Text | Yang Jintao
1945 On September 9th, China's surrender ceremony was held in Nanjing. The Chinese representative He bowed slightly when he accepted the surrender. This 70-year-old story is widely criticized on the Internet in China. For example, the online article "He's" Good for Bad ":How the Japanese surrender became our shame" said:
"Commander in chief of the waist, incredibly bent than the Japanese devils! If you cut off both people above the chest, it's really impossible to judge who surrendered! CSI: This gesture is simply a reward from the master! "
The source of this criticism can be traced back to Li Ao. Ceng Li wrote that "He Qinying's waist is flattering" and criticized it on TV programs, which made this statement widely circulated.
In fact, in order to show China's status as a winner, the National Government made many special arrangements when preparing for the surrender ceremony. For example, before the ceremony, the Japanese surrender representative was asked to shave his head to show defeat and defeat. At the ceremony, all the hats of seven China delegates were put on the table, but for the Japanese side, only Okamura Ningji was allowed to put the hats on the table, and the other six people had to hold them in their hands after taking off their hats. Even the chairs on both sides are different ―― the surrender representative is sitting in a leather bag chair, and the surrender representative is sitting in a bag chair. ②
He's "bending over" moment was caused by the different arrangements between the two sides at the meeting.
It is not difficult to see from the following figure 1 that in order to show the glory of the winner, the table used in China is very wide, about three times as wide as that in Japan; At the same time, a square microphone was placed on the edge of the table in front of him. However, it is precisely for this reason that in Figure 2 below, when the chief of staff of the Japanese "Chinese Dispatching Army" Kobayashi Saburo submitted the surrender letter to He, he could not lean too far (otherwise he would knock over the microphone), so that he had to bend down to receive the surrender letter.
Figure 1: At the scene of the Nanjing surrender ceremony, the width of the table in China is about three times that of the Japanese.
Figure 2: Kobayashi surrendered to Saburo. He Qinying leaned forward.
In fact, the "bending effect" caused by Figure 2 is also related to the capture angle. Looking back at the original video of the surrender book (attached, starting from about 4 minutes and 52 seconds), it is quite natural for He to take over the surrender book, and he did not mean to "bend over and return the gift" to the Japanese side. The video shooting angle (Figure 3) is different from Figure 2, and the effect is totally different.
Video: Nanjing surrender video. He Qinying accepted a part of this book, starting from 4 minutes and 52 seconds.
Figure 3: Screenshot of video image. The effect of shooting from this angle is completely different from that in Figure 2.
Different "shooting angles" often present different "historical truths". For example, during the negotiations in Chongqing, this photo of Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong can easily give people the impression that Chiang Kai-shek's figure is actually taller than Mao:
Legend: During the negotiations in Chongqing, Jiang and Mao took a group photo.
Fortunately, the Nanjing surrender ceremony left a precious original video.
In the above-mentioned net article, the author also expressed concern about Kobayashi's submission of books. He said:
"At the surrender ceremony, you should personally submit the surrender to him. But in fact, after Okamura Ningji signed the surrender book, he handed it over to the chief of staff, Kobayashi Saburo, who handed it over. "
Say it again:
"According to the agreement, the Japanese side should bow down and give the surrender book to He (just like oil painting) with both hands. Why just sit up and accept it?"
In fact, Kobayashi's surrender was only part of the ceremony. The whole process is:
"Commander-in-chief Ren Pingsheng showed the certificate to general Okamura. Okamura ordered Kobayashi's chief of staff to submit it to Commander-in-Chief He, and Commander-in-Chief He should leave supporting documents after inspection. Chief of Staff Xiao handed over two Japanese surrender documents to the general. Okamura stood up and took it with both hands. "After the signature and seal," a life Kobayashi chief of staff to present the book to any commander in chief, a nod, as if that Japan has surrendered unconditionally. Kobayashi, the chief of staff, carefully held two surrender documents signed and sealed by Okamura, and presented them to Commander-in-Chief He with both hands. After reading it, he signed and sealed the Japanese surrender book calmly and peacefully. Spin over a book and let the chief of staff Xiao give it to the general. Okamura stood up and accepted it. " ③
From the report quoted by Central Daily News, it can be seen that the documents of both China and Japan were presented by the Chief of General Staff, which is logical. As for the documents brought by Xiao Yisu, chief of staff of the Chinese Army General Command, there are "Okamura stood up and accepted with both hands" and "Okamura stood up and accepted", and there is no intention of insulting China.
As for the "agreement" that "Okamura Ningji should bow his head and bend over, and hand over the surrender letter with both hands", it is totally false. In the surrender ceremony procedure prescribed by the National Government in advance, one of the requirements for surrender is:
At nine o'clock in the morning, Commander-in-Chief He handed the Japanese surrender book (two copies in Chinese) to the general, who then handed it to Commander-in-Chief He. "After Commander-in-Chief He signed and sealed the Japanese surrender book, he gave a copy to General Okamura Ningji." Commander-in-Chief He handed the first order of Commander-in-Chief Jiang in China Theater to the general together with the order acceptance certificate, and the general signed and sealed the acceptance certificate and gave it to Commander-in-Chief He. ④
Apart from "bending over" to accept surrender, there was no sword sacrifice at the surrender ceremony, which became one of the famous charges of "sticking to Japan in China".
In fact, not only did China not offer swords in the surrender areas (only Sun Lianzhong made an exception in Peiping and asked Japanese generals to offer swords at the surrender ceremony in the Eleventh Theater), but so did the Pacific battlefield. This is due to the provisions of "Allied Supreme Commander General MacArthur":
1. When the Japanese army disarms, there will be no ceremony to collect sub-weapons; 2. Japanese representatives shall not wear sabers when they formally surrender; All Japanese army knives should be collected with other weapons. Once formally surrendered, the Japanese army was not allowed to wear sabers again. ""the above provisions are applicable to the China war zone ". ⑤
Okamura Ningji initially refused to abide by the ban on wearing swords, saying that "our corporal's sword belongs to state property, and the sword and binoculars worn by officers are private property", and even proposed to attend the surrender ceremony in Nanjing. Naturally, China does not agree to such a request. After consultation, a sword offering ceremony was held before the surrender ceremony. To He Xianjian, Kobayashi presented swords to Xiao Yisu, and Imai (deputy chief of staff of China's sending army) presented swords to Leng Xin (deputy chief of staff of China's Army General Command). ⑥
Although there was no sword in the surrender ceremony, many details showed China's dignity as a winner. For example, Huang Ying, who worked in the Army General Command, recalled:
"He Qinying solemnly awarded Chiang Kai-shek, Commander-in-Chief of China Theater in Okamura, the first-class medal." "Okamura was depressed and restrained from beginning to end at the signing ceremony. Others, such as Xiao Lin, are skinny and shy, but always respectful and low-headed. When they left the venue, they all looked pale or depressed and faltered. " ⑦
Legend: Okamura Ningji signed the surrender. As can be seen from this photo, the Japanese representatives all look depressed.
It is worth mentioning that the photo of Figure 2, which was taken at an inappropriate angle, was used in the first volume of the eighth grade of the latest history textbook compiled by 20 17 (see the figure below).
Legend: Page 107 of the first volume of the eighth grade of the history textbook.
To annotate ...
(1) Li Ao: Why General Yao, Complete Works of Li Ao, Volume 13, China Friendship Publishing Company, 20 10, p. 248; Xin Huaren, Bird and Cai Jian: Understanding the inside story of China Theater's acceptance of Japanese surrender from Lengxin's notes, Archives and Construction, No.3, 2006; (3) Report on the Signing Ceremony of the Japanese Surrender Letter in China War Zone (1September 1945 10), the military part of the third volume of the fifth historical archives of the Republic of China, compiled by the Second Historical Archives of China, Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House, 1999, p. 777; (4) the China government about accepting the Japanese surrender signing ceremony procedures (1September 9, 945) ",the book on page 767; (5) He's MemorandumNo. 17 about the precautions for Japanese surrender (1September 2, 945), page 758 of this book; ⑦ Huang Ying: Experience of participating in Nanjing's surrender, Hongyan Chunqiu, No.6, 1995.
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