Ba Jin's life:
[ 1904—— 1929] [ 1930—— 1949] [ 1950—— 1982]
Born in 1904 (30th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty) [Chengdu]165438+1October 25th (65438+1October 19 in the first year of the lunar calendar) was born in a feudal bureaucratic landlord family in Zhengtongshun Street, north gate of Chengdu, Sichuan.
Li Yaotang, whose real name is Fei Gan, is taken from the first sentence "Gai Gan Tang" in The Book of Songs, Zhao Nan and Gan Tang. From 1928, after he finished writing Death, he began to use the pseudonym "Ba Jin", which has been used ever since. Originally from Jiaxing, Zhejiang. Great-grandfather Li Jiean moved from Zhejiang to Sichuan as a "screen friend". Great-grandfather Li Zhu has The Only Draft of Drunk Moshan House. Grandpa Li Yong (no. Wan Yun) was also an official and later lived at home. He is the parent of a big family, with five sons and one daughter (sons: Li Daohe, Li Daopu, Li Daoyang, Li Daopei, Li Daohong; Female: Li Daoling). He printed a book "Tang Qiu Mountain Pavilion Poetry" as a gift. Father Li Daohe, a former magistrate of Guangyuan County, Sichuan Province; Sister Chen Shufang. Ba Jin has two brothers, two sisters, two younger brothers and three younger sisters: the elder brother Li Yaomei (1897- 193 1) and the third brother Li Yaolin (1903-1945); Second sister Li (1898— 19 15) and third sister (1899—1924); Fourteenth brother Li Yaoxun (19 13-) and seventeenth brother Li (stepmother,1917-); The ninth sister Li Qiongru (1909-), the tenth sister (1910-17), and the twelfth sister Li Ruijue (stepmother,19/kloc-0) The whole extended family consists of nearly 20 elders, more than 30 brothers and sisters, and 40 or 50 male and female servants. 1909 (the first year of Qing dynasty) [Chengdu-Guangyuan] My five-year-old father became the magistrate of Guangyuan county in northern Sichuan and went with his parents. I am studying at home with two brothers and two sisters in Yamen, Guangyuan County. My husband's surname is Liu. Read three-character classics, hundreds of surnames, thousands of words, etc. Memorize China ancient literature, and learn to read the words in "White Elephant Ci" from my mother in the evening. In the study, 60-year-old buddhist nun Jia Fu takes care of her daily life, and 12-year-old girl Xiang Er plays with her. Big sister (nine sisters) Joan is as good as life. In 191 (the second year of Qing Dynasty) [Guangyuan] was born at the age of six, and Xia (ten sisters). Move out of the mother's room and be taken care of by the maid, Sister Yang. 1February 26th (165438+ October 25th of the lunar calendar), in order to celebrate my grandfather's birthday, I refused to kowtow because I hated etiquette, and was whipped by my mother for the first time. About this year, I was puzzled by my father's punishment in court and the kowtow of the prisoner after being punished, and I was also dissatisfied with my mother's order to beat the wet nurse who stole the "Mao" cucumber during the period of the tenth sister's acne. During this period, I initially felt that many things in the world were unreasonable. About this year, my second uncle Li Daopu and my third uncle Li Daoyang, who were studying in Japan, returned to Sichuan. My second uncle opened a "law firm" at home, and my third uncle is a Nanchong county magistrate. 19 1 1 year (the third year of Qing dynasty) [Guangyuan-Chengdu], a seven-year-old maid, Sister Yang, died after a long illness and was deeply impressed. Later, she wrote a short story "Sister Yang" based on her. My father resigned and went back to Chengdu with his parents. Continuing to study at home, Mr. Long (or Deng) had the idea of a "new party". In mid-June, the "Road Protection Association" of Sichuan-Han Railway was established, and the road protection struggle in Sichuan reached its climax. By the beginning of July, Chengdu Road Protection Association had held more than ten meetings, and the people's patriotic road protection mood was high. On August 25th, Chengdu went on strike. On September 7th and 8th, Sichuan Governor Zhao Erfeng made a bloody case in Chengdu. Since then, armed uprisings have taken place in various parts of Sichuan. 10 year 10 month, Wuchang Uprising broke out. 1 1 On 22nd, Chongqing became independent and established the Shu military government. On the 27th, Chengdu became independent, and the Sichuan military government in Dahan was established. Make a big flag at home. 1February 8 (Lunar calendar1October 18), an army mutiny occurred in Chengdu, causing chaos in the city. Father and eldest brother stayed at home, while mother took other children to take refuge in grandma's house and went home the next day. On the 22nd, Zhao Erfeng was killed by the military government. This news made Long (Deng? ) Mr. Wang is happy and has been the talk of adults at home for many days. All the men in the family cut off their braids. On the 29th, Sun Yat-sen was elected interim president in Nanjing.
19 12 years (the first year of the Republic of China) [Chengdu] was eight years old. 1 year 1 month, Sun Yat-sen became a five-color flag in the home of the President of the Republic of China. /kloc-February, the Qing emperor Puyi abdicated. My grandfather was sad because of the revolution, but my father didn't express any opinions, and my second and third uncles were disillusioned. This year, eldest brother went to middle school. Since this year, I have often participated in parties and games between my eldest brother and my sisters and cousins, kicking shuttlecock, patting the ball, throwing pictures of the Grand View Garden and having all kinds of alcoholic drinks. He also organized a new troupe with his third brother, Lin Yao, and other brothers to play a supporting role; They write their own scripts, copy tickets to others and perform in the bamboo forest at home. He often goes to the theater or watches Sichuan Opera and Beijing Opera at home. During this period, influenced by my family, I became familiar with the characters and plots in A Dream of Red Mansions. About this year, my second sister fell ill, and my mother invited a foreign female doctor from Shen Si Temple Hospital to come home for treatment. The first time I met a foreigner, I was deeply impressed.
19 13 years (in the second year of the Republic of China), Yao Xun, the nine-year-old eldest brother (fourteenth brother), was born.
19 14 years (in the third year of the Republic of China), my mother died of illness and was buried in Mopanshan, a suburb of Chengdu. Since then, I have deeply felt the sadness of children without mothers. His mother's teaching of "loving everyone" had a great influence on Ba Jin, and later he called his mother his "first husband". With my mother's permission, I often stayed with those "servants" after I returned to Chengdu, and my friendship with them continued until I left Chengdu. Among these people, they have gained a belief in justice and a straightforward personality close to the original. The sedan chair bearer Lao Zhou taught him to be sincere and impressed him the most, and later called him his "second gentleman".
19 15 years (four years of the Republic of China), eleven years old, second sister Yao Zhenyu 15 years 1 month (65438+February 1) died of lung disease. This year, my father married his stepmother (Deng Jingsui). 19 16 years (five years of the Republic of China) graduated from Chengdu's eldest brother Yaomei Middle School, was arranged to get married by her family, worked as a clerk in Chengdu Commercial Market Co., Ltd., and her stepmother gave birth to three sisters (twelve sisters) Ruijue. About this year, my sixth uncle Li Daohong, my second brother Li Yaolin and my cousin Pu Jiyun jointly copied the novel magazine "Ten Days", and nine issues were published in three months. Ba Jin was the first subscriber. He is not interested in the same sad novels, but he admires their painstaking efforts in running magazines.
Chen Yunzhen (Xiao Shan) is thirteen years old and was born in Yingfengqiao (Ningbo), Yinxian County, Zhejiang Province on January 4th. In spring, street fighting took place in Chengdu, and the Sichuan-Yunnan army fought fiercely for seven days. During this period, two sons of the second uncle died of illness one after another. Ba Jin and his third brother also suffer from laryngitis. As soon as the war stopped, my father Li Daohe died of illness. After his father died, he felt more empty and sought comfort from books. He read many classical novels, such as Yue Zhuan, Shi Gong An, Gong Peng Case and Water Margin. After the death of his father, the eldest brother provoked the burden of life in the eldest room and endured it in order to cope with the hatred and attacks in other rooms, and the contradiction between the extended family intensified. The stepmother gave birth to a second brother (seventeenth brother), Yao Ji (posthumous child). Third brother Lin Yao went to middle school to study. The second sister (the tenth sister) died of illness. Starting this year, I will study English with my cousin Xiang, who is studying in Chengdu International Studies University. It is helpful to my cousin for the initial development of Ba Jin's intelligence.
19 18 autumn (the seventh year of the Republic of China), 14 years old entered the English tutorial school of Chengdu YMCA. A month later, he dropped out of school due to illness and continued to study with his cousin Xiang for two years at home. During this period, I directly read david copperfield by Dickens and Treasure Island by Stevenson for the first time in English. The first-person narration of these two books taught him a lot.
19 19 After the May 4th Movement broke out at the age of fifteen (in the eighth year of the Republic of China), new thoughts flooded into Sichuan. Eldest brother bought New Youth and Weekly Review from Huayang Bookstore, the only bookstore selling new books and newspapers in Chengdu, and later saved 100 yuan to buy new books and newspapers there. Ba Jin was able to read many new publications published in Beijing and Shanghai, such as New Youth, Weekly Review, Weekly Review, Young China People, Youth World and Peking University Student Weekly, as well as publications published in Chengdu, such as Sunday, Student Tide and Wakefield. He eagerly accepts all kinds of new ideas and often gets together with his brothers and sisters. This year, I studied Japanese with two uncles studying in Japan, and I was very interested.
1920 (nine years of the Republic of China) My grandfather died at the age of sixteen [Chengdu] 19 in February (the lunar calendar is no longer 65438+ February 30th). Because grandpa died, my sister-in-law moved out of town to have a baby. After my grandfather died, the disputes and struggles within the extended family intensified, leading to more tragedies. Since the second half of the year, I have been very excited to look at the Chinese translation of Kropotkin's Tell Teenagers. I wrote to Chen Duxiu of New Youth Club, who reprinted the book and asked for guidance. After I didn't receive a reply, I read the Chinese translation of Liao's play "It's still early" and was deeply moved. Emma goldman, a Russian anarchist in exile in the United States, published in the first episode of Record of Real Social Freedom published by Peking University Real Society, made him realize the essence of anarchy for the first time and began to have a clear belief in joining the social revolution. Later, Goldman was called "spiritual mother". In September, my third brother Yao Lin and I were admitted to Chengdu International Studies University. From cram school to preparatory course and undergraduate course, I studied in school for two and a half years. In winter, Chengdu academic circles launched a petition and collective strike against warlord Liu Cunhou, and Ba Jin also participated. This is his first time to participate in social struggle. Yao Mei, the eldest brother in winter, sometimes suffers from mental disorder because of stimulation at home. Starting this year, I began to learn Esperanto from students of Chengdu Normal School and Koreans, and soon stopped.
In 1921 (ten years of the Republic of China), I was seventeen years old [Chengdu]. On February 20th, Chengdu's Half Moon was published. 14. I read the gist and outline of "Suitable for Society", and I was very interested. I wrote to the editorial department for half a month and asked to join. Three days later, the editor visited and said that the first club was in Chongqing; After that, I took part in the work of "Half-monthly Talk" magazine. Wu Xianyou, a young friend of the editorial department, taught Ba Jin the spirit of "self-reliance", and later Ba Jin called him his "third gentleman". 1 April, half-monthly talk 17 published how to build a truly free and equal society, which is the first article published so far. His name was listed in the No.1 17 issue of Semimonthly Talk magazine, Records of Members of Our Society: Bi Gan. In May, I took part in the May Day commemoration and took to the streets for the first time, distributing leaflets advocating "social revolution". Participate in the organization of the secret group "military society" with anarchist tendencies and publish the declaration of the military society. They run publications, newsletters, distribute leaflets, print books and hold secret meetings. From then on, he began to call himself an anarchist. In July, the 24th issue of Half Moon was published in 15, and was banned for publishing an article against the warlord government's ban on women's haircuts. Qiu participated in the editing of the monthly magazine Police Group. After the publication of the first issue, due to a dispute with the original organizer of Police Corps, the original bimonthly jointly issued a statement and left the magazine collectively, and the publication of Police Corps also stopped.
1922 (Republic of China1year), 18-year-old Chengdu participated in the establishment of People's Voice Weekly sponsored by Chengdu Anarchist League, presided over the editorial affairs, and the communication office was located in his home, with a print run of 1000. After the first issue was published, it was banned from sale by the police department, but it was still semi-publicly issued; Since then, various methods have been used to deal with the interference and restrictions of police inspectors. There are ten issues of this magazine. During this period, I met Yuan, one of the editors of Student Tide. Yuan also believed in anarchism at that time, and later became party member, who was killed by warlords in Sichuan 1928. On July 2 1 day, the new poem "The Cry of the Abused" (* *12) was published in the 44th issue of Literature Xunkan (edited by Zheng Zhenduo), which was his earliest published literary work. This year and the following year, he published nine new poems, twenty poems and an essay in the magazines of Literary Training and Women, which were his earliest literary works. On August 23rd, I wrote to the editor of Literature Xunkan, expressing my dissatisfaction with the literature of Yuanyang Butterfly School. This letter, signed by Li Yigan, contains the "Communication" column of the 49th issue of Literature Xunkan on September 1 1, and also publishes the editor's reply in the same column to express his approval.
In 1923 (12 years of the Republic of China), I was nineteen years old [Cheng Huning], and my third sister Cai Yao got married in April and attended the wedding. In May, my third brother Lin Yao and I left Chengdu to go to Chongqing by wooden boat, and from Chongqing to Shanghai along the Yangtze River. At this time, I got the help of my eldest brother and the permission of my stepmother. The reasons for leaving Sichuan are: first, I am eager to break through the cage of feudal families and devote myself to a new broad world; On the other hand, because he didn't have a high school diploma, he was changed into an auditor by a foreign university and lost his qualification to obtain a school diploma. Fall into Shanghai Nanyang Middle School. I went to Nanjing at the end of the year and lived at No.21Shi Yu Street, Beimenqiao. Enter the cram school of the senior high school affiliated to Southeast University.
1924 In May (Republic of China 13), at the age of 20, [Nanjing] published poems "Mourning for Orange Zong Yi" and "Great Martyr-Showing the Spirit of Comrade Daishan" in the third issue of Guangzhou Zhenshe. In autumn, I completed a half-year cram school in the senior high school affiliated to Southeast University and entered the third grade of the school. After receiving my eldest brother's letter, I learned that my third sister Cai Yao died in childbirth. From this year to 1925, I studied Esperanto seriously after school, bought books from Shanghai Esperanto Bookstore and began to translate articles according to Esperanto. I went back to Jiaxing, Zhejiang twice this year and stayed at home with an uncle who is still a private school teacher in his 80s. This year, nearly ten translations have been published.
1925 (Republic of China 14), 2 1 year old [Ning-Jing-Shanghai], started to write to emma goldman at the beginning of the year, and received a reply after being introduced by my friend Qin Baopu. After the May 30th massacre in Shanghai in June, Nanjing students launched solidarity activities, and Ba Jin also participated. This life was later written into the novella Death Day. I graduated from the Middle School Attached to Southeast University in August, and then went to Beijing to prepare for the examination of Peking University. In Beijing, I met Shen Ruqiu, a Korean youth in exile who had been contacted by letters, and was introduced by Shen to live in Tongxing apartment on the Beijiang River. I lived in Beijing for about half a month because I didn't enter the examination room because of tuberculosis. I was comforted by watching Lu Xun's Scream in the apartment. Later, I returned to Shanghai to recuperate. Third brother Lin Yao went to Soochow University in Suzhou to study. In September, he participated in the establishment of the semi-monthly magazine People, an anarchist publication. Sixteen promoters * * * are: Zhenheng, Jianmin, Zhongjiu, Miki, Peixin, Huilin, Yigan, Zen Forest, Lv Qian, Sophie, Yibo, Ruqiu, Genyin, Jianbo, simple embrace and inferiority. About 20 translations and papers have been published this year.
1926 (the year of the Republic of China 15), [Shanghai] was 22 years old and lived in Li Kangyi, Kangti Road, Shanghai, and then moved to Malang Road, French Concession to live with friends until he left Shanghai for France in the following year 1 month. 1 month, in memory of the workers' leaders and Huang Pang who were killed by the warlord government, he wrote this poem four years after Huang Pang's death. /kloc-from October to March, he wrote articles in newspapers and periodicals such as Current Affairs News, Xueguang and Flood, criticizing Guo Moruo on the theory of national subjugation. In April, The History of the May 1st Movement was published. This booklet is the first single-line book published so far. In the first half of the year, I corresponded with Graf, the publisher and anarchist of New Century in Paris, France. 1 1 month, I finished translating Kropotkin's Shortcut to Bread. Learn Japanese with my friend Wei Huilin this year. Read Stepniak's Japanese version of Underground Russia. More than 20 political papers have been published this year.
1927 (Republic of China 16), aged 23 [Shanghai-Paris-Shado-Giri], 15 1 month, she left Shanghai for France by the French steamer "Anger", accompanied by Wei Huilin. I went to France to study economics, further study anarchism theory and investigate social movements in Europe. France was not only the birthplace of anarchism, but also the refuge of political exiles in Europe at that time. On the way to Paris, I wrote thirty-eight travel notes. Arrived in Marseille on February 18. /kloc-Arrive in Paris on 0/9, check in at No.5 Blainville Street Hotel, and then check in at Forte Street Hotel in Tourne. I often go for a walk in Luxembourg in the morning and study French at night school affiliated to the French Cultural Association. Soon, the news of family bankruptcy came, and I stopped my formal study. In March, in order to get rid of loneliness, I wrote the first to fourth chapters of Death. In April, Anarchism and Realistic Problems, co-authored with Yi Jun and Hui Lin, was published by Shanghai People's Society. This book was written in French and sent back to Shanghai for printing. It mainly discusses the relationship between China's first revolutionary civil war and anarchism. 1930 was banned by the Kuomintang government in February on the charge of "inciting the army". In May, Li Shizeng's classical Chinese translation Prison and Escape (by Kropotkin) was published by Guangzhou Innovation Publishing House. The book has 52 pages, and the original translation of the last page 12 is lost. The publishing house asked Ba Jin to supplement the translation. This month, I participated in the rescue activities of Fan Zaidi and Sakai, and wrote to Fan Zaidi in prison. Fansal, an Italian anarchist in exile in the United States, was framed by the American authorities for robbery and murder and sentenced to death. At that time, it became a big event in Europe and America, and France, romain rolland and Einstein all took part in the rescue, forming an international rescue activity. At the beginning of July, I received a reply from Fan Zaidi and Shu. In June 1 1, I wrote my second letter to Fan. In the next few days, I excitedly wrote the eleventh chapter of "Death", "The Time of Vowing and Dedication". In early summer, due to the deterioration of his health, he moved to Shadogan, a small town on the banks of the Mullen River, about 100 km east of Paris. He lived in Lafontaine Middle School, studied French, and translated Kropotkin's Origin and Development of Ethics according to the English version (refer to the Japanese version of Kenji Neishan). In the process of translation, I read the works of Aristotle, Plato, Spinoza, Schopenhauer and the Bible. At this time, I also systematically studied the French Revolution and read a lot of historical materials and works, such as The Party History of gironde (written by Lamartin) and The French Revolution (L? Madelen), four French women (Dobson), the history of the Great Revolution (J? M Schiller), "1789? The French Revolution in 804 (W? Blos) and others attached great importance to the role of the people in the French Revolution, and also highly praised the bourgeois revolutionaries such as Mara. He began to write biographies of Russian populist female revolutionaries, such as Sophia and Princess Gonul, and later compiled a book "Ten Russian Heroines". During this period, I learned some news about the "April 12th" counter-revolutionary coup in China. I published some short comments on the domestic political situation in Equality (an anarchist publication edited by Zhong Shi, an overseas Chinese in San Francisco, USA), criticized reactionary politicians such as the Kuomintang, and announced that I would break off relations with Revolutionary Weekly (founded by Li Shizeng), an anarchist publication advocating "party cleaning". In Shado in early August? Hey, hey, hey, hey, hey! I wrote a reply on March 23. On the afternoon of 24th, I learned from the newspaper that Van Zaidi and Sack were burned to death by the electric chair in Charleston prison in Boston, Massachusetts at midnight on 22nd. They excitedly wrote letters and sent them around all day asking about the US government. In the next few days, I wrote several pieces of "death" in succession. 1 1 On August 8th, I finished translating Fan Zaidi's autobiography. A Brief Introduction to Bread (by Kropotkin) is published by Shanghai Free Bookstore, which is his first independent translation. More than 20 political articles have been published this year.
1928 (Republic of China 17), aged 24 [Shado-Giry-Paris-Marseille-Shanghai] translated four social dramas of Ibsen's Goldman and three female dramas of Strindberg in January. On February 5th, I received the English version of herzen's Past and Random Thoughts (translated by Mrs. Kang Garnett) from T.H. Kiel, editor-in-chief of Freedom magazine in London, USA. The Compendium of Krupotkin Theory (berkman et al.) edited by Shanghai Free Bookstore. The Tragic History of the Soviet Revolution (by berkman) translated in March was published by Shanghai Free Bookstore. The Road to Revolution translated in April was published by Shanghai Free Bookstore. After the translation of the first volume of Kropotkin's The Origin and Development of Ethics was completed, it was published in September of the same year, entitled Philosophy of Life: Its Origin and Development. In May, I was misunderstood and attacked by some anarchists because of the cooperation with the Kuomintang on anarchism and practical issues after the "April 12" coup, so I wrote a book "Answering irrelevant questions" as a self-defense. Xia received a letter from his eldest brother, more deeply aware of the serious ideological differences between himself and his eldest brother, and decided to finish Death, so that his eldest brother could know more about his way of being. In August, after half a month, at the beginning of the month, 21 chapters of the book Death were sorted out and written, and copied in five hard paper exercise books. Send the manuscript to Sophie Zhou, who works in Mingkai Bookstore in Shanghai, and plan to print it at her own expense. In this manuscript, the pen name is Ba Jin for the first time. After posting the manuscript, I returned to Paris from Shadogiri. In September, Trotsky's paper "On Tolstoy" was translated, also signed by Ba Jin, sent back to Shanghai, and published in the 25th issue of Oriental Magazine 18. Because this article was published nearly three months earlier than Death, it was first published in newspapers and periodicals under the signature of Ma Jin. 1October 17 Go through the formalities for returning to China. I arrived in Marseille in June, 5438+08, and stayed for 12 days because of the seamen's strike. I stayed in a beautiful hotel by the sea in Marseille, during which I read The Lugong-magal Family by Zola. Leave Marseille for home by boat on 30th. On the boat, I came up with the idea of writing a novel about family life, and I put forward the title "Spring Dream". This year, I translated Liao's plays in Paris the night before (it was still early), but the translation was lost on the way back to Shanghai. During my stay in France, I often communicated with my friends in Esperanto. During my stay in France, I met Goldman and berkman. Berkman, a Russian anarchist, joined the United States after exile in Western Europe. /kloc-return to Shanghai in early February. At the invitation of my friend Sophie, I lived in esperanto association, 75 Red Star Plaza for half a month. This month, a translation of The Life of a Fisherman (Fan Zaidi's autobiography) was published. This year, I wrote some articles about Russian social movements and revolutionary figures, which were sorted in 1935 and included in the book History of Russian Social Movements. This year, more than 20 papers and translations have been published.
1929 (Republic of China 18), a 25-year-old Shanghainese, moved from Hongxing Square to Baoguangli, Baoshan Road, Zhabei 14, and lived on the same floor as Suo. He left at the end of1932,65438+10 and lived for three years. Here, I created Home, Fog, New Life (first draft) and translated works such as Autumn Spring. This month, the novella Death began to be serialized in Novel Monthly, which was completed in April, causing repercussions in the literary world. It was Ye Shengtao, editor of Novel Monthly, who decided to publish Death. The publication of Death made Ba Jin embark on the road of literary creation. This month, I joined the Shanghai Esperanto Society (No.:3 17) as a teacher of Shanghai Esperanto Correspondence School. Later, he was elected as the executive director of the Shanghai Esperanto Society, and did not leave the Esperanto movement until the beginning of 1932. Many articles and works have been translated according to Esperanto, the most important of which are the script Passerby Flowers (by Armitage, Italy), Death of Dandong (by Tolstoy, Soviet Union), Dance of the Skull (by Shirin Akita, Japan) and novella Autumn Spring (by Yuli Baki, Hungary). A translation of On the Guillotine was published this month. This month, I started editing the free bookstore founded by anarchists, and edited five issues of Free Monthly under the name of "Mara". Free Bookstore mainly publishes Kropotkin's works. Due to the disagreement between Zhu and Ba Jin, the head of the bookstore, and the economic loss caused by Zhu's gambling, the bookstore closed the following year. In April, he published an article in the fourth issue of the first volume of Free Monthly, criticizing Qian Xing's evaluation of Tolstoy. In May, proudhon's Philosophy of Life was translated and published (Kropotkin). This month, I finished translating the second volume of Kropotkin's The Origin and Development of Ethics. In spring and summer, I met Ma Zongrong, a translator, in Sofia, Baoguang, and his fiancee Luo Shimi (Shu Luo) in late September. /kloc-in June of 0/4, he wrote "An Interpretation of Shashevsky's Philosophy of Life", which systematically discussed Kropotkin's moral outlook. In July, my eldest brother Yao Mei came to Shanghai from Chengdu and lived for about a month. During the chat, Ba Jin mentioned the idea of writing "Dream of Spring", which was supported by his eldest brother. Third brother Lin Yao is studying in Beiping and yenching university. This month, a translation of Philosophy of Life: Origin and Development (Part II) was published. In August, the book was translated into Stepnyak and published. The first novella, Death in October, was edited by Weiming Society and published by Ming Kai Bookstore. 1934 This book was banned from selling by the Kuomintang authorities. At the end of the year, I wrote my first short story, The Landlord. This year, after Tosov translated Kropotkin's My Autobiography, he asked Feng Zikai to write a book name. This year, more than 40 translations and articles have been published. Among them, Madeleine's Investigation, Party Soul and Fire Willow and Investigation of Dark Forces are his earliest literary criticism articles.
1930 (Republic of China 19) 26-year-old [Shanghai-Hangzhou-Quanzhou-Shanghai], 1 month translated Italian writer Amicus's play "Flowers of Passers-by" according to Esperanto. Retranslate The Night Is Young (Liao). In February, referring to the history of Esperanto and other materials, the general situation of the literary world of Esperanto creation was serialized in the seventh volume of Green Light 10 to March. On March 29th, I hosted the visiting Japanese Esperanto Nagasaki on behalf of Shanghai esperanto association. On 30th, he attended the 5th General Meeting of Shanghai Esperanto Society and was elected as the executive director. The translation of Dance of the Skull (by Akita Shiro) has been published. Chun wrote "The Dead Sun" (formerly known as "New Life") and sent it to Novel Monthly, which was returned. On April 2nd (the fourth day of the third lunar month), my eldest brother Yao Mei wrote a letter from Chengdu, and he was very much in favor of his novel "Dream of Spring". This month, Ten Outstanding Women in Russia was published. The translation "Memories of a Revolutionary" (namely "Autobiography of Kropotkin") was published. A retranslated version of The Eve has been published. In July, the theoretical work "From Capitalism to Anarchism" based on berkman's "Anarchism ABC" was published in the name of Ping She Institution in San Francisco, USA. The translation of Death of Dandong was published. Modify the dead sun in the same month. One day this month, I suddenly woke up in the middle of the night and wrote a short story, Mr. Robert. This month's On World Philology, written according to relevant materials, is serialized in the 7th issue of Volume 7 of Green Light to the 7th issue of 10. Xia and his friends went to Hangzhou to visit the West Lake to discuss the propaganda work of anarchism. Wei Huilin, Zheng and others attended the meeting. After the meeting, it was decided that Ba Jin and Wei Huilin would be the editors of Pre-Times magazine (* * * six issues and five volumes). From August to September, I took a boat from Shanghai to Quanzhou, Fujian. On the way, I stayed at Gulangyu Xiamen Hotel for three days and met Wang Luyan, a writer and esperanto scholar. I live in Quanzhou (Jinjiang) Liming Senior High School. Liming senior high school was an important activity stronghold of Fujian anarchists at that time. Founded in the autumn of 1928, it has been running for about five years. Some of Ba Jin's friends, such as Kegang Wu, Wei Huilin and Chen Fanyu, used to teach in this school. During this trip, I met Lin Hanlu and Li Ni (Guo Anren). I live in a dormitory at school, sometimes go to the office to help with school affairs, and also study biology under the guidance of Chen Fanyu. In Quanzhou, he also edited B·R·Epomehk's collection of fairy tales Happy Boat for esperanto association. This year, eldest brother Li Yaomei went to Shanghai to live for a month. The friendship between brothers remains the same, but the ideological differences are more significant. This year, I edited the Esperanto magazine Green Light for esperanto association. I wrote twelve short stories this year.
193 1 year (20th year of the Republic of China) published the novella "The Dead Sun" at the age of 27 [Shanghai-Hangzhou-Shanghai-Suzhou-Shanghai-Wuxi-Shanghai-Changxing, Zhejiang], and 1935 was called "advocating revolution" by the Kuomintang authorities in March. At the beginning of the year, I went to Hangzhou and visited the West Lake with my friends. Spring began to write serial novels for the times. It was originally named "Dream of Spring". After writing the introduction (that is, the general preface), it decided to change its name to "Torrent" (later renamed "Home"), wrote three or four chapters and sent them to the newspaper at a time. At the same time, he also wrote "New Life" (first draft) and "Fog". On the afternoon of April 13, he attended the sixth general meeting of the Shanghai Esperanto Society and was elected as the executive director. 18, the era began to serialize the novel torrent. On the same day, the eldest brother Yao Mei committed suicide by taking poison in Chengdu, and 19 received a telegram. This month's translation of Grassland Story (by Gorky) was published by Shanghai Malaya Bookstore. Visit Suzhou with Mao Yibo and other friends in mid-May. My brother's suicide note arrived in June. Go to Hangzhou once this month. In August, the novella "New Life" (first draft) was finalized. The first collection of short stories, Revenge, was published by Shanghai Xinhua Bookstore. Visit Wuxi in September. The novella Fog 10 was published in Oriental Magazine in October and completed in February. In early winter, at the invitation of Li Shaoling, a friend who was a section chief in Changxing Coal Mine, Zhejiang Province, he took a bus to visit the coal mine for about a week, ventured down the well to watch and experience life, and accumulated material for later writing the novella Snow. At the end of the year, "Riptide" was finished. Translated the esperanto novella Spring in Autumn (by Hungarian Baki). He began to write the novella Rain, which was completed in May of the following year. This year, I met Zhang Jinyi, a student of Fudan University, and became the best collaborator and close friend of editing work in the future.
In January 1932 (21 years of the Republic of China), 28-year-old Miao Chongqun [Shanghai-Nanjing-Shanghai-Quanzhou-Shanghai-Qingdao-Beiping-Tianjin-Shanghai] met me and made a friendship with me. The novella Rain began to be serialized in Nanjing Literature and Art Monthly and was completed in June. On 24th and 25th, I left Shanghai for Nanjing at the invitation of my friend Chen Fanyu in Nanjing. At that time, my friend Kegang Wu had gone to Nanjing from Henan, and Wei Huilin worked in Nanjing Institute. I'm going to Ning this time, mainly for a gathering of friends. Before I went to Nanjing, I began to conceive the novella "Dream of the Sea" and wrote three pages. On the 28th, I took a bus from Nanjing to Shanghai, went to Danyang, and returned to Nanjing because of the "1.28" incident. The Japanese army shelled Zhabei, and the Commercial Press was burned in the war. The manuscript of "New Life" and the Novel Monthly, which published it, were reduced to ashes. On February 3rd, I left Nanjing for Shanghai by "Wuchang", arrived at Nanjing Port on the 4th and arrived at Shanghai Bund on the 5th. I will stay at my friend's house at 52 Bugaoli, South Shaanxi Road for about a month. At the beginning of this month, he and Ding Ling, Ge, Chen Wangdao and other people 129 jointly signed the Declaration of China Writers on Japanese Attacks on Shanghai. On March 2, Zhabei fell into the hands of Japanese invaders. A few days later, I took my pass to Zhabei's house to get books and utensils, and witnessed the atrocities of solar halo with indignation. I lived on the second floor of my uncle's house in Huanlong Road Garden Villa in French Concession until the following spring. At the end of the month, Dream under the Sea was finalized and serialized in Modern magazine from May to July of the same year. I traveled to Fujian for the second time with my friends in April. Write the first half of the fifth chapter of Rain on the Ship. Visit Gulangyu Island on the way. I went to Quanzhou to live in a friend's house in a civilian middle school and wrote the second half of the fifth chapter of Rain. I lived in Quanzhou for three weeks and visited Yanling Township and Mengqing Township, which are rich in litchi and longan. Accompanied by my friend Shen, I visited a girl who was driven crazy by the feudal marriage system. Go back to Shanghai in May and write a novella within a week.