based on the current situation of cultivated land in my country, let’s briefly discuss how to effectively protect cultivated land

Land is the basis for our human survival and development, and is a very precious resource and asset. With the rapid growth of population, my country has more people and less land, the overall quality of land resources is poor, the serious shortage of cultivated land reserve resources, low land utilization and other practical problems have become increasingly apparent, and have attracted more and more attention from all walks of life. At present, my country's cultivated land protection situation is still very serious. The total cultivated land area in the country is only 1.827 billion acres, and the per capita cultivated land area is only 1.39 acres, which is far lower than the world average. At the same time, about 100 million acres of cultivated land cannot be irrigated every year. , nearly one-third of the cultivated land is affected by soil erosion. According to China's "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" outline, by the end of 2010, the country's cultivated land area must be no less than 1.8 billion acres. This is a bottom line that is directly related to the problem of feeding the 1.3 billion Chinese people. It is urgent to strengthen the protection of cultivated land.

1. The current situation of my country’s cultivated land

Compared with other countries in the world, my country’s cultivated land has the following characteristics: the per capita amount of cultivated land is small. At the end of 1996, the statistical number of cultivated land in my country was 1.432 billion acres, and the per capita cultivated land was 117 acres, which was less than 1/3 of the world's per capita cultivated land of 375 acres. Moreover, in areas with relatively good agricultural production conditions, the per capita cultivated land amount was higher than the per capita cultivated land. The amount of cultivated land per capita in relatively poor areas is lower. Therefore, it is our country’s basic national condition that there are too many people and too little land.

1. The overall quality of cultivated land is poor and the production level is low. Nationwide, my country has little high-quality farmland and poor ability to withstand natural disasters. There are still nearly 100 million acres of cultivated land with a slope of more than 25 degrees, which needs to be gradually returned to farming. The poor quality of cultivated land and the uneven distribution of cultivated land and water resources have caused the production level of my country's cultivated land to be low. Compared with developed countries or agriculturally developed countries in the world, the grain yield per unit area differs by more than 100 kilograms.

2. Cultivated land is severely degraded. Many cultivated lands in our country are in arid and semi-arid areas and are affected by desertification. 40% of the cultivated land in arid and semi-arid areas of our country is degraded to varying degrees, and about 30% of the cultivated land nationwide is affected by soil erosion to varying degrees.

3. Cultivated land resources are scarce. According to statistics, even if all of my country's reserve cultivated land resources are developed into cultivated land, the per capita increase in cultivated land will be less than 0.1 acres. Moreover, after long-term development since the founding of the People's Republic of China, most of the remaining reserve cultivated land resources are land of poor quality and difficult to develop. Therefore, our country must protect cultivated land. Effectively protecting cultivated land and strictly controlling the conversion of cultivated land into non-cultivated land are the basic principles of cultivated land protection.

2. Why does my country need to vigorously carry out cultivated land protection?

1. Our country has indeed achieved a historic leap from a severe shortage of agricultural products to a balance between supply and demand, and abundant harvests. This does not mean that our country Food security can be assured. Agriculture is still the foundation for maintaining economic development and social stability in our country. Agriculture must still be placed in the primary position of developing the national economy, and food production capacity must still be protected and improved.

In the 21st century, ensuring food security is the primary task of my country's agricultural modernization. The contradiction between population, cultivated land and food is the biggest obstacle to the optimal allocation of agricultural resources. In our country, food production will remain the mainstay of agriculture for a long time. The process of agricultural modernization includes the improvement of food security. The improvement of food security is an important part of agricultural modernization. In our country, it is impossible to realize agricultural modernization without improving national food security and its level. Food security level is an important indicator of my country's agricultural modernization.

2. Strict protection of cultivated land is a prerequisite for protecting and improving comprehensive grain production capacity. The Third Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China pointed out that the strictest farmland protection system must be implemented to ensure national food security. Protecting and Improving Comprehensive Grain Production Capacity When it comes to grain, it must be guaranteed by stabilizing a certain amount of arable land.

Cultivated land is an important base for humans to obtain food. Maintaining the quantity and quality of cultivated land is crucial to the sustainable development of agriculture. Our country has clearly stipulated that "treasuring and rationally utilizing every inch of land and effectively protecting cultivated land" is a basic national policy, requiring the establishment of a cultivated land protection system within a limited time to protect basic farmland. Basic farmland is the essence of cultivated land and the most basic basis for maintaining national food security. The most important thing in protecting cultivated land is to protect basic farmland. This is an insurmountable red line. Protecting cultivated land, especially basic farmland, is an important prerequisite for protecting and improving comprehensive grain production capabilities.

The essence of the cultivated land issue is an agricultural issue, especially a food issue.

3. Difficulties faced by the protection of cultivated land resources in China

Cultivation land is the essence of the land and the most basic means of production in agriculture. The stability and healthy development of a country's national economy and society are inseparable from the rational development and utilization of cultivated land. Especially for a typical agricultural country like my country that is highly dependent on land, the status and role of cultivated land are particularly important. The Party Central Committee and the State Council attach great importance to farmland management. Central leaders have repeatedly emphasized the need to cherish every inch of land and implement the strictest land protection system in the world. It is emphasized that the protection of cultivated land plays a fundamental role in national food security, guarantees the livelihood of hundreds of millions of farmers, and stabilizes rural areas and even the whole society. Entering the new century, China will accelerate the process of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way and the country's industrialization and urbanization. New changes and new requirements in the economy and society have caused many difficulties in the protection of China's cultivated land resources and food security. ”

1. The problems of population growth, disappearance of cultivated land, and rigid growth in grain consumption demand are more prominent

The task of stabilizing the supply of agricultural products is becoming more and more arduous. With the growth of population and the improvement of people’s living standards In the future, China's grain consumption will increase by about 5 billion kilograms every year, and the demand for non-grain food will continue to grow. Food consumption demand will show a rigid growth. However, due to the difficulty in increasing the amount of cultivated land and water resources necessary for grain production, the steady increase in grain consumption will continue. Comprehensive production capacity is becoming more and more difficult, and the supply of food and agricultural products has always faced severe challenges and tremendous pressure. The rapid loss of cultivated land resources has made the increasingly prominent contradiction between man and land in our country even worse due to the rapid growth of population. On the one hand, the country's population is growing at a rate of more than 10 million people every year, reaching a maximum of 17 million people. On the other hand, the country's cultivated land resources are disappearing at an alarming rate. According to estimates by the National Situation Analysis Research Group of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, my country's existing cultivated land is approximately 1.218 million. billion hectares, ranking among the top in the world in terms of absolute quantity, but the per capita occupancy is far below the world average. The population and cultivated land have increased and decreased, making the contradiction between man and land in my country more severe. At the same time, the quality of cultivated land has also declined. It cannot be ignored.

2. It is increasingly difficult to protect cultivated land resources.

Since the reform and opening up, my country’s economy has maintained a momentum of rapid growth, but this rapid growth mainly depends on Extensive expansion rather than intensive use of land is achieved at the expense of occupying a large amount of cultivated land. The boom in development zones across the country has been a major gap in the loss of cultivated land in recent years due to accelerated urbanization, ecological abandonment of farmland, and violations of laws and regulations in some places. Due to reasons such as misuse of cultivated land, the number of land violation cases and the area of ??illegal land use rebounded in 2006. Rural construction, road construction, and tomb construction occupy a large amount of cultivated land. my country's rural burials occupy as much as 2,000 hectares every year, more than half of which is fertile.

3. The reserve resources of cultivated land are highly restricted.

A survey organized by the land department shows that the current total reserve resources of cultivated land in my country are 075.3 million hectares, but the reserve reserves of various major cultivated lands are Regional development is facing heavy pressure to protect and improve the ecological environment. Whether the ecological environment problems can be properly solved has become the key to the success of land development and consolidation projects. The ecological background of cultivated land reserve resources is poor in 31 provinces, regions, and autonomous regions. They are distributed throughout the city, but most of them are located in the arid and semi-arid areas of the northwest with abundant cultivated land reserves, and their common characteristics are drought and water shortage, salinity, wind and sand, and low temperature. One or more restrictive factors such as severe cold, and the restriction intensity is relatively high, and the ecological environment is fragile.

4. The quality of my country’s existing cultivated land is low

The degradation of cultivated land refers to the impact of human beings on it. The process of declining cultivated land fertility caused by unreasonable use of cultivated land usually manifests itself in the decline of the physical, chemical and biological properties of cultivated soil that are conducive to crop growth. According to the second national soil census, only 21% of the country's high-quality cultivated land is soil. About 10% of cultivated land has organic matter less than 0.5%. Among the existing cultivated land, 59% is deficient in phosphorus, 23% is deficient in potassium, and 10% is deficient in phosphorus and potassium. Soil erosion, salinization, swampification, and desertification of cultivated land account for 53% in total. Among the existing cultivated land, according to quality, first-class land accounts for 41%, second-class land accounts for 34%, and third-class land accounts for 20%. In terms of output, 41% are in first-class places, 34% are in second-class places, and 20% are in third-class places. In terms of output, high-yield fields accounted for 29.7%, medium-yield fields accounted for 30.3%, and low-yield fields accounted for 40%.

Among the existing cultivated land, 59% is deficient in phosphorus, 23% is deficient in potassium, and 10% is deficient in phosphorus and potassium. Soil erosion, salinization, swampification, and desertification of cultivated land account for 53% in total. There are still 08.53 million hectares of cultivated land affected by industrial waste pollution and acid rain erosion. The cultivated land that is not suitable for continued cultivation accounts for about 3.65% of the total cultivated land area.

5. The requirement to establish a sustainable agricultural development mechanism is becoming increasingly urgent

The extensive economic growth model mainly relies on increasing the input of production factors to expand the scale of production and achieve economic growth. To achieve economic growth in this way, consumption is high, costs are high, product quality is difficult to improve, and economic benefits are low. The intensive economic growth mode refers to the use of new technologies and new processes, improved machinery and equipment, and increased scientific and technological content to increase output on the basis of unchanged production scale. The basic feature of this economic growth mode is to rely on improving production factors. quality and utilization efficiency to achieve economic growth. Economic growth is achieved in this way, consumption is lower, costs are lower, product quality can be continuously improved, and economic benefits are higher. At present, in China's agricultural development, a sustainable development mechanism to conserve resources and protect the environment has not yet been established. In terms of conservation and utilization of agricultural resources, a good atmosphere for conserving resources has not yet been formed, and effective methods and benefit compensation mechanisms to mobilize farmers' enthusiasm for conserving resources are not yet complete.

4. How to effectively protect cultivated land

1. Resolutely prevent cultivated land from being idle or abandoned. Comprehensively clean up unused cultivated land that is suitable for farming, organize townships (towns), villages, and households to resume cultivation in a timely manner, and the land acquisition unit shall pay for the restoration expenses; for land that has been idle for more than one year, fines must be imposed in accordance with the law; Land that has been idle for more than two years will be recovered in accordance with the law. Contracted land abandoned all year round and seasonally can be cultivated by large grain growers. Governments at the county and township levels bear direct responsibility for stopping the abandonment of cultivated land, and include this work in the cadre target management and assessment responsibility system. In places where the abandonment of cultivated land is serious, the responsibilities of local leaders will be resolutely investigated and severely investigated.

2. Strictly implement the land use control system. Strengthen planning implementation management and promote rational and intensive use of land for various types of construction, especially urban construction. Strictly implement land planning plans and strictly control the scale of land use. Reduce the land use approval process, shorten the approval cycle, and proactively provide land use services for key construction projects. At the same time, local governments at all levels must insist on using land in accordance with the law. They must not use land without authorization, use land beyond their authority, or use land illegally for various reasons such as slow land use approval procedures or lack of land acquisition funds. They must not use land at the expense of resources and farmers' interests in exchange for economic benefits. develop temporarily.

3. Conduct strict inspections and increase law enforcement. Establish a dynamic land inspection system, set up a land inspection team, insist on regular inspections, and ensure that inspections are in place without leaving any blind spots. Problems discovered during inspections will be dealt with in a timely manner to nip illegal activities in the bud. We should intensify the investigation and handling of illegal cases. Major illegal cases should be investigated and dealt with openly, and we should deal with both the matter and the person to the end. If a criminal offense is constituted, it should be transferred to the judicial department for criminal responsibility.

4. Conscientiously implement the basic farmland protection system. Effectively strengthen the protection of cultivated land, and take effective measures in accordance with the overall goals and requirements of "the basic farmland protection area is large in quantity, the quality is not degraded, and the unauthorized conversion of cultivated land to non-agricultural land is never allowed. This is an insurmountable red line." We will do a good job in protecting basic farmland. Establish a leading group for the protection of basic farmland in rural counties and villages to form a protection network, implement positioning, quantification, and appointment of personnel for the management of basic farmland, ensuring that each farmland has a responsible person and every village has a full-time management and care worker.

5. Actively promote land development, consolidation and reclamation to increase the effective cultivated land area. Strictly implement the "one occupation and one supplement" policy to ensure a balance between cultivated land occupation and compensation, fully implement the system of linking the supplementary cultivated land for construction projects with land development, consolidation and reclamation projects, strictly assess according to the project, implement responsibilities, establish and improve the land development, consolidation and reclamation management system, Guided by the implementation of key projects, we will comprehensively promote land development, consolidation and reclamation to form a virtuous cycle mechanism for compensating farmland.

In short, cultivated land is the basis for human survival and development. Faced with the severe shortage of cultivated land in our country, various measures must be taken to prevent and eliminate factors that harm cultivated land and the environment, and stabilize and expand the cultivated land area. Maintaining and improving the material production capacity of cultivated land, and preventing and controlling environmental pollution of cultivated land are major issues to ensure the sustainable and rational use of land, stabilize the basic position of agriculture, and promote the development of the national economy. Therefore, timely and effective measures to protect farmland will be an important issue that our country urgently needs to address.

The farmland protection system mainly includes the following aspects:

Land use control system. Paragraph 1 of Article 4 of the "Land Management Law of the People's Republic of China" stipulates: "The state implements a land use control system." Paragraph 2 of this article stipulates: "The state prepares an overall land use plan, stipulates land uses, and transfers land It is divided into agricultural land, construction land and unused land. Strictly restrict the conversion of agricultural land to construction land, control the total amount of construction land, and implement a special protection system for the total amount of cultivated land. Article 33 of the "Land Management Law of the People's Republic of China" stipulates: "The people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall strictly implement the overall land use plan and annual land use plan, and take measures to ensure that cultivated land within their respective administrative areas is not reduction; if the total amount of cultivated land is reduced, the State Council shall order the reclamation of cultivated land equivalent to the quantity and quality of the reduced cultivated land within a specified period, and the land administration department of the State Council shall jointly inspect and accept it with the agricultural administrative department of individual provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government. Due to the lack of land reserve resources, if the amount of newly reclaimed cultivated land after adding construction land is not enough to compensate for the amount of occupied cultivated land, it must be approved by the State Council to reduce or reduce the amount of reclaimed cultivated land in the administrative region and carry out land reclamation. ”

Cultivated land occupation and compensation balance system. Paragraph 2 of Article 31 of the "Land Management Law of the People's Republic of China" stipulates: "The state implements a compensation system for occupied cultivated land. Upon approval of non-agricultural construction to occupy cultivated land, according to the principle of how much is occupied and how much is cultivated, the amount of cultivated land occupied shall be compensated by the system. The unit is responsible for reclaiming cultivated land equivalent to the quantity and quality of the occupied cultivated land; if there is no condition for reclamation or the reclaimed cultivated land does not meet the requirements, the cultivated land reclamation fee shall be paid in accordance with the regulations of the province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government, and special funds shall be used to reclaim new cultivated land. . ”

Cultivated land protection target responsibility system. According to the "Regulations on the Protection of Basic Farmland", "Local people's governments at or above the county level shall incorporate the protection of basic farmland into the national economic and social development plan as an element of the target responsibility system for the term of government leaders, and the implementation shall be supervised by the people's government at the higher level. "" stipulates that governments at all levels should establish a target responsibility system for cultivated land protection with the protection of basic farmland and the dynamic balance of total cultivated land as the main content, and conduct annual assessments.

Basic farmland protection system. Article 34 of the "Land Management Law of the People's Republic of China" stipulates: "The state implements a basic farmland protection system." The basic farmland protection system includes the basic farmland protection responsibility system, the basic farmland protection zone use control system, the occupation of basic farmland Strict approval and occupation-compensation balance system, basic farmland quality protection system, basic farmland environmental protection system, basic farmland protection supervision and inspection system, etc. Agricultural land conversion approval system. Article 44 of the "Land Management Law of the People's Republic of China" stipulates: "If the land occupied for construction involves the conversion of agricultural land into construction land, the approval procedures for the conversion of agricultural land must be completed. Approval by the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government Land occupied by road, pipeline projects, large-scale infrastructure construction projects, and construction projects approved by the State Council, involving the conversion of agricultural land into construction land, shall be approved by the State Council within the scope of construction land in cities, villages, and towns determined by the overall land use plan. , if agricultural land is converted into construction land for the purpose of implementing the plan, it shall be approved by the authority that originally approved the overall land use plan in batches according to the annual land use plan. Within the scope of the approved agricultural land conversion, the land for specific construction projects may be used. The land occupied by construction projects other than those specified in paragraphs 2 and 3 of this article shall be approved by the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government. ”

Land development consolidation and reclamation system. Article 38 of the "Land Management Law of the People's Republic of China" stipulates: "The state encourages units and individuals to develop undeveloped areas in accordance with the overall land use plan and on the premise of protecting and improving the ecological environment, preventing water and soil erosion and land desertification. The land that is suitable for development into agricultural land shall be developed into agricultural land with priority. "The state encourages land consolidation. County and township (town) people's governments shall organize rural collective economic organizations according to land utilization." The overall plan is to comprehensively improve mountains, waters, fields, forests, roads and villages, improve the quality of cultivated land, increase the effective cultivated land area, and improve agricultural production conditions and ecological environment. "Article 42 stipulates: "Due to excavation damage, subsidence, Land-using units and individuals shall be responsible for reclamation of land that has been damaged due to occupation, etc. in accordance with relevant national regulations; if there is no condition for reclamation or the reclamation does not meet the requirements, land reclamation fees shall be paid, which shall be used exclusively for land reclamation.

Reclaimed land should be given priority for agriculture. "

Land tax and fee system. Article 31 of the "Land Management Law of the People's Republic of China" stipulates that if the cultivated land occupied for construction does not have the conditions to be reclaimed or the reclaimed cultivated land does not meet the requirements, a tax shall be paid Cultivated land reclamation fees are used to reclaim new cultivated land; Article 37 stipulates that idle and barren cultivated land must be paid idle fees; Article 47 stipulates that new vegetable land development and construction funds must be paid for the requisition of urban suburban vegetable lands; Article 47 Article 55 stipulates that construction units that obtain state-owned land use rights through transfer must pay paid land use fees for newly added construction land. The "Interim Regulations of the People's Republic of China and the State on Farmland Occupation Tax" stipulates that non-agricultural construction occupation. Cultivated land must pay cultivated land occupation tax. The tax system prescribed by law is an important measure to protect cultivated land by economic means.

The third legal liability system for the protection of cultivated land. Article 142 stipulates: “Whoever violates land management regulations and illegally occupies cultivated land for other purposes in a relatively large amount, causing extensive damage to cultivated land, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than five years or criminal detention, and shall also or solely be fined. "Article 410 stipulates: "If a staff member of a state agency engages in malpractice for personal gain, violates land management regulations, abuses his power, illegally approves the expropriation or occupation of land, or illegally transfers state-owned land use rights at a low price, and if the circumstances are serious, he or she shall be punished with a sentence of not more than three years. Fixed-term imprisonment or criminal detention; if it causes particularly heavy losses to the interests of the country or the collective, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than 3 years but not more than 7 years. "The "Land Management Law of the People's Republic of China", the "Implementation Regulations of the Land Management Law of the People's Republic of China" and the "Regulations on the Protection of Basic Farmland" and other laws and regulations stipulate corresponding administrative measures for illegal activities in the protection of cultivated land. Legal liability.