Trotsky187910/kloc-0 was born on 26th October in Yannuvka village, a rich peasant family with about 300 mu of land. His real name is Lev Davidovic Blancstein. His father is a Russian Jew. Trotsky's childhood was spent in carefree. 1888, Trotsky came to Odessa when he was nine years old, and was admitted to a Christian school in Sao Paulo run by a German. Eight years of school life in Odessa opened Trotsky's eyes. 1896, when Trotsky moved to the industrial city of nikolayev, he began to engage in the workers' movement, organized the South Russian Workers' Union, and carried out propaganda work against the czar's autocratic system among the workers. At the beginning of 1898, the "South Russian Workers' Union" was cracked, and more than 200 people including Trotsky were arrested and imprisoned. 1898, Trotsky was sentenced to exile in eastern Siberia for four years. During his exile, he often wrote articles for Oriental Review, a legal local newspaper founded by old populists in Irkutsk, under the pseudonym AntiOtto, discussing "life problems" such as love, friendship, death, optimism and pessimism. 1902 In the spring, Trotsky read a copy of Mars and Lenin's book What to Do in the exile. Inspired by this, he decided to escape from exile and participate in the revolutionary activities of the "Mars" school. One night in the autumn of the same year, Trotsky fled Siberia and came to Samara. Trotsky was signed on his passport at that time, and he has been using this name ever since. Trotsky formally joined Lenin's Mars newspaper in Samara, engaged in revolutionary activities in Kiev, Kharkov, poltava and other places, and wrote for Mars newspaper under the pseudonym Biro. On the recommendation of Mars agent, Lenin suggested Trotsky go abroad to take part in the work of Mars headquarters. 1902 10, after arriving in London, he began to assist Lenin in the work of editor-in-chief of Mars newspaper and wrote political articles for the newspaper. 1March 2, 903, Lenin wrote to plekhanov and suggested that Trotsky join the editorial department of Mars as a member of the seventh editorial board. Because of plekhanov's fierce opposition, Lenin's proposal didn't come true, so he decided to let him attend the meeting of editorial department, but he didn't have the right to vote. At the end of 1902, Trotsky went to Paris to work for Russian diaspora groups according to the opinions discussed by the editorial department of Mars.
1903 In July, Trotsky attended the second congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party as a representative appointed by the Siberian Union. The congress launched a fierce struggle around the party platform and the party constitution issue. Trotsky was on Lenin's side at first, but when he encountered substantive problems, he fell to the opportunistic side.
Shortly after the closing of the congress, 17 ethnic minorities immediately held a three-day factional meeting in Geneva (1September, 903), at which a resolution on the current task of inner-party struggle drafted by Trotsky and martov was adopted, attacking and boycotting the Central Committee and the editorial department of the Central Organ newspaper elected by the congress. After the meeting, they took action and successively usurped the leadership of the central organ newspapers Mars, General Committee and Central Committee. "Mars" has been the newspaper of Menshevik since 52 years, and it is called "New Mars". Trotsky immediately wrote for New Mars. He criticized Lenin as "jacobin Doctrine" and robespierre for trying to establish personal dictatorship. He called Lenin "maximilian Lenin", which showed that he was firmly on Menshevik's side. But it didn't take long for Trotsky and Menshevik's leaders to disagree again. 1904 announced his departure from the editorial department of the New Mars newspaper in April, and officially "announced" the severance of relations with Menshevik in September, claiming that he was above the two factions and "did not agree with the opinions of any major faction in the Russian workers' movement". In fact, Trotsky still keeps close contact with Menshevism from thought to action.
1905 10 After the climax of the strike in October, Trotsky mainly engaged in newspaper propaganda in Petersburg. He also took part in the work of the Petersburg Soviet under the pseudonym of Jannuvsky, and once took over as the chairman of the Petersburg Soviet after the arrest of the first Soviet chairman, Rousta Levy-Nosal (a young lawyer) on June 26th. On February 3, 65438, Trotsky and other members of the Petersburg Soviet were arrested during the meeting. Trotsky's second prison life of one year and three months began. In prison, he studied the theory of land rent and the history of Russian social relations. 1906 wrote a long article "Summary and Prospect". He first discussed the theory of "continuous revolution" in the name of 1905 revolution. In his autobiography, he boasted that this book was "the most perfect expression to demonstrate the theory of continuous revolution at that time". 1905 After the failure of the revolution, Trotsky was sentenced to life in exile. 1February, 907, during his exile, he asked for hospitalization on the pretext of sciatica. He managed to escape Berezovo in Siberia and went to Finland via Petersburg. Soon after, he sailed to Sweden and arrived in Stockholm, where he began his second exile for ten years.
1907 In late April, Trotsky, as a representative of the Conservative Party, attended the fifth congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party held in London. At the meeting, Trotsky posed as a "social Democrat without faction" and played the role of China's leader. He put forward the argument that different ideas can "work together" and opposed using opportunism to draw a clear line between ideas. At this congress, Trotsky supported Menshevik and stood on the opportunist side on all issues except his attitude towards bourgeois political parties. In August of the same year, Trotsky attended the Second International Stuttgart Congress. When Congress was discussing opposing militarism, Trotsky strongly advocated the views of Bernstein and Kaucki.
In Stolypin's reactionary era, the Bolsheviks were struggling with abolitionists and deposists. Trotsky appeared as a super-faction, actually standing on the side of Menshevik abolitionists, sheltering them and attacking Bolsheviks represented by Lenin. In this regard, Lenin was very angry and called Trotsky "the cheeky Judas Zeca Trotsky". During this period, Trotsky used the appreciation and support of the opportunist leaders of the Second International and the German Social Democratic Party to publish many anonymous articles in his newspapers "New Era" and "Forward", arbitrarily distorting the truth of the inner-party struggle in Russia, insulting the Bolsheviks represented by Lenin and confusing international workers. Lenin revealed that "Trotsky's behavior shows that he is the most despicable careerist and factional activist ... He talks endlessly about the party, but his actions are worse than all other factional activists."
19121kloc-0/0 In October, the Sixth All-Russian Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party was held, and it was decided to expel Menshevik from the party, and the Bolsheviks became independent political parties. In this regard, Trotsky and others gathered in Paris and complained to the Second International that attacking the Congress was "fraud and usurpation of power", "coup" and "secession". On August 25-28 of the same year, Trotsky, together with activists from Mensheviks, abolitionists, deposists and collapses, held a representative meeting in Vienna and pieced together an "August Alliance". After the outbreak of World War I, he tried his best to oppose Lenin's correct strategic slogan of "turning the modern imperialist war into a civil war" and "making his government fail in the imperialist war". 19 15 In September, Trotsky attended the Zimmerwald representative meeting, at which he followed the majority of Kaucki middle schools and opposed Lenin's idea of breaking off relations with the Second International and establishing the Third International. 19 16 In September, Trotsky's Our Speech was seized by the French authorities. Trotsky himself was expelled from France, went to Spain, and was escorted to the United States by the Spanish authorities. 19 17 In June, he went to new york, where he met Bukharin, and he immediately joined Bukharin. He was also active in new york and Philadelphia, giving speeches and encouraging the revolution. At the end of February, the news of the Russian revolution reached new york, and Trotsky was more active and hurried to go through the formalities of returning home. On March 27th, Trotsky was detained by British police on his way home and arrived in Petrograd in May.
After Trotsky returned to Russia, he joined the internationalist group "Regional Alliance". District Alliance School was originally a middle school organization established in Petersburg in June of191311. 19 17 in may, Lenin advocated an alliance with the regionalists in view of their position of basically breaking off relations with the protectionists. In June, the bourgeois government arrested Trotsky on the charge of "German spy". The Sixth Congress of the Bolsheviks held in July of the same year made a resolution to absorb Trotsky and the Bolsheviks in the whole region, and Trotsky in prison was elected as a member of the Central Committee. In early September, Trotsky was released from prison and elected as the chairman of Petrograd Soviet. By this time, Petrograd had taken refuge in the Bolsheviks. 10 year 10 month 10, a historic central meeting was held under the auspices of Lenin and it was decided to start an armed uprising in the near future. At that time, although Trotsky voted for the uprising, he advocated that the second Soviet Congress should decide the issue of seizing power.
After the victory of the October Revolution, Trotsky and Lenin disagreed on the issue of the Brest Peace Treaty. Lenin advocated the immediate and unconditional conclusion of a peace treaty, Trotsky advocated "no war and no peace", and the Central Committee agreed with Lenin. At that time, Lenin and Trotsky, who led a delegation to negotiate with Germany, agreed that the Germans would delay unless they gave an ultimatum; After the ultimatum, they gave in. On February 9, German chief representative Hoffman put forward an ultimatum. The next day, Trotsky made a statement without authorization. Russia refused to sign the treaty of cession, unilaterally declared the end of the war and fully demobilized its troops. Lenin was very angry about this, thinking it was a joke about the fate of Soviet countries, and regarded war as a joke. Due to the harmful activities of Trotsky and others, Soviet Russia paid a greater price and suffered a greater loss. After the signing of the Brest Peace Treaty, Trotsky resigned as a member of the Foreign People's Committee in March 19 and became the chairman of the Supreme Military Commission (reorganized as the Revolutionary Military Commission of the Republic of China in September). He did some work during the civil war, but he was by no means the "only organizer" of China's victories on all fronts, let alone the "founder of the Red Army" boasted by Trotsky and his gang.
At the end of 1920, the civil war ended and the whole country entered a new era of restoring the national economy. It was at this critical moment that Trotsky and his associates provoked the debate about trade unions and diverted the attention of the whole party. Trotsky opposed the expansion of trade union democracy at the fifth representative meeting of all-Russian trade unions held in early June, and advocated moving the method of administrative orders to trade unions. He put forward the slogans of "tightening the screws" and "rectifying the trade unions" of wartime industrialism. 192 1 March, Russia * * * * (Bolshevik) held its 10th Congress, which summarized the debate on trade unions and affirmed the correct line of the Central Committee headed by Lenin.
1923, Lenin's condition deteriorated and he could no longer take care of himself. At such a grim moment, Trotsky concentrated on "leftist producers", "workers' opposition" and "democratic centralism", and submitted a declaration signed by 46 people to the party in June 5438 +65438 10+May, that is, 46 opposition platforms. They described the situation as dark, predicted that the Soviet regime would "face an all-round economic crisis" and "be doomed", criticized that "most policies of the Politburo will bring serious harm to the party", and demanded to update the party's institutions and change the party's line. This statement was signed at Trotsky's home, but Trotsky himself did not sign it. 1923101October 25-27, Russia * * * (Bolshevik) held a joint plenary meeting of the Central Committee and the Central Supervisory Committee to condemn Trotsky and the factional activities of the 46 people. However, Trotsky published an open letter to the whole party in Pravda on June 5438+February 18, with the theme of "new policy", attacking veteran cadres, flattering young party member and students, and creating a confrontation between new and old cadres, thus setting off an activity against the CPC Central Committee and splitting the party. Trotsky's program was resolutely opposed by the whole party after a big debate. 1924 65438+ 10/6, the 13th Congress of Russia * * * (Bolshevik) summed up this debate and severely condemned and exposed the anti-party factional activities of Trotsky and his associates.
1924 65438+1October 2 1, Lenin passed away. Trotsky used Lenin's death to attack the party again. In the autumn of 1924, Trotsky successively threw out pamphlets such as On Lenin and the preface "Lessons from October" written for the book 19 17, tampering with history, distorting Lenin's image, denigrating Leninism, raising his own value, and attempting to replace Leninism with Trotskyism and change the party's line. In the face of Trotsky's new attack, Russia (Bolsheviks) immediately responded resolutely. Stalin has published important works and speeches such as On Lenin and the Basis of Leninism, exposing their boasting and fabrication, defending Leninism, and at the same time putting forward the fighting task of "burying Trotskyism" to the whole party. 1925 65438+ 10 League * * (Bolshevik) The Central Plenary Session criticized Trotsky's anti-party words and deeds, dismissed him from the post of Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Commission and gave him the most serious warning.
In the spring and summer of 1926, Trotsky, Zinoviev and others formed a new anti-party alliance, namely the Togi anti-party alliance. They deliberately provoked an argument about whether a country can build socialism. Their absurd theories and practices such as "world division of labor" and "super-industrialization plan" were naturally condemned and denied by the whole party. The anti-party alliance was temporarily restrained after Totti's activities suffered heavy losses. When the British Chamberlain government severed diplomatic and trade relations with the Soviet Union and the imperialist countries tried to launch anti-Soviet armed intervention again, Trotsky and his gang stepped up their anti-party activities. They concocted and disseminated a large number of anti-party programs and declarations, including the 13-member manifesto (June 1926), the 83-member manifesto (May 25th 1927) and the 15-member manifesto (June 1927)? The opposition's program (also known as the September 3rd program), the outline submitted by Bolshevik Leninists (the opposition) to the 15th Bolshevik Congress of the United Bolsheviks (Bolsheviks), etc. He attacked Leninism and the Party's principles and policies in an all-round way and slandered them wantonly. For Trotsky and his gang's anti-party remarks and illegal activities, the Central Committee of the * * * Alliance has repeatedly criticized and educated them. It was only when they repeatedly violated their commitments to the Party and undermined the Party's discipline that they decided to expel Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev from the Politburo and the Central Committee, and to remove Zinoviev's international chairman and Trotsky's alternate executive committee. However, members of the Tuoji Alliance are unrepentant. June 7 165438+ Gathered its followers to organize anti-party and anti-Soviet demonstrations and embarked on the road of openly opposing the Soviet regime. In this regard, the United Bolshevik Party took decisive measures: on June 165438+ 10/4, the joint meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Supervisory Commission decided to expel Trotsky and Zinoviev from the Party, and the Togolese League was completely defeated.
1928 65438+ 10, Trotsky was exiled to Almaty, Kazakhstan, Central Asia. Trotsky did not stop his anti-party activities during his exile. He not only frequently communicated with the remnants of party member all over the country, gave them advice and conducted remote command, but also stepped up the anti-party works, drafted hundreds of thousands of words of the Draft International Production Program (Critique of Basic Principles), and continued to attack and attempt to split the international alliance of * * * and * * production. At this time, Trotskyism has completely changed from an anti-party secret organization to an anti-Soviet secret organization, and has become an organization hostile to the dictatorship of the proletariat. Therefore,1929 65438+1October 20th, the Soviet government decided to expel Trotsky. 1932 February, deprived of Soviet nationality. After Trotsky was deported, he went into exile in principe island, France and Norway, and finally settled in Mexico. Trotsky has been carrying out anti-Soviet, anti-* * and anti-people activities during his stay abroad. He wrote a lot of works against Stalin and the Soviet Union, and persisted in and publicized his theory of continuous revolution.
1940 On August 20th, Trotsky was killed in Mexico.