1, official seal of Song Dynasty
The official seal of the Song Dynasty basically inherited the system of the Tang Dynasty, and the emperor called it a treasure with seal. Official seals are all made of copper, and there are nine stacks of seal characters. However, some people use regular script, such as "Records of Tax Fields in Nan Zhou". The printing surface is mostly 53mm, which is not square. The smallest is 46mm, such as the "Seal of the Founding of Beihai"; The largest is only 58mm, such as Yueyang Army Seal Our Times. In the Song Dynasty, the official seal included "Zhu Ji" and "Ji" in addition to "seal". Song Shi? "Jade Fu Zhi" records: "prison, county magistrate, family diary. If there is no record, I will order someone to give this road to Ji, who is generous. "The official seal of the Song Dynasty is paid after, marked by the calendar year. In the official seal of the Southern Song Dynasty, in addition to printing money on the back, there may be titles in the text. Song Shi? Yu Fuzhi also said: "After crossing the south, many seals were lost, and others left this for another use. On the other hand, it was rewritten by adding the word "Hangzai" or the title of the book to distinguish between the old and the new. However, bullying still failed to change. In the second year of Avenue (AD 1 166), the Ministry of Rites made the journalists in all counties and counties know that they were destroyed. "Handed down works, such as" Suggestions on Zhu Ji of Suzhou National Academy "." "Jane Eyre" is the title of Emperor Gaozong Zhao Gou in the Southern Song Dynasty. In addition, the seal was first used for official banknotes (that is, Huizi) in the Southern Song Dynasty. This seal is called Huizi Seal or Contract Seal. On the back of Huizi, there is the famous regular script bronze seal of "Forever Breaking the Contract" handed down from generation to generation.
2, Liao, Jin, Xixia, Yuan official seal
Liao official seals are rarely passed down from generation to generation. In the Qing Dynasty, Qu Zhongrong's Collection of Ancient Official Seals contained "An Zhou Jin Ling Yuan Ji", named Liao Yin, which was said to be from Kaiyuan, Liaoning. And the seal of the Qing army of Jilin University is called Liao Yin.
Most official seals handed down from ancient times are from the late Jin Dynasty (Jin Shizong Dading period). Chinese seal script is the main seal script, but it still uses nine squares, but the font is more neat than that of Tang and Song Dynasties, and the foundry is also fine, but the size is different. The largest is 120 mm, and seals are occasionally used in Qidan. "Golden history? Guan Baizhi said: "The seal was given to the ministries in the sixth year of Tianhui (A.D. 1 126), and the seal before it was not new. I noticed that it was an official, and there was a permanent constitution that dared to hide. In the first year of Zhizhenglong (A.D. 1 156), the old and new names and grades of official seals at home and abroad were different, and people who used the old seals of Liao and Song Dynasties and the Khitan script were customized, which made the Ministry of Rites more casting. "
The official seal characters of Xixia are all seal characters of Xixia characters, with two-character official seals in the majority and four-character and six-character official seals in the minority. Generally, the post-payment is mainly in Chinese, with the year on the right and the name of the printer on the left. Buttons come in several shapes with holes in them.
After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) in the Yuan Dynasty, the posts of Dian Ruiyuan, Zheng Erpin and Bao were established. At this time, most of the official seals were in Chinese, and some were in Basiba. Both kinds of seals are stacked, and the number of stacked seals varies from six to fifteen. The printing surface size is usually 60 mm to 70 mm square. The largest seal handed down from generation to generation is "Brother Wang Yin", which is 1 12mm square, and the smallest seal is "Xiaguan Seal", which is 52mm square. Both China people and Ba Si Ba civil servants printed their money back in Chinese and printed it as Zhu Wen, and the margin of printing was gradually widened compared with that since the Song Dynasty.
Step 3 stamp
Flower seal is a new seal form that rose in Song Dynasty and prevailed in Yuan Dynasty. It is another printing mode with popular characters since Qin and Han Dynasties. Numerous categories, shapes and uses have brought colorful changes to the seal creation in this period, which has extremely distinctive characteristics of the times.
Pledge is the signature or mark on documents, contracts, calligraphy and painting as evidence, also known as pledge. It appeared as early as the Three Kingdoms period and began to be used in society. In the early Tang Dynasty, many people used cursive signatures as keepsakes, which was called Shu Hua, also known as Washington. In the Song Dynasty, a letter or a letter was presented with no title at the end of the paper, only words. Later, this simple inscription was printed and signed on its behalf, with the aim of preventing rape and distinguishing forgeries and playing the role of keeping the letter. According to records, flower printing began in the Five Dynasties. Tao's Record of Dropping out of Farming in the Ming Dynasty said: "On Tuesday, the sick arm resigned from the flat chapter and the imperial edict was engraved. According to this, the word is printed at the beginning. " Flower gambling was more popular in the Song Dynasty. The flower jade pawns carefully printed in "Return to the Heart and Miscellaneous Knowledge" are accompanied by jade pawns of more than ten emperors in the Song Dynasty, which shows that the supreme ruler is also using them. In the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols came to power and printed with national characters, which made the flower seal unique and reached its peak.
From the reign of Zhou Dynasty to the end of Yuan Dynasty, it experienced Song Dynasty, Liao Dynasty, Jin Dynasty and Xixia, totaling 4 10 years. During the change of dynasties, the characters had different personalities, which made the patterns of flower prints diverse. Rough classification and summary, flower printing can be roughly divided into the following categories:
The first category is the combination of regular script and flowers. This flower has been handed down from generation to generation for the longest time, more than 400 years. According to the form is divided into the following categories. One is rectangular, with the surname in regular script in the upper part and the stamp in the lower part. This clock has the most flower stamps. The other is a square seal. This seal has Chinese characters on the top, flowers on the bottom, Chinese characters on the left and right, and flowers in the middle.
In the second category, there are only regular characters without flowers, such as ",","shou" and "Liu". This kind of printing was mostly used in the Song Dynasty, but in the Yuan Dynasty, due to the extensive use of minority languages, regular script printing was not common, but it was still popular among the people.
The third category is only flowers without Chinese characters. It can also be divided into flowers with borders, square and round; The second is the flowers that are capped up and down, but open around; Third, there is only one flower, boundless and free in form, but some are very decorative and some are purely similar to calligraphy.
The fourth category is the printing of minority languages. Including Liao Qidan text printing, Xixia text printing and Yuan Ba Si Ba text printing. Among them, the Yuan Dynasty ruled for the longest time, so Yuan gambling is also the most popular and representative. The flower pawns in this period were richer in shape and printing than those in the Song Dynasty. There are two common types: rectangle and strip, and also round, square, Baoding, gourd and so on. Most of the seals are copper seals, and the buttons are mainly fork-shaped with holes in the middle, which is convenient for threading.
Flower pawns are used for many purposes, some of which are used to submit words or letters, and the end of the paper is not signed, so flower pawns are used instead of signatures. Secondly, it is used for sewing, that is, the flower print is printed between or at the end of two papers of documents and deeds, and each party holds one. When the voucher is needed in the future, both parties should show the inspection of the riding seam. Third, seal. The words "seal" and "protective seal" are printed on the surface of the letter. Fourth, it is used in commercial contracts, such as contract stamping. Fifth, it is also used in calligraphy and painting. Today, many paintings and calligraphy works of the Song and Yuan Dynasties are stamped with seals, indicating signature collection.