The outline of China's territory is like a rooster, and the three northeastern provinces are exactly at the key position of the rooster's head. From the 1950s to the 1980s of the last century, the production of heavy industry in the three northeastern provinces perfectly matched its geographical location. Northeast China had a glorious past.
The "First Five-Year Plan" builds the cradle of large industry
Northeast China has a history of nearly a hundred years of large machine industry. In the early 1930s, when the Japanese and puppets ruled the Northeast, out of the need for war, they forcibly implemented the "industrial development" policy in the Northeast, which objectively enabled the Northeast's industry to develop to a certain extent. Before Japan surrendered in 1945, there were 1,312 working machines. The total number of workers in various industries is approximately 1.27 million. These legacy industries have long established Northeast China's status as the center of China's heavy industry. In the late 1940s and the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Northeast China was the first to introduce a planned economic system, relying on its geographical proximity to the Soviet Union. It became the focus of the first round of industrial revolution based on the Soviet model after the founding of the People's Republic of China, which focused on heavy industry. During the "First Five-Year Plan" period (1953-1957), the central government placed 58 of the 156 key projects in Northeast China. During this period, the state's investment in Liaoning's industry alone accounted for 18.5% of the country's total industrial investment during the same period. Through concentrated investment, the Northeast Industrial Base, the "Cradle of New China's Industry", which focuses on energy, raw materials, and equipment manufacturing, has been created in the three northeastern provinces, thus forming a Northeast industrial system dominated by energy, heavy chemicals, and chemicals.
"Detroit of the East" was born
At that time, the status of the Northeast industrial base in China was unparalleled in the country. The Northeast has spawned countless miracles as a result of the industrial rise of New China. The first spurt of fiery molten steel, the first jet fighter flying into the sky, the first 10,000-ton ship entering the sea, the first deep-sea robot exploring the ocean, the first software park... Countless firsts in New China are rising from here. In July 1956, Changchun No. 1 Automobile Manufacturing Plant was officially completed and put into operation. The first car made in China rolled off the production line. Changchun has since become the center of China's automobile industry. Before the emergence of Japanese automobile giants such as Toyota, Nissan, and Honda, Changchun FAW was the leader of the Asian automobile industry at that time.
In the steel industry, Anshan Iron and Steel Company's large-scale steel rolling mill, seamless steel pipe plant and No. 7 automated iron-making furnace were built successively from 1952 to November 1953. The company's thin plate plant and second blooming mill were also completed and put into operation in 1954 and 1956 respectively. In addition, Beiman Steel Plant and Benxi Steel Company are basically completed. Liaoning's steel industry has become the basic industry of China's heavy industry.
In the late 1950s, the Northeast region mastered the most advanced heavy industry technology in China at that time and was able to design some relatively large and technically complex projects. For example, there is a steel complex with an annual output of 1.5 million tons of steel, and a coal mine with an annual output of 2.4 million tons of coal.
The "blood bank" of oil has supported China for half a century
The second wave of industrial construction in Northeast China was the Petroleum Conference in the early 1960s. In the late 1950s, the Daqing Oil Field was discovered in the Songliao Basin of Heilongjiang Province, and the central government decided to mobilize forces to launch an oil war. Tens of thousands of oil workers from northwest and north China marched into the wasteland in the hinterland of the Songliao Plain to start a vigorous oil battle. On April 14, 1960, the first oil well in Daqing was drilled, and crude oil soon spewed out. Daqing Petroleum Base is gradually built.
In the following 40 years, Daqing produced more than 1.7 billion tons of crude oil, nearly half of the country’s total onshore crude oil production, setting a record of stable production of more than 50 million tons per year for 27 consecutive years, which is the first of its kind in the world. It is a miracle in the history of oil field development. Daqing has become the "blood bank" of China's economy, supporting China's industrialization process for nearly half a century. When the exploration and development results of the Daqing oil field were recorded in the history of China's scientific and technological development together with the "two bombs and one satellite", Daqing also paid 406.1 billion yuan in taxes to the state, which is 87 times the state's total investment in Daqing. Bearing the crude oil price difference of 419 billion yuan, exports earned US$49.5 billion.
For decades, the old industrial base in Northeast China has made historic contributions to China’s economic development and industrialization process, and has forged the glory of the Republic of China. In Liaoning Province alone, from 1953 to 1994, the province paid a total of 323.4 billion yuan to the central government, accounting for 71.5% of the regional fiscal revenue during the same period.
Years of burning passion brought forth heroes in large numbers
In those glorious years, countless famous names were related to the Northeast. Although these people may not be from the Northeast, they were all in the Northeast. The giants of the times who grew up in the Northeast, Wang Jinxi, Lei Feng, Meng Tai... there are also some familiar names that Chinese people are familiar with - Anshan Iron and Steel, First Automobile Manufacturing Plant, Changchun Film Studio, Daqing Oilfield, Shenfei , Harbin Institute of Technology, etc.; in addition, there are countless backbone factories that manufacture various large-scale industrial equipment. Petroleum from Daqing, coal from Fushun, and steel from Anshan Iron and Steel are continuously exported to all parts of the country. of blood. 30 years ago, apart from Wang Jinxi, the most famous person in Northeast China was Yang Zirong in "Taking Tiger Mountain by Wisdom". Yang Zirong's status in people's minds back then far exceeded that of any popular movie star now. The Northeastern Corps was also very famous among young people at that time. Among today's generation of Chinese entrepreneurs, many presidents and CEOs were soldiers of the Northeastern Corps.
Why has the Northeast become like this?
Is this just an accident? Why can't we develop and are getting worse and worse? What is certain now is that the " "Backward" and "de-industrialization" are not accidental, but something invisible is at work. If you don't want to be fooled by any lies and pretense, then please read on!
First Take a look at the time when the People's Republic of China was just founded. If you have read any documents on industry and industrial layout published by the central government at that time, you will have noticed this sentence: "China's industry is mainly concentrated in Shanghai and isolated in one place." .What does "located in a separate place" mean? The central government doesn't even bother to call Northeast China! There is no doubt that Shanghai is the base of light industry, accounting for about 35% of the country's light industry output.).
At that time, the Northeast, or Liaoning to be precise, accounted for nearly 70% of the national heavy industry output at that time! Among them, the main products related to the international people's livelihood: steel, refined oil, electricity, machine tools, and military industry were as high as More than 80%! Even in industries such as raw coal where manual labor is prevalent in Guanhai, Liaoning still accounts for 55% of the share (because of Fushun and Fuxin, two open-pit coal mines that were unrivaled in Asia at the time
Today, There are always some people who are far-fetched and say that Wuhan, Qingdao, Tianjin, even Chongqing, Taiyuan and so on are "old industrial bases", which is really laughable. To put it bluntly, compared with the heavy industrial base in central Liaoning, These cities don't deserve to be called industrial bases at all, they can at best be called "handicraft bases." At that time, the chairman of the Northeast District, Gao Gang, was very good. Why? Qualifications are always one thing, mainly strength. Chairman Mao was in Beijing during the military parade. He During the military parade in Shenyang, what did the masses display afterward? The people in Beijing brought out cotton and wheat, while the people in Shenyang brought out trains and machine tools! If you are interested, check out the memoirs of the old generals. How many of them traveled all over the country? Many years ago, "It was only when I arrived in southern Manchuria that I saw vast areas of high-voltage power grids and dense railways, and understood what industry is." There is also a city that must be mentioned here - Dalian. Dalian is the strategic base of the Japanese in China and has good infrastructure. , the industrial foundation is better than that of Chuanqi and Hiroshima.
When the People's Republic of China was first founded, Dalian was the largest and best-preserved heavy chemical industrial base in China. I won't go into the reasons. Regarding Dalian's contribution, here are some. To correct a historical injustice. You may still remember what a certain marshal said after the Battle of Huaihai: The Battle of Huaihai was pushed out by a cart. However, the original words in history are: The victory of the Battle of Huaihai depended on it. It’s Shandong’s small cart and Dalian’s cannonball.
The "Dalian cannonballs" here refer to the products of the "Dalian Lixin Factory", the first domestic military factory at that time. This factory later became the "Dalian 523 Factory", and the first director was Wu Yunduo. Why did some people later Half a sentence was deleted? Is it just because the leader said "Xinjiang and Northeast China are still two colonies"? Readers, please understand for yourself!!
There is no doubt that the central government The top leaders of the Communist Party of China are also very aware of the importance of the Northeast, otherwise there would be no "As long as we have a solid base area in the Northeast, even if we lose all existing base areas, the Chinese revolution will have a basis for success (forgive me! You may remember) (not very accurate)" In this case, the people of Northeast China not only shouldered the important task of liberating China, but in the Korean War to defend their country, the soldiers on the front shed blood and the people in the rear fought desperately. Have you ever thought about it, if it weren't for the dense railways in southern Liaoning? Net, how can the materials at the front be delivered without error? Compare the subsequent efforts to resist U.S. aggression and aid Vietnam, how big the gap is! But what is infuriating is that even these have been distorted today, and the people who shed blood and sacrificed their lives were Sichuan people and Shandong people. (Some people even wrote nonsense today that they are from Hunan, how shameless!), the people who produce large-scale production are Shanghai people! Strange, aren’t several of China’s ace armies composed of soldiers from the Northeast? Is it possible that the strategy of tens of thousands of train skins Materials are not produced by the industrial base in Liaozhong? Isn't this blatant distortion too shameless?
Let's talk about the construction period after the founding of the People's Republic of China. The author carefully studied the "First Five-Year Plan Construction" from my grandfather. "Compendium" (a yellowed and rat-gnawed pamphlet). The central meaning of industrial construction in it is actually only eight words: "Perfect one, spread a wide net." The most central sentence is "Build and improve to The Northeast industrial base centered on the Anshan Iron and Steel Conglomerate enables it to effectively support the industrial construction of the country!" Here, the first half of the sentence is the means, and the second half is the purpose. Unfortunately, this "purpose" has continued for fifty years !!! Please note that in the planned economy era, the export of Northeastern products is fundamentally different from the "Guangzhou goods going north" in the 1980s and 1990s. That is called "allocation". The so-called "allocation" means free support, if it is for sale. , the annual output has always exceeded 50 million tons, and the production has been stable for 20 years. Hasn’t Daqing, with a population of only 800,000, already become Kuwait? Shenyang, the concentration center of mechanical and electrical products in the country, has many products distributed to the customs for free every year. Reaching 89%! Some people say that Shenyang is the eldest son of China and the country’s industry. In my opinion, it should be called a nanny! For a long time, the large Anshan Iron and Steel Factory was the only factory in China that could produce heavy rail. But readers, please think about it. Think about it, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, how many kilometers of railways were built in the Northeast? Even the Gouhai Line built in the 1970s was built with self-raised funds by Liaoning Province! Without the selfless dedication of the Northeast, how could China's railway construction in the 1960s have happened? Golden Age? In fact, it’s more than just products?
In the 1960s, Liaoning undertook the heaviest task in supporting the construction of the "Big Third Front". More than 30% of its technical and management backbones were transferred to the west, and many even It is the relocation of entire factories and entire mines. Today, most of the factories, mines, military enterprises, and bases in Henan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Gansu, and Hubei, and even Shenyang people who complete entire factories and mines , people from Dalian, people from Anshan, people from Fushun, people from Benxi... On the banks of the Jinsha River, the Chishui River, at the foot of the Yin Mountains, and in the Gobi Desert, they even kept their names anonymous and were not known until they died (one of the author's father's young friends My friend, he worked in a place called Jinchuan or Jinchang, and his family didn’t know until six years after his death). & The people of Northeast China have made such contributions to the country, but what did they get? If nothing else, "Chen Sanliang", Come to think of it, everyone still remembers it, right? The largest industrial base in the country, and people who have made countless contributions, each person only eats three taels of oil every year! Is it because the Northeast does not produce soybean oil? No, the soybean output in the Northeast accounts for 44-57% of the country's total. (1962-1977). Do people across the country only eat three ounces of oil? No, the per capita ratio in Beijing is 6.67 times that of Northeast China, but it does not produce even half of it! If young people are interested, you can Ask anyone over the age of forty what kind of unforgettable days it was. One of the students of my maternal grandmother had some responsibility at the Goubangzi Locomotive Depot, and now I am full of anger when I think about it: Three years of natural disasters During this period, the situation in the Northeast was not very good, but it could still be maintained because there were large granaries in Jilin and Heilongjiang. However, there were continuous instructions from above to allocate rations and import feed grains, targeting Hebei, Shan
Dongfang, Henan, Anhui, Hubei. What are those being transferred away? Those are human lives! If the natural foundation of the Northeast was not good and the food provided by nature was abundant, the practice of pumping grain from the cauldron would also happen in the Northeast. Tragedy in the world. Someone posted today that the reason why fewer people died in the Northeast during the three years of natural disasters was because Premier Zhou obtained food from the Soviet Union. This is nonsense! In fact, such free allocation not only breeds laziness and dependence, but also What's more important is that it encourages treachery and sophistry! Today, so many people go online to scold Northeasterners. Do they ever remember that their parents and grandparents survived on that mouthful of Northeastern rice? Why are they so ungrateful! People over the age of 40 today should still remember the scene in the 1970s when Northeasterners went to Beijing to buy. "Pork was even carried back whole fans!" There is a question here, why can industrial products from the Northeast be sold for free? However, the agricultural and sideline products in the Guanhai area cannot be allocated to the Northeast for free, but the people of the Northeast have to travel thousands of miles to Beijing to buy them? Is there any problem such as capital outflow?
If before the 1980s, the people of Northeast China only suffered "a small hardship", then after the reform and opening up, the people in Northeast China "exclusively enjoyed" this bitter fruit. During the reform and opening up, Chairman Deng drew several circles on the South China Sea to create windows. Of course, there are risks in establishing experimental fields, which need to be shared by large households that contribute to the finance, of which Northeast China is the main force. In the early 1980s, the annual fiscal expenditures of Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Shanghai were all fiscal Three to six times income. The author here wants to clarify a fact. Some people have always claimed and some people believe that Shanghai paid the most taxes to the country in the 1980s. This is actually wrong. The real number one is Liaoning Province. The problem is that Shanghai as a whole has paid the most taxes to the country. The state pays taxes, and Liaoning Province has also divided out several so-called separate planned units: Shenyang City, Dalian City, Anshan Iron and Steel, Liaohe Oilfield... The most typical one is that in 1988, the country paid taxes and profits. Among the top ten, four are from Liaoning Province: Liaoning, Shenyang, Anshan Iron and Steel, and Dalian. In addition, before Anshan Iron and Steel is the Daqing Oilfield, five of them are from Northeast China! They account for less than one-tenth of the total population of the country. Are the three northeastern provinces bleeding too much? In fact, it is not a bad idea to pay taxes in proportion, but the problem is that it is unfair. At this time, Guangdong's GDP has reached 70% of Liaoning's, but it is not a good idea to pay taxes in proportion. The tax revenue is so small that it can only be described as "appalling". The same situation occurs in Fujian and Zhejiang (it must be mentioned here that Jiangsu is an exception in the southeast region. Its economy has always been good and it rarely engages in trivial actions). At this time, the Northeast has shown its lack of development potential, which is reflected in: aging industrial equipment, backward technology, too little profit retained by enterprises, and a shortage of funds for self-development (of course, these are relative to the whole country). !.
In order to complete the heavy handover tasks every year, the Northeast industrial base missed the opportunity to upgrade the industrial field in the late 1980s! Is this formed unintentionally? Wrong! The upper-level economic people know this Du Ming. For example, Anshan Iron and Steel is the leader in the steel industry. Its annual profits and taxes are 3.5 times that of Wuhan Iron and Steel and 6.5 times that of Shougang. However, its annual retained profits are only more than 30 million yuan. It is among the top ten in the Ministry of Metallurgical Industry. It ranks seventh among steel plants, only a little higher than Jiugang and Shuigang, and is not even a fraction of Shougang! In the words of someone from the Anshan Iron and Steel Planning Department, the minimum daily working capital is not enough!"
These are unchangeable facts. If readers are interested, they can refer to the yearbooks published by the Ministry of Metallurgical Industry in those years, and you will understand what unfairness and oppression mean! In the early 1990s, when Anshan Iron and Steel was in its most difficult time, Even the money to buy coal was donated by all employees, but the state's task of handing it over has not been relaxed at all. At the same time, Shougang has indeed fully refunded its profits and taxes, and the state loans are overwhelming. It is building a large blast furnace and buying a large coal mine. Iron mines are really beautiful! More examples occurred in Tiexi District of Shenyang, which will not be repeated here. If readers are interested, they can refer to the Liaoning Economic Information News published in 1986-89, which has more comprehensive information. , I believe it will be more convincing
After Chairman Deng’s southern tour in the early 1990s, he said: Shanghai has been left behind by reform and opening up, and now it is time for great development. At this time, Chen Yun’s power It has declined, and its control over Shanghai is no longer possible. Shanghai has received various preferential policies that perhaps even it did not dare to think of, and it has developed greatly like a tiger out of the cage. At this time, to use a saying in the economic circle To describe "Northeast China, it is still a caged tiger under the shackles of the planned economy". That is to say, in the past few years, Liaoning's industrial output has been surpassed by Jiangsu, Guangdong, and Shandong (followed by Zhejiang, and even Hebei, Henan!). It is not difficult to see how effective the central government's economic policies are! The eldest industrial son of Japan and China was ruthlessly abolished! At this time, the term "Northeast Phenomenon" appeared for the first time in China. To understand this word, the author clearly remembers what a Yomiuri reporter said in the upper right corner of the fourth page of a certain issue of Reference News in December 1992: "The central government's policy towards Manchuria is discriminatory." ". I remembered half of this sentence correctly, and he also said half of it correctly. What is the intention of imposing heavy taxes on a region with an increasingly declining economy and trying to block its conflicting roads? Where is the conscience? Statistical analysis in 2001 showed that in the ranking of social development levels in China, Liaoning Province ranked fourth and first among all provinces and regions. Jilin and Heilongjiang were also among the top ten. However, this level of development cannot bring us any benefits in terms of income. The income of backward areas such as Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, and even Hebei and Hubei ranks before us. Why? If Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu are the As for the first batch of regions to take off, Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangxi are in the second batch. So, can Northeast China become the third batch? The answer is no, because the central government has set its sights on the west, Chongqing, and Sichuan. Gansu, Xinjiang... Northeast was once thrown into the garbage dump of history. This time, it may be fatal
However, this is exactly what some people want to see. Interested readers can Turning over the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan", the part about regional economic layout has already defined the future of economic development in Northeast China:... A complete raw material base determines the development direction of large-scale agriculture! Take a look. , with such vicious intentions, never mentioning the word "work". "Developing" an industrial area into an agricultural area may be the guiding ideology of this "outline".
From this, I thought of the guiding ideology of the British colonists for the development of India: deindustrialization. Yes, deindustrialization!!! To paraphrase the Germans at that time, "We (Northeasterners) will always be They (southerners) produce coal, crude oil, provide timber, soybeans, and grain, and have been their slaves for generations! The German people are happy, with an iron-blooded prime minister, opportunities for free development, and no heavy shackles on their necks. , and what about the people of Northeast China? Today, my friends, when you work hard for a salary of two or three hundred yuan, when your elderly father skips the glass of wine at dinner, and your gray-haired mother has to fight in the cold Walking home on a snowy night, your brothers are struggling in the ice and snow to earn a little money, your children are shivering in the room without heating, your friends are fighting for money, and your beloved team has to perform in a foreign country. , suffered all the bullying. Even when your relatives and sisters became prostitutes - you, a Northeasterner, have you ever thought about why this is?