Top experts believe this painting is of Shakespeare himself, the great English Renaissance playwright-poet W. Shakespeare (W. Shakespeare's Heroes, 1564-1616), who was born on April 23, 1564 AD in Warwickshire, England. Stratford Renaissance humanist literary master, representing the four major tragedies "Hamlet" (English: "Hamlet"), "Othello" (English: "Othello"), and "King Lear" (English: " King Lear"), "Macbeth" (English: "Macbeth"). The four major comedies are "Twelfth Night", "A Midsummer Night's Dream," "The Merchant of Venice", "Much Ado About Nothing" and many "no" historical dramas (called "Happiness" in the People's Education Press textbook) "Henry IV," "Henry V", "Reasonable Richard II", etc. He also wrote 154 sonnets, three or four poems. He was the "father of English drama", and Ben Jonson called him "the soul of the age". ", Marx called him "one of the greatest geniuses of mankind". He is called "Zeus on Mount Olympus of human literature". Although Shakespeare only wrote in English, he is a world-famous writer. His great Some of his works have been translated into many languages, and his plays were performed in many countries. He died on May 3, 1616 (April 23 in the Julian calendar) [edit this paragraph] 1564, a wealthy family in Warwickshire. Stratford Citizen Shakespeare's Birthplace The great playwright and poet William Shakespeare was born in England during the Renaissance. His father, John Shakespeare, was a wool, leather and grain market operator, and in 1565 he served as a civil servant. He was elected mayor of the business three years later. He spent his childhood learning and mastering the basic skills of Latin "literary genre" writing and richer knowledge at the local main professor, but his father was bankrupt and could not graduate. Living alone on the road. He worked as a butcher's apprentice, taught in rural schools in this book, and held a variety of other occupations, which gave him a lot of social experience. Historian George Stee. Vincent said that their descendants roughly sketched Shakespeare's life trajectory: he came to London at the age of 20, worked as a busboy in the theater for the first time, and later became an actor and director. , and became a shareholder of the theater; began writing before 1588, adapted the first play three years ago, and soon began to create independently in the Oxford and Cambridge background drama circles, where the "university talents" dominated the drama, one at a time. The writer wrote the article in a contemptuous tone, mocking Shakespeare as a "vulgar commoner" and "upstart crow" for daring to evaluate the same "noble genius"! However, Shakespeare later won the support of the majority of the audience, including college and above organizations. With great affection, students of the Amateur Drama School work on some of Shakespeare's plays, such as "Hamlet" and "The Comedy of Errors". " In 1597, he returned to his hometown to buy real estate and spent the last days of his life. Although he received a good basic education, he did not go to college. In 1582, at the age of 18, a 35-year-old man quoted Shakespeare's plays and praised his comedy , the tragedy is "exceptional", the ancient poet said, but he did not publish his plays during his lifetime. The success of Shakespeare's Sao Sampton won the Lord's blessing and became his patronage in the 1990s. In the early 1990s, he wrote long poems "Venus and Adonis" and "The Humiliation of Lucrece" dedicated to the Lord. The high society gave him the opportunity to observe and understand, which expanded his life horizons and provided rich sources for his future creations. From 1594 onwards, he belonged to the patronage of the palace minister, known as the "Chamberlain Theater". In 1596 he was given the title of "gentleman" and ownership of the coat of arms in his father's name, and purchased a considerable estate three times. In 1603, on the throne of James I, his theater was renamed "The King's Worship Theatre" , he and the troupe of actors were appointed as imperial attendants, so in addition to regular touring troupes, but also often performed at court, Shakespeare created plays that were then distinguished by society.
Shakespeare lived in London for 20 years, during which time he and his wife remained in Stratford. He retired nearly a year before the fortunes of La Forest returned (around 1612). Shakespeare died unfortunately around his 52nd birthday on April 23, 1616, and was buried in Holy Trinity Church. Leave a will after death. His portrait is said to be more reliable than the ecclesiastical bust and the portrait of Droeshout, a manuscript with six signatures and "Sir Thomas More" in the play in three manuscripts. In 1623, the actor H. Condale Heming and his plays were printed in folio, incorporating 36 plays (20 of which were printed for the first time), and became known as the "First Folio". Beginning in 1772, Shakespeare's authors continued to raise questions and tried to prove that the author was Bacon, C. Marlowe, the Earl of Letland, the Earl of Oxford, the Earl of Derby, and so on, but they all lacked evidence.
Shakespeare was famously gay and wrote his sonnets to all his gay lovers. According to British media reports, a British collector recently reaffirmed the identity and original name of the artist in the family collection of oil paintings. This charming "woman" is no other than Shakespeare's legendary gay couple - Henry III, Earl of Southampton and Leo Shesley.
Discovered "Amazing" Paintings The Cobb family has a very rich collection and inherited the entire art collection. Alex Cobb said in an interview with reporters that he had always named it after his childhood nanny, Ms. Norton, because in Mrs. Norton's words are clearly written on the painting at the back. But a few years ago, a casual art collector told Cobb that he believed the nanny was not a woman but a male colleague pretending to be a woman. The remark awakened the man in his dream, and Cobb began to re-examine his true identity, until the mystery was finally revealed at the beginning of this year. The history of the painting can be traced back to the late 16th century. In the painting, the Earl of Southampton is painted with makeup, lipstick on his lips, a delicate earring on his left ear, and his loose hands on his chest hair, looking very feminine. Confirmed as a genuine oil painting by the English Heritage authority "National Association", the painting was completed between 1590 and 1593, when Shakespeare lived in the house of the third Earl of Southampton. Although Shakespeare was married to Anne Hathaway, his true sexual orientation has been a controversial topic among literary critics.
The Earl of Southampton has been rumored to be gay for a long time, and his relationship with Shakespeare is even more confusing. The Earl has taken over their apartment occupied by Shakespeare, whose famous "Sonnet" is dedicated to a handsome, extraordinary, "American If Woman" young man. (Students thought: The sonnet from the front could not be understood as addressing the boyfriend's capital than a dozen respectable procreates.) Long-term testing, according to many historians, suggests that admiration for Shakespeare's poem may have turned toward the handsome man who played with women. friend. [Edit this paragraph] Shakespeare wrote about 1590-1612, and wrote 37 plays over 20 years (such as "The Two Nobles" co-written with Fletcher is 38), but also wrote twice the long poem "Venus and Venus" Donis," "Lucrece's humiliated mind," and 154 sonnets. Many of his plays are based on existing materials such as historical records, novels, folklore and old plays, reflecting the historical reality of the transition from feudal society to capitalist society, in order to promote the emerging bourgeois ideas and theories from a humanistic perspective on human nature. point of view. Because on the one hand, he extensively draws on ancient drama, British medieval drama, and emerging European culture and art, on the other hand, he deeply observes and understands society, and grasps the pulse of the times, it enables Shakespeare to create a large number of vivid characters and depict a vast society. It is famous for its colorful pictures of life, integrating them with sorrow and joy, poetry and imagination, and combining unified and contradictory changes with rich spiritual life concepts and key features.
Generally speaking, Shakespeare's drama creation can be divided into the following three periods:
The first period (15901600), he wrote historical dramas, mainly comedies, with 9 historical dramas and 10 Comedy and two tragedy departments.
The history played on 9, except for "King John" is written about the history of England in the early 13th century, the other 8 converge in two four-step content: "Henry VI" upper, middle and lower "Charlie" III" "Charles II", "Henry IV" (called the most successful historical drama), "Next" and "Henry V". These historical dramas outline hundreds of turbulent years in British history between positive and negative images, The creation of a series of monarchs reflects Shakespeare's opposition to feudal separatism and his support for the centralized condemnation of tyrants and the need for top-down reforms by enlightened monarchs to establish harmonious social relations, political and moral humanistic ideals.
10 comedies "The Comedy of Errors", "The Taming of the Shrew", "The Two Gentlemen of Verona", "Much Ado About Nothing", "A Midsummer Night's Dream", "The Merchant of Venice", "The Merry Wife of Windsor" ", "Much Ado About Nothing", "As You Like It", "Twelfth Night" are mainly about love, friendship, and marriage. The protagonist has a humanist, and more is the wisdom and virtue of some young people and women, through whom Fighting for freedom, happiness, struggle, praising progress, a wonderful breath of fresh air, but also gently exposing and ridiculing the old, shabby and ugly stuff, such as ascetic pretentiousness, puritanical hypocrisy and loan shark talk pens, etc. The basic mood of Shakespeare's drama creation during this period was optimistic, bright, and full of humanistic ideals. In order to resolve social conflicts with confidence, the tragicomedy "Romeo and Juliet" written during this period was also full of comic atmosphere. Although the hero died for love, ideal love defeated death and brought about the reconciliation of feudal feuds. However, the later mature comedy "The Merchant of Venice" in this period has the color of melancholy and tragic elements, advocating love, friendship and sincere love at the same time, reflecting the class oppression, racial discrimination and discrimination in the jungle of Christian society, It shows that the author has realized that there is an irresolvable conflict between ideal and reality.
The second period (1601-1607) was mainly about tragedy, and he wrote three Roman plays, tragedies and 35 "black comedies" or "problem plays".
The Roman dramas "Julius Caesar", "Antony and Cleopatra" and "Coriolanus" historical dramas from Plutarch's "Heroes" .
The four major tragedies "Hamlet", "Othello", "King Lear", "Macbeth" and the tragedy "Timon of Athens" marked the era, in-depth thinking of life, and efforts to create a The new era is marked by such tragic heroes: they wake up from the confinement and ignorance of the Middle Ages to the dawn of modernization, are ambitious, want to formulate or improve themselves, but cannot overcome the limitations of the era and their own, and ultimately end up in the same era full of The struggle against a hostile environment and inherent unequal forces results in inevitable failure and sacrifice. Hamlet avenges his father, discovers the mortise that closes "the whole age", and decides to take the responsibility of "reorganizing the universe". The result is an empty ambition, unable to recover. "Othello" is honest and sincere, but I believe that people are evil. Don't cry when you pity the man who murdered and committed suicide. The pursuit of perfection leads to evil retribution. The power of "King Lear" brought him honor, pride, essentially lost self-confidence, insanity, and delusion to the point of allowing the country to prove its right not to be a king while doing the same as an ordinary man could do or Bigger, thus standing a painful ordeal. "Macbeth" is a positive hero who shows his true nature, kindness and beauty. Driven by the temptation of the throne and ambition, he becomes a sinner without regrets and "from blood to blood". The tragedies of these characters profoundly reveal the manifestations of various social ugliness and irreconcilable contradictions between bourgeois egoism, humanistic ideals and cruel reality that began to appear in the period of primitive accumulation of capital, and are of high general significance. .
Due to the heightened depth and realism of thought in dramas during this period, "Troilus and Cressida", "The Marriage" and "Tit for Tat" and "Comedy" also reveal the dark side , shrouded in the shadow of betrayal, intrigue and evil, this is the so-called "problem drama" or "black comedy".
The third period (16081613) tends towards tragicomedy or melodrama of compromise and fantasy.
The main works are the four tragicomedies or melodramas "Prince of Tire", "Cymbeline", "The Winter's Tale", "The Tempest". These works are about separation, reunion, and vindication of false accusations . Although it still adheres to humanistic ideals and reveals the darkness of reality, the resolution of conflicts mainly relies on magic, fantasy, chance and accident, and ends with preaching forgiveness, tolerance, compromise and reconciliation.
Shakespeare and Fletcher. Co-wrote the historical drama "Henry VIII" and the legendary drama "Two Princes", which are some of the collections of Shakespeare plays in recent years
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Shakespeare’s creative background
Shakespeare’s early creation from 1590 to 1600, also known as historical drama and comedy period During this period, Shakespeare's humanistic artistic style gradually took shape. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the heyday of royal unity and economic prosperity, Shakespeare's work was full of confidence in realizing humanistic ideals in reality. . During this period he wrote historical plays, including "Richard III" (1592), "Henry IV" (top and bottom sets) (1597-1598) and "Henry V" (1599), among others 9. The basic theme of the script supports the central monarchy, the feudal tyrants and the enlightened monarchs are praised. For example, "Henry IV" shows the civil strife on the screen, the nobles united to rebel against the king, but the rebellion was eventually put down; Later realizing the mistake, the drama achieves a high degree of unity and artistic fiction among the historical facts. The most vivid character is Falstaff, who is selfish, lazy, timid, yet alert, intelligent, and optimistic.
Composed during this period, include the poetic comedy "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1596), the "Merchant of Venice" (1597), which promotes the punishment of good and evil, and reflects the customs of the people. and "The Merry Wives of Windsor" (1598), "To Promote Nothing" (1599) and "Much Ado About Nothing" (1600), which celebrates love and pure love, explore humanity's "Twelfth Night" (1600) and other 10 basic themes of these scripts. Love, marriage and friendship, with strong lyricism, are manifestations of Shakespeare's humanistic ideals in life. At the same time, he also wrote "Romeo and Juliet" (1595) and other tragedies, although they have a sad side. Together with its basic spirit and comedy, Shakespeare also wrote a poem, "Venus and Adonis" (1592-1593), "Lucrece's Humiliated Mind" (1593-1594) and 154 The first sonnet.
In the 17th century, during the regimes of Queen Elizabeth I and James I, British social contradictions and social ugliness were increasingly exposed. During this period, Shakespeare's mature thoughts, art, and humanities were increasingly exposed. The violent collision between socialist ideals and social reality. He felt painfully that the ideals were difficult to realize, and he moved from praising humanist ideals in the early days of its creation to exposing and criticizing the darkness of society. Shakespeare created the Second Period (1601 to 1607), also known as the Tragic Period. He wrote "Hamlet" (1601), "Othello" (1604), "King Lear" (1606), "Macbeth" (1606) and "Timon of Athens" (1607) and other famous tragedies. ""Othello"," Desdemona, despite the opposition of her aristocratic father and society, privately married the Moorish "Othello", against the theme of racial prejudice, not only because of their tragic "Othello" "Jealousy, a powerful evil force represented by Iago. "Othello"'s dying sobriety contains the victory of human reason. The performance in "King Lear" is a divided society. "King Lear" paid the price of his life because of his willfulness, but also brought huge disasters to the country and people. From the absolute authoritative hero of the feudal monarch, he has become a penniless and homeless old man. The fate and character of the characters have changed greatly, which is the most distinctive work of Shakespeare. The hero in "Macbeth" becomes a careerist and a tyrant because of internal and external instigation of ambition.
In its tragic significance, personal ambition and selfishness can destroy otherwise not evil characters. Overall, these tragedies reveal in depth the decadence of the feudal aristocracy, the sins of monstrous egoism, money, relationships, and the suffering of the working people; the joyful style is reduced, the romantic atmosphere is reduced, the depression and sadness are increased, and the image is fuller. , become more proficient in the language.
It entered the final period after Shakespeare's creation in 1608. At this time, he had seen that Shakespeare's humanistic ideals could not be realized in the real world, so he began to write tragedies and melodrama, from the dark social reality, to write about the exposure and criticism of the fantasy world. Therefore, this period is known as the period during which Shakespeare's legend was played. This time, his works often resolve the contradiction between ideals and reality through mythical fantasy and supernatural power; the works are permeated with the spirit of forgiveness and reconciliation, without early joy or mid-term pessimism, but full of beauty. Life is fantasy, rich in romance. "The Tempest" (1611) best represents the style of this period and has been called "a testament written in verse." In addition, he wrote "Cymbeline", "The Winter's Tale" and three other melodramas and historical dramas" Henry VIII.”
Shakespeare starts from real life and profoundly reflects the modern style and social nature. He believed that playing "is regarded as giving up the natural luster of a mirror: look at the virtues of his face, see their absurd gestures, see the image and imprint of their own time and society." Marx and Engels considered Shakespeare classics A realist writer, drama creation should be more "Shakespeare". This is to put forward creative principles in view of the shortcoming that "the literary and artistic creation of the personal zeitgeist becomes a mere mouthpiece". The so-called "Shakespeare" requires writers such as Shakespeare to be good at showing the broad social background from real life, and the typical environment of the era when work and activities provide rich functions; the plot of the work should be vivid and rich People should have distinct personalities, but also have typical meanings. The works depict a clever combination of realism and romantic atmosphere, rich in language, and express the plot and character descriptions that the writer often conceals and expresses naturally.
Shakespeare's works include:
Tragedies: "Romeo and Juliet", "Macbeth", "King Lear", "Hamlet", "Othello", Titus, Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra (Cleopatra), Coriolanus, The Siege of TE Luoai, TIMON Athens, etc.
Comedy: Errors, Married, Happiness, Midsummer. A Dream of the Night, Much Ado About Nothing, Tit for Tat, The Tempest, The Taming of the Shrew, "Twelfth Night," "The Merchant of Venice, The Merry Wives of Windsor, Love in Vain, Two Gentlemen of Verona, Prince of Tire" Michaels, Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale, etc.
History: Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI, Henry VIII, King John, Richard II, Richard III.
Sonnets: Lover's Complaint, Lucrece's Distorted Remembering, Venus and Adonis, Passionate Pilgrim, Phoenix and Turtle Dove, etc. [Edit this paragraph] Achievements and influence Shakespeare's plays are based on old plays, novels, chronicles or folk literature and art, but inject their own ideas and old themes into the rewriting, giving them novel, rich and profound connotations. In terms of artistic expression, he inherited the three major traditions of drama and development in ancient Greece and Rome, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance in Europe and Britain, from content to creative innovation in form. All three of his dramas break the boundaries between tragedy and comedy, strive to reflect the true face of life, and deeply explore the inner mysteries of characters. They can create a large number of complex and diverse characters, a typical image of a true and vivid character. The image depicts a huge, colorful picture of social life, as well as its broad, profound, poetic and philosophical name.
Shakespeare's plays for the stage and audiences in English writing for popular theater. Therefore, its mixture of tragedy and joy, its freedom of taste and time, which strives to mobilize the original stage of the audience's imagination, etc. compensate for the accusations of classicists represented by Voltaire in the 18th century and the random deletion of the performance.
Shakespeare's true value did not begin to be recognized until the early 19th century, through the writings of Coleridge and William Hazlitt, and other criticism. But Shakespearean performances still often include the dramatic pattern of a five-act structure. In the 19th century, W. Fraternity and H. Wyback strongly opposed the traditional performance of Shakespeare by the Elizabethan Theater in favor of a graceful way to restore its inherent characteristics.
In the 17th century, Shakespeare was introduced to Germany, France, Italy, Russia, and Nordic countries, and then gradually had a huge and far-reaching impact on the development of national dramas in the United States and around the world, and became the world's most popular drama. The development of culture, an important link of communication and inspiration. China began to introduce and translate it from the beginning of this century, and based on the publication in 1978, a complete set of 11 volumes of "Shakespeare Translated by Zhu Shenghao" was revised. In 1902, students from St. John's University in Shanghai first performed the English show "The Merchant of Venice". According to incomplete statistics, China has 65 professional and amateur performance groups in five languages: English, Chinese, Tibetan, Mongolian, and Cantonese, and six types of civilization, drama, modern drama, opera, drama, ballet, and puppet show. Shakespeare performances on the 21st, including Shakespeare's most important works. Shakespeare has become a Chinese school, a teaching institution in universities, especially dramatic ones. The important role of Shakespeare in Chinese culture has opened up a vast world for actors to improve.
Shakespeare left 37 plays to the world, including some that he played and co-wrote with others. In addition, he wrote one hundred and fifty sonnets, three or four poems.
The activities of religious leaders, scientists, politicians, explorers, philosophers or inventors often influence human efforts to develop and develop in many other fields. For example, advances in science have had a huge impact on economic and political things, but also on religion, philosophy, and art.
Although a famous painter may have a great influence on subsequent painters, he may have little impact on music and literature. Human endeavors in areas such as exploration actually have no impact. A similar statement applies to poets, playwrights, and composers. In general, literary figures are only influential in literature and, in fact, are only influential in the particular fields in which they engage. It is for this reason that there are no literary, musical or artistic properties listed in the top 30 and only a very few are included in this book.
So why does this book have literary characters? This is because the appreciation of art has a certain direct impact on everyone's life (although this effect is not always great). In other words, a person may spend part of the time listening to music, part of the time reading, and part of the time drawing. Painting, and so on. We listen to music, and even if it has no impact on other activities in our time (this is of course an exaggeration), it still represents some of the boring time in our lives.
An artist may influence our lives even more time than it takes for us to listen, read or watch his work. This is because his work is likely to have other writers' creative activities that influence their work as we have experienced and appreciated it.
In some cases, some literary works have a more or less explicitly philosophical content, which can influence our views on other issues. Of course, literary or artistic works are often more than happy. For example, in "Romeo and Juliet" (Act III, I), Shakespeare has the prince say: "A murderer cannot be merciful, or he is encouraging murder." The idea presented here (whether one accepts it or not) has a distinct philosophical content , may influence people's political attitudes rather than other effects such as admiring the "Mona Lisa".
Of all the leading literary figures, Shakespeare seems to have been the one holding the whip. Relatively speaking, today few people talk about the works of Chaucer, Virgil, or even Homer, but if you put Shakespeare's plays, there will definitely be a lot of audiences. Shakespeare's genius for neologism was unparalleled, and he was often quoted—even by people who had never seen or read his plays. Moreover, his fame was not a flash in the pan. His work has delighted readers and critics for nearly four hundred years.
Just as Shakespeare has withstood the test of time, and will therefore remain popular for many centuries to come, it seems plausible.
To evaluate Shakespeare's influence, we should consider this, without him there would be no work of his (of course, every literary and artistic figure makes similar assertions, but this factor in assessing the influence of artists in general does not seem particularly important).
According to statistics, there are more than 20,000 words in Shakespeare's grid. It is widely used in folk language (such as ballads, slang, proverbs and humorous ancient prose, etc.). It pays attention to absorbing foreign words, but also makes extensive use of metaphors, metaphors, and puns. It can be said that the collection of English is the pinnacle. Many of Shakespeare's sayings have become modern English idioms, allusions and maxims. Relatively speaking, in his early plays, he liked to use gorgeous sonorous phrases; later mature works will appear more comfortable, whether it is rich and diverse language, appropriate and vivid expressions of the characteristics of different characters, and can also be used to convey simple words And naturally exciting feelings and thoughts.
Although Shakespeare wrote in English, he was a truly world-famous figure. Although English is not quite a world language, it is closer to a world language than any other language. Shakespeare's literary works have been translated into many languages, and his works have been read and his plays performed in many countries.
Of course, some popular writers will also be looked down upon by literary critics, but Shakespeare is different, and literary scholars have spared no effort to pay tribute to his works. Generations of playwrights studied his works in an attempt to capture his literary and artistic temperament. It is precisely because Shakespeare and other writers have huge influence and are constantly appreciated by the general public that he ranks quite high in this book.
The preface to some editions of Shakespeare's plays has this to say:
He has a strong artistic power, he is typical through images, but also has a distinctive personality The complex interpersonal relationships of the heroes reveal in their actions and the contradictions of their own characters. The light of intense dramatic humanism, excellence and daring artistic skill, has a significance far beyond his age and the confines of his country.
Literature has had such a great impact, no wonder his friend, the famous playwright Ben Jones, said: "He not only belongs to one era, but to all centuries."