Tennis
Tennis is a beautiful and fierce sport: the origin and development of tennis can be summarized in four sentences: conceived in France, born in England, and began to become popular and popular. It reached its climax in the United States and is now popular all over the world. It is known as the second largest ball game in the world.
Tennis was born in France in the Middle Ages. At that time, some young monks in France opened an activity venue in the monastery for sports activities in order to improve their monotonous and boring life. They stretched a rope between the two of them, a ball sewn with cloth and stuffed with hair. The two sides held the rope up and down with their hands. This was the original tennis ball. In 1873, a British squire named Winfield moved this ancient game outdoors. In the mid-19th century, after Europeans mastered rubber technology, they made balls that could bounce. At that time, it was recognized that the quality of the ball was best when wrapped in cloth produced in the town of Tennis in Egypt, so tennis balls were always called "TENNIS". The rackets were also made of strings instead of sheepskin. This is the prototype of tennis. In 1877, Britain held its first lawn tennis championship, the Wimbledon Tennis Championships.
In early 1874, an American woman named Mary. A lady from Outerbridge saw the British playing tennis when she went on vacation to the British-controlled Baimu Grand. Her curiosity made her immediately follow suit. Later, she brought her tennis racket and ball back to New York and practiced with her brother at a club on Stay Island near New York. In the United States, only women played tennis at that time, but it soon spread from Stay Island throughout the United States. During President Roosevelt's administration, because he loved tennis, he often invited friends who accompanied him on horseback riding and walking to play tennis on the White House court. As a result, tennis enjoyed unprecedented development in the United States.
Since 1900, lawn tennis has become a truly international sport. In addition to the United Kingdom, tennis events have become quite frequent in Canada, South Africa, France, Germany, Belgium, the United States and other countries. Tennis was introduced to my country in 1885 and has a history of more than 100 years, much earlier than basketball (1901), volleyball (1905) and table tennis.
Tennis has changed a lot since the first Olympic Games. Today's Olympic tennis competitions attract many dazzling stars. These professional tennis players, who are accustomed to five-star hotels and high tournament bonuses, also have to stay in the Olympic Village during the Olympic Games. There are no bonuses in the competition, and they are just playing for the gold medal.
Tennis withdrew from the Olympics after 1924, for many reasons besides the difficulty of drawing a dividing line between professional and amateur sports. It was not until the 1988 Seoul Olympics that it was reinstated as an official Olympic event.
It was listed as an official competition event in 1896, canceled in 1924, listed as a performance event in 1984, and then listed as an official competition event in 1988
Project introduction:< /p>
Like professional tennis competitions, Olympic tennis competitions also adopt an elimination system. If you lose one game, you will be completely eliminated.
Except for the finals, all men's matches adopt a best-of-three-set system; while all women's matches are a best-of-three-set format; the winners of the semifinals compete for the championship, and the losers compete for third place.
Olympic Preview:
Four girls from Sichuan, including Zheng Jie and Yan Zi, of China Women’s Tennis Team, went to India and other countries to participate in the Olympic points competition. The points earned in these four months will be The key to entering the Olympics. There will be 32 pairs of players participating in the 2004 Athens Olympics doubles competition. According to the latest regulations, each team will have two pairs of players who may participate. There will be no problem with the entry of these two pairs of players from China. In the latest rankings, Zheng Jie ranks highest among Chinese players, ranking 79th. There are only 64 places for women's singles in the Athens Olympics, but each association can only have a maximum of three athletes in singles, so Zheng Jie still has a chance.
The tennis competition of the 2004 Athens Olympics will be held at the Olympic Tennis Center of the Athens Olympic Sports Center. The competition will last for 8 days, from August 15th to 22nd, with 10 competition venues. The central venue can accommodate 8,000 spectators, venue 1 can accommodate 4,000 people, venue 2 can accommodate 2,000 people, and venues 3 to 9 can accommodate 200 people. It is expected that 172 male and female masters from all over the world will participate in the competition.
Modern tennis generally includes two forms: indoor tennis and outdoor tennis. Tennis originated as a game played by French missionaries in the church cloisters between the 12th and 13th centuries. Later it became an indoor pastime and entertainment activity in the palace. Some people also believe that the origin of tennis should be traced back to a ball game called Hieu de Baume that was popular among French people before the "Hundred Years War" (the war between England and France from 1337 to 1453). It is said that this game is played by two people, each holding a racket. There is a wall around the court. After the ball hits the wall, it bounces back and then passes over the net. Therefore, no matter in terms of the venues and equipment used, or the methods of playing the game, it has many similarities with modern tennis, so some people regard it as the original form of tennis.
In the mid-14th century, a French poet introduced this ball game to the French court as a pastime for men and women of the royal family. At that time, this game was played in the palace hall. There was no net or racket. The ball was made of cloth rolled into a circle and tied with a rope. A rope is set up in the middle of the field as a boundary, and both hands are used as rackets to throw the ball back and forth from the rope. It is called Tennez in French and "Takeit! Play" in English, which means: "Catch! Throw it over." Today The term "Tennis" comes from this. Soon, wooden rackets were used instead of two hands to shoot the ball. At the beginning of the 16th century, this ball game was discovered by French citizens, who began to imitate it out of curiosity. It quickly spread to major cities and the equipment was improved at the same time. The ball was made more durable, the racket was changed from wooden board to parchment cardboard, the surface area of ??the racket was enlarged, and the handle of the grip was also lengthened. On the rope in the middle of the field, countless short ropes are added to hang down to the ground. When the ball passes under the rope, it can be clearly detected. It was later banned by King Louis of France and stipulated that it was a privileged game in the court. At the beginning of the 17th century, rope curtains were no longer used in the middle of the venue, but small square nets were used instead. The net function was better than the curtains. The rackets were replaced by stringed net rackets, which were flexible, lightweight and convenient. When this game was played in the French court, a golden container was placed next to the court. After each game, the audience put money into the plate as a prize for the winner. This method started with good intentions, but gradually evolved into a kind of gambling. At the beginning, the amount was still small, but as time went by, the bets became larger and larger, and some people even lost their money. As a result, disputes arose, and the King of France ordered a ban on such games. This was the main reason for the decline of tennis in the early 18th century.
Around 1358 to 1360, this ball game was introduced to England from France. King Edward III of England was particularly interested in this and ordered the construction of an indoor court within the palace. Since then, tennis has become popular in the UK and has become a recreational activity for the British upper class, so it is also known as the "aristocratic sport". During this period, indoor tennis was mainly popular. It was not until September 29, 1793, in a British magazine "Sports" that the name "court tennis" came into being.
The history of modern tennis generally begins in 1873. That year, the Englishman Walter Clopton Winfield improved the early tennis method and made it a summer sports activity on the lawn, and named it "lawn tennis". In the same year, a booklet titled "Lawn Tennis" was also published to publicize and promote this activity. So Winfield is called "the founder of modern tennis." Since then, tennis has become a sport that can be played both indoors and outdoors. At the same time, tennis sports clubs were established across the UK. In 1875, the All England Tennis Club was established. The club built the world's first tennis court and in 1877 hosted the All-England Lawn Tennis Men's Singles Championship, which later became known as Wimbledon. With the widespread development of tennis and the increasingly frequent competition activities, it is of course impossible not to have unified rules. So in 1876, representatives from famous tennis clubs in some areas met to study and discuss the formulation of unified tennis rules for the entire UK. After many negotiations, representatives from all parties finally reached a consensus on tennis venues, equipment, playing styles and competitions, and formed a unified rule. After about 1878, most tennis clubs in the UK gradually carried out activities, training and competitions according to the new style of play.
In 1874, Mary Outerbridge, an American lady who was on vacation in Bermuda, became very interested in this sport after watching a tennis match played by British officers, so she introduced the rules of tennis, rackets and Tennis brought to New York. In the United States, tennis was initially developed in schools in the east, and soon spread to the central and western parts of the country, and then became popular throughout the United States. At this time, tennis has evolved from grass to being played on sand, cement, and asphalt, so the name "Tennis" gradually replaced the name "Lawn Tennis". This is our The origin of the name Tennis today.
In the early days of modern tennis, women were often excluded on the grounds that tennis was not suitable for women. At the same time, it is believed that women's participation in tennis is offensive. Therefore, early tennis competitions only included men's singles and doubles, and no women's tennis events. However, some female players not only have the courage to break through the obstacles of public opinion and family, but some of their technical skills exceed those of male players. In some informal singles matches, there are often male players on one side and female players on the other. This forced some tennis clubs to break the ban and allow women to participate in the sport. Therefore, the mixed doubles competition between men and women began in 1879, which was the result of the hard work of women themselves.
In 1878, the first men's doubles championship was held in England. In 1879, the first women's singles and mixed doubles competitions were held in Ireland. In 1884, Wimbledon added women's singles and men's doubles championships. In 1913, women's doubles and mixed doubles championships were added.
In 1881, the first national tennis association appeared in the world, the National Lawn Tennis Association of the United States (the word "national" was canceled in 1920). The association held the first U.S. Lawn Tennis Men's Singles and Men's Doubles Championships from August 31 to September 3 of that year in Newport, Rhode Island. It adopted Wimbledon's competition rules. There were 26 participants in the competition. people.
Dwight, chairman of the U.S. National Lawn Tennis Association, and Sears, the U.S. men’s singles champion, were also the first overseas athletes to participate in the Wimbledon Championships.
In 1887, the U.S. Lawn Tennis Women's Singles Championship began, and women's doubles and mixed doubles began in 1890 and 1892 respectively.
In 1891, France held the first men's singles and men's doubles championships, with participants limited to French citizens. Women's singles began in 1897.
In 1900, the 21-year-old American tennis player Davis donated a sterling silver bowl from the Golden Village, named Davis Cup, in order to promote the development of modern tennis. It later became the permanent traveling trophy for the most prestigious men's team championship in international tennis. The names of each year's championship team and players were engraved on the cup. When the names were engraved in 1920, Davis donated a cushion box and later added two trays.
In 1904, the Australian Lawn Tennis Association was established and began to host the Australian Championships in 1905, with two events: men's singles and men's doubles. In 1922, women's singles, women's doubles and mixed doubles were added. The French Tennis Championships, the British Tennis Championships Wimbledon, the United States Tennis Championships and the Australian Tennis Championships together are the most prestigious "Grand Slam" tennis tournaments in the world. Any player or group of doubles players who can win these four tournaments in the same season will be awarded the honor of "Grand Slam" winner.
On March 1, 1913, representatives of tennis associations from 12 countries including Australia established the International Tennis Federation (ITF) in Paris to coordinate international tennis activities, arrange the annual competition schedule, and revise the rules of tennis and supervise their enforcement.
In 1919, the "seed" system was adopted for drawing lots. In 1927, Britain pioneered seamless tennis balls, which made the ball faster. From 1945 to the 1960s, tennis became more professional. In 1963, the women's team competition - the Federation Cup was held. In 1968, Wimbledon first implemented an entry system that did not distinguish between amateurs and professional players. In 1972, the International Men's Professional Tennis Players Association was established. In 1973, the International Women's Tennis Association was established.
At the first modern Olympic Games held in Athens in 1896, men's singles and doubles tennis were listed as official events. Later, due to differences between the International Olympic Committee and the International Tennis Federation on the issue of "amateur athletes", the tennis competition event in the seventh consecutive Olympic Games was canceled. It was not until the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics that tennis was listed as a performance event. By the 1988 Seoul Olympics, tennis was reclassified as an official event.
Because the most primitive tennis sport originated in the palace, it is understandable that the scoring method is based on local materials. They use a clock that can be turned to score. Every time they score a point, they turn the clock a quarter, which is 15 minutes (a quarter, a moment). In the same way, if they score two points, they turn the clock to 30 minutes. Of course everything is based on their convenience. This is the origin of 15 points and 30 points.
As for 40 points, it is weird, it is not a multiple of 15. This is because in English, 15 points is pronounced "fifteen", which is two syllables, and 30 points is pronounced "thirty", which is also two syllables; but 45 points is pronounced "forty-five" in English, which becomes three. The British people at the time felt that the syllable was a bit difficult to pronounce and did not conform to the principle of "convenience", so they changed it to 40 points (forty), which is also a disyllabic. This is where the seemingly illogical 40 points comes from.
Although this scoring method seems a bit strange, it is still used according to tradition. After all, everyone is already accustomed to this scoring method from the palace.
Rules of Tennis
Basic Rules
(1) Serving
1. Rules before serving
Before serving the ball, the server should stand in the area behind the end line, between the midpoint and the assumed extension of the sideline, throw the ball in the air in any direction with his hands, and hit the ball with the racket before the ball touches the ground (only Players with one hand can use a racket to throw the ball). The delivery of the ball is completed when the racket makes contact with the ball.
2. Rules when serving
During the entire serving action, the server is not allowed to change the position of the original station by walking or running. His feet are only allowed to stand in the prescribed position and are not allowed to Reach other areas.
3. The position of the server
(1) At the beginning of each game, serve from behind the end line in the right area. After winning or losing a point, you should switch to the left area to serve.
(2) The ball served should pass over the net and land in the opposite corner of the opponent's service area, or on the lines surrounding it
4. Serving error
Missing the ball; the served ball touches a fixed object before hitting the ground (except the net, center belt and white cloth on the edge of the net); violates the rules of serving position. After the server makes a mistake on the first serve, he should serve a second time from the original serving position.
5. The serve is invalid
After the serve touches the net, it still falls into the opponent's service area, and the receiver is not ready to catch the ball; the serve should be re-served.
6. Exchange of serves
At the end of the first game, the receiver becomes the server, and the serve becomes the receiver. From now on, every round is over. They all exchange with each other in turn until the end of the game.
(2) General Rules
1. Exchange of venues
Both sides shall do so after the end of the 1st, 3rd, 5th and other odd-numbered rounds of each set, and after each set When the total number of rounds ended by both sides is an odd number, the venues are swapped.
2. Point loss
Points will be lost if any of the following situations occurs.
(1) Failed to hit back over the net before the ball hit the ground for the second time.
(2) The counterattacked ball touches the ground, fixed objects or other objects outside the boundaries of the opponent's court.
(3) Failed to counterattack the ball in the air.
(4) Deliberately touching the ball with the racket more than once.
(5) The player's body and racket touch the net during the service.
(6) Hitting the ball over the net.
(7) Toss and hit the ball
3. Line ball
Any ball that falls on the line is considered an inbound ball.
(3) Doubles
1. Order of serving in doubles
At the beginning of the first game of each set, the server decides who will serve first, and the other party will do the same. At the beginning of the second game, the ground determines who will serve first. In the third game, another player from the side who served in the first game serves. In the 4th game, another player who served in the 2nd game will serve. The following rounds are served in this order.
2. Order of receiving the ball in doubles
The team that receives the ball first shall decide who will receive the serve first at the beginning of the first game, and shall continue to receive the ball first in the odd-numbered game of the set. Serve. Both sides should also decide who will receive the serve at the beginning of the second game and continue to receive the serve first in the even-numbered games. Their partners should take turns receiving the serve during each set.
3. Doubles counterattack
After receiving the serve, the two sides should take turns to have any one of their players counterattack. If a player touches the ball with his racket after a member of his team has hit the ball, the opponent will be awarded a point.
(4) Scoring method
1. Win 1 game
(1) 1 point is awarded for each goal won, and the first to win 4 points wins 1 bureau.
(2) When both sides score 3 points each, it is a "deuce". After a tie, a two-point win will lead to a win.
2. Win 1 set
(1) One side wins 6 games first to win 1 set.
(2) When both sides win 5 games each, one side wins 1 game if it wins two games.
3. Decisive game scoring system
In each set The number of rounds is 6, and there are the following two scoring systems.
(1) Long game system: A team that wins two games wins one game.
(2) Short game system: except for the final game, unless otherwise specified before the game, the following methods should generally be followed.
A. The first to score 7 points wins the game and the set (if the score is 6, one side must have a net score of two points).
B. The server serves the first point ball first, and the opponent serves the second and third point balls, and then takes turns to serve the two-point ball until the end of the game.
C. The first point ball is served in the right area, the second point ball is served in the left area, and the third point ball is served in the right area.
D. The venue must be changed every 6 points and at the end of the deciding game.
4. Scoring of the short game system
(1) For the first ball (0:0), server A serves a 1-point ball, and changes the serve after the 1-point ball.
(2) The 2nd and 3rd balls (report 1:0 or 0:1, do not report 15:0 or 0:15), served by B, B will change the serve after consecutive two-pointers. , serve from the left area first.
(3) The 4th and 5th balls (report 3:0 or 1:2, 2:1, do not report 40:0 or 15:30, 30:15), served by A, A After two consecutive serves, the serve is changed, and the serve is served from the left area first.
(4) The 6th and 7th balls (reported as 3:3 or 2:4, 4:2 or 1:5, 5:1 or 6:0, 0:6), served by B After the 1-point ball, the venue is changed. If the game is not over, B continues to serve the 7th ball.
(5) When the score reaches 5:5, 6:6, 7:7, 8:8..., two consecutive points are required to determine the winner. But on the scoresheet, it is uniformly written as 7:6.
(6) After the deciding game, players from the other side will switch places.
Venue rules:
Basic rules
Generally speaking, tennis has some basic rules, such as it is divided into singles and doubles. Each game has a number of sets, and a set has a number of games. There are several points in a game. Most men's games are based on five sets. Some men's games and all women's games are determined by three sets. The following is an explanation of the scoring methods of games, sets, and games.
Court types
Tennis courts can be divided into outdoor and indoor, and there are various court surfaces. It will be determined by economic factors. For example, lawn tennis is the most basic outdoor court, but it is too expensive to build and maintain, so it is now replaced by artificial courts, which are cheaper and easier to maintain. There is also a kind of clay court that is popular in Europe, and the French Open is this kind of court.
The following is an explanation of this:
Grass
Because the maintenance of grass courts is time-consuming and expensive, over-the-field golf courses are becoming increasingly rare. They must have a good drainage system. The picture on the right is a cross-section of a standard grass court. Above it is 7.5 cm (3 inches) of fine soil and 15 cm (6 inches) of permeable layer. The lower two surfaces are unstructured permeable layers separated by stone discs, and the subsoil layer above It is a 44 cm (18 inch) wide drainage channel. The court is surrounded by long, durable slats, concrete walls and quoins.
Artificial
Artificial courts have become increasingly popular because they are easy to maintain. Artificial courts that have been significantly modified are often the most suitable for use. The picture on the right shows the Mercurio Stadium, which is made up of flat coarse-grained rubber planters combined with nutrient-reducing resin. It is sprayed with polyurethane, which can penetrate the bottom layer, and is paved with tar.
Clay clay
Hard courts require regular maintenance, and maintenance costs are sometimes very expensive. The image to the right shows a cross-section of a well-constructed hard court. The purchase and construction layers are as follows: 19 to 40 centimeters of surface material, followed by a gravel layer composed of sand, gravel, slag or coarse sand and gravel, then a 12.5 centimeter (5-inch) permeable layer, and a subsoil layer. The top is 22.5 centimeters (9 inches) from the base level and the bottom is 7.5 centimeters (3 inches) from the drain pipe.
The height of the net
The net is parallel to the bottom line of the court, passes through the entire court, and divides the court into two equal parts. Therefore, the distance between the net and the two bottom lines is 11.89 meters (39 feet). The two ends of the net are suspended from the net posts on both sides. The center of the net post is 91.4 cm (3 feet) beyond the doubles sideline. The height of the net is 1.07 meters (3 feet 6 inches) at the posts and 91.4 centimeters (3 feet) in the center of the court. The top of the net is sewn with white mesh fabric.
Scoring rules:
1. Win by one point
When encountering the following situations, the opponent will be awarded a win of 1 point:
1. The server makes two consecutive service errors or foot errors.
2. The receiver hits the ball with the racket before the ball hits the ground, or when the ball touches his body or the clothes he is wearing.
3. When the ball fails to hit the net back before it hits the ground for the second time.
4. When the return ball touches the ground, fixed objects or other objects outside the boundaries of the opponent's court.
5. When counterattacking the ball in the air fails.
6. During the game, the batter intentionally drags or catches the ball with the racket, or intentionally touches the ball with the racket more than once.
7. During the "live ball" period, the player's body, racket (whether held in the hand or not) or other items worn touches the net, net posts, singles pillars, ropes or wire ropes, center belt, or net edges. White cloth or the court surface within the opponent's court.
8. Counterattack the ball in the air that has not yet passed the net (hit the ball over the net).
9. Except for the racket held in the hand (whether with one hand or both hands), the player's body or objects worn touch the ball.
10. When throwing the racket to hit the ball.
11. During the game, players deliberately change the shape of their rackets.
2. Win a game
Players will get 1 point for each goal they win. The first player to win 4 points wins a game. However, if both sides score 3 points each, it will be a "duece". After "deuce", when one side scores 1 point first, it is "advantage serve" or "advantage serve". A game is won by taking the lead and scoring 1 point. (1 is divided into fifteen, 2 is divided into thirty, and 3 is divided into forty)
3. Win a set
If one side wins 6 games first, it will be considered a set win, but if both sides meet When each team has 5 games, one side must win two games to be considered a winner.
4. Tie break (also called tie break)
When the number of games in each set is 6, a tie break is held. The first to score 7 points wins the game. In this set, if the score is 6, one side must win by 2 points.
Tennis terminology:
Racket tennis racket
Love 0 points (from French)
Grand slam refers to winning the Wimbledon\U.S.Open consecutively \FrenchOpen\AustralianOpen four major events
Ground strock is the most basic way of hitting the ball after it bounces on the ground (draw the ball)
Vollry Volley Smash Spike
< p>Kill kills the ball. A ball that makes the opponent unable to defendLob lob.
Drop shot lob shot
Forehand
Backhand
Top spin
Back spin
Serve
Net tennis< /p>