Guang Jia, Guang Yi and Guangzhou are all Guangdong navies. 1894, Guangdong navy sent Cheng Biguang as the leader of Guangdong ship, leading Guang Jia, Guangyi and Guangbing to the north for military exercises. After the meeting, the Sino-Japanese War will break out, and the Guangdong ship will be retained as a reserve force. Bi Guang wrote to Li Hongzhang, governor of Zhili and minister of Beiyang, requesting to lead the Guangdong ship to the front. Li Hongzhang agreed, so these three ships were incorporated into beiyang fleet to participate in the war. Bi Guang was ordered to lead the ship to protect the army eastward and meet the enemy ship in Dadonggou Ocean. Once, Bi Guangli commanded a battle on the Guang C ship, with his abdomen injured and his underwear stained with blood.
After the Yellow Sea War, Li Hongzhang adopted the policy of "protecting the ship and avoiding the war" and ordered beiyang fleet to retreat to Ahava Port and not to go to sea to fight. 1895, 65438+ 10, the Japanese army invaded Ahava, and at the end of that month, both the north and south forts in Ahava fell into enemy hands. The Japanese navy blocked the east and west ports of Ahava and was attacked by land and sea artillery. Beiyang fleet was caught between Scylla and Charybdis, so it was in a desperate situation. The prefect ordered all ships to sink their pipes to death or break them to death. The soldiers clamored for disobedience, and all the pipes refused to be carried out. Ding Yu committed suicide by taking poison on February 1 1. After Ding's death, M'clure, the deputy prefect of the British navy, together with Howie, an American consultant, made a surrender in the name of Ding and sent Cheng Biguang to Tomohiro Ito, commander of the Japanese fleet. This is something he has kept secret from others all his life.
After the Sino-Japanese War, Cheng Biguang was dismissed and returned to Li.
Before that, when Sun Yat-sen was planning the revolution in Guangzhou, he often got together with Lu and Zheng Shiliang to talk about current events. Bi Guang and his brother Kui Guang often attend parties because of their relationship with Zhongshan. 1894165438+10. In October, Sun Yat-sen founded the Zhong Xing Club in Honolulu, and established the Zhong Xing Club Guangzhou Branch, with Cheng Kuiguang (then Tao Zhen Ship Administration Belt) as a member. After Cheng Biguang returned to his post, Zhongshan made an appointment with Kuiguang to persuade him to join the League. Bi Guang hesitated at first, after his brother urged him to join the club. 1895 10, the plan of the Hui uprising was leaked, Zhongshan escaped, and Cheng Kuiguang and Lu were arrested and sacrificed. For fear of involvement, Bi Guang fled to Penang, Nanyang, and never had relations with revolutionaries for a long time.
1in the spring of 896, Li Hongzhang went to Europe and passed by Penang. Please meet Cheng Biguang. When Li asked why Cheng came to the south, Cheng replied, "The whole army was wiped out in the Sino-Japanese War, and the court was guilty." Li said, "This is a great event for one person, and I will do it for you." So Cheng Biguang returned to China and was reinstated in the naval yamen.
1June, 896, Li Hongzhang recommended Cheng Biguang to go to Britain as a warship supervisor. 1899, Cheng Biguang led Haitian and Haiqi ships back to China as the management zone of Hairong and Haiqi ships. Later, he was transferred to Beiyangying office. 1907, there was a navy department in the war department, and Jincheng department was the director of the navigation administration department. 1909, the naval affairs office was established, and the South and North Ocean navies were unified into two fleets: the ocean patrol fleet and the Yangtze River fleet, with Cheng Biguang leading the cruiser fleet. 19 10 winter, the Qing court changed the establishment of the navy division to the navy division, with Zaixun as the navy division minister and Cheng Biguang as the director of the second division. Jae-hoon relies heavily on Cheng.
19 1 1 in may, emperor Qiao Ye was crowned on the fifth line, and the Qing court sent Beizi Zaizhen as ambassador and Cheng Biguang as deputy ambassador to congratulate Britain. After the incident, Cheng was ordered to lead a boat to Mexico and Cuba to express his condolences to overseas Chinese, passing through the United States, and once called on the President of the United States. At this time, the Qing court built two ships in Britain, the No.1 and the Yingrui, and Cheng was ordered to go to Britain from Cuba and return home with them.
In the same year 10, Wuchang Uprising broke out, and Cheng Biguang was still in Britain. When the Nanjing Provisional Government was established, it was suggested that it should preside over the navy. Wu urged him to return quickly, but he didn't return to Shanghai until the summer of 19 12. Yuan Shikai has already appointed Liu Guanxiong as the chief of the navy. Seeing this situation, Cheng resigned from all his posts and lived in Shanghai. But Yuan is very uneasy about his life in the south. In the spring of A.D. 19 13, Yuan Pai's staff invited him to Beijing. He was hired as a senior adviser to the navy and later appointed as a member of the general's command post. Later, Yuan Shikai's perverse desire for restoration gradually emerged, and Cheng Biguang was very depressed. 19 15 autumn, he wrote a letter to a friend and said, "However, the times are not good, which is really disgusting. I hope I can die as soon as possible. "
1965438+After the death of Yuan Shikai in June, 2006, Li succeeded as president and Duan served as prime minister. When Li was a navy officer in his early years, he served as a tube wheel on the ship and was a subordinate of Bi Guang. At this point, Cheng Biguang is highly recommended as the chief of the navy, which must be approved by the National Assembly. Cheng sided with the "government" and became a supporter of Li.
1917 In April, the contradiction between Lebanon and Lebanon heated up on the issue of declaring war on Germany. In order to put pressure on the President and Congress, Duan called provincial governors to Beijing and held a military meeting on 25th. Navy Chief Cheng Biguang and Army Training Director Zhang Shaoceng were also invited to attend. After declaring his claim to declare war on Germany, Duan stuffed a signature sheet prepared in advance for the participants to sign. The provincial governors or their representatives all agreed with Duan's intention and signed "yes", but Cheng Biguang wrote: "If Congress agrees, it should obey the majority public opinion." Duan is very unhappy. Later, when the State Council submitted the war case to the House of Representatives for deliberation, Duan instigated the military police and hooligans to stage a farce in which "citizens' groups" surrounded the parliament and abused members. At that time, the public was angry and public opinion was angry. Zheng Biguang, Foreign Minister Wu, Minister of Justice Zeng Qinghong and Minister of Agriculture and Commerce Gu Zhongxiu suggested to Duan that the cabinet should resign, but Duan refused. So in the evening, four people, including Cheng Biguang, submitted their resignations to the President, leaving only one "Prime Minister" in the original incomplete cabinet. On May 23, after Duan was ousted as prime minister by Li, the governors of Beiyang provinces, instigated by Duan, declared their independence one after another and prepared to pursue Li by force. Seeing the danger, Cheng Biguang ordered Lin Baoyu, commander of the First Fleet of the Navy, to lead the ship to Dagu, expressing his support for Lebanon. At the beginning of June, Cheng invited Li to leave Beijing for the south, willing to lead the fleet to escort him, but Li did not agree. Cheng had to leave Beijing first and arrive in Shanghai on the 9th. On the same day, he called a meeting of the captains of all ships to study ways to deal with the rebellion.
Since Duan came to power, the Kuomintang headed by Sun Yat-sen and the southwestern provinces have stood on the side of sympathy for Li. After Cheng arrived in Shanghai, he got in touch with Sun Yat-sen, Tang and Cen Chunxuan who were in Shanghai at that time, and studied ways to support the anti-Lebanon part. Sun Yat-sen raised military expenses for the navy and encouraged Cheng to leave the Beijing government.
In June, when Zhang Xun went north, Congress was forced to dissolve. In July, the restoration, and Li Jin entered the Japanese embassy. When Cheng Biguang heard the news in Shanghai, he sent three warships north to Qinhuangdao, trying to welcome Li southward, but without success. On the 3rd, Cheng issued a joint statement denouncing the restoration and supporting * * * with the military order of Songhu Bao.
When Duan set a trap in the north, lured Zhang Xun to take the bait, and pretended to be a rebellious hero and refused to renew the contract, Sun Yat-sen had a clue to the brewing situation of protecting France. In early July, Sun Yat-sen and Zhang Taiyan first went to Guangdong by naval warship. 2 1, Cheng Biguang and Lin Baoyu led the First Fleet south to Guangzhou. The next day, Shanghai issued a declaration of naval independence. The declaration denied the illegal government after the dissolution of Congress and put forward three propositions: (1) supporting the contract law; (2) Restoration of the National Assembly; (3) punish the culprit.
This is the first sound protection method issued by Cheng Biguang under the signal of Zhongshan. At that time, the first fleet of the navy had larger cruisers, which were the main force of the navy. The first fleet of warships heading south to protect the law includes eight ships, including Haichen, Haiqi and Yongfeng, and two ships originally stationed in Guangzhou, namely Chu Yu and Yongxiang, making a total of ten ships. On the way south, Duan called Sa Zhenbing and Liu Guanxiong to persuade them to return to the north, but Cheng Helin ignored them. This action of the navy increased the momentum of protecting the law and deterred the Beiyang warlords.
After the first fleet arrived in Guangdong, it was welcomed by all walks of life, and members of Congress went south one after another. 1 In September, the special session of the National Assembly elected Sun Yat-sen as the Grand Marshal, and in September 10 announced the establishment of a military government, with Cheng Biguang and Ren Haijun as the chief executive.
At that time, Guangdong was the sphere of influence of Guangxi warlords, with Lu Rongting as Guangdong inspector general and Chen Bingkun as Guangdong overseer. But there are also local Guangdong forces, such as Li Yaohan, Li Fulin and Wei Bangping. The Guangxi Ministry adopted a seemingly non-interference, non-recognition and non-support attitude towards the Zhongshan military government. In these complicated contradictions, Cheng Biguang, a Cantonese, a Kuomintang veteran and a friend of Guangxi, was wooed by all parties and became a conciliator.
First, Guangdong Governor Zhu Qinglan (who was inclined to Sun Yat-sen at that time) had 20 battalions of guards, which were called "the governor's pro-army" and Chen Jiongming was the "pro-army" commander. In mid-August (shortly after the Navy's arrival in Guangdong), Zhu Qinglan resented the exclusion of Guangxi, and invited Cheng Biguang, Li Liejun and Chen Jiongming to commune, intending to adapt the "pro-army" into the Marine Corps under Cheng's command, so as not to be annexed by Guangxi. On August 26th, Zhu was dismissed from office, and the "pro-army" twenty battalions were forcibly taken over by Chen Bingkun. At the same time, Duan, in the name of the Central Committee, sent Fu to replace Tan as the governor of Hunan, and sent Fu to Changsha on September 9, and the situation in Hunan became increasingly urgent. At this time, Lu Rongting felt that the invasion of the northern army and the southern army was in danger of occupying Guangxi territory and had to adjust his relationship with Sun Yat-sen's military government. 65438 10 2, Lu invited Cheng Biguang to Nanning for talks, and decided that the authorities of Guangdong and Guangxi would jointly discuss the plan of saving Hunan. Cheng Biguang, Chen Bingkun, Tan and Li Yaohan denounced Duan's crime by electricity, put forward the idea of welcoming Li to his post and restoring Congress, and appointed Tan as the commander-in-chief of the allied forces aiding Hunan to send troops to help Hunan. Through Cheng Biguang's channel, Lu Rongting invited the representatives of the grand marshal of the military government to hold a military meeting in Wuzhou in June 5438 +065438+10. Lu agreed to return the 20 th Battalion of the "Governor Pro-Army" to the Kuomintang, which was controlled by Cheng Biguang and commanded by Chen Jiongming, and went to Fujian to open up a second front and attack the Beiyang government.
After the two meetings, the Guangxi Department cooperated with the military government on the surface, but secretly played tricks with the United Feng Department, reaching out to the north for peace, and was embarrassed with Sun Yat-sen everywhere. Sun Yat-sen was so angry that he wanted to use the navy to expel Chen Bingkun, the governor of Guangdong, but Cheng Biguang did not advocate breaking with the Guangxi system. 1918 65438+10. On 3 October, Sun Yat-sen directly ordered the captains of Zhang Yu and Tongan No.2 ships to shell the Guanyinshan military supervision office, and asked Cheng Biguang to intervene on behalf of Guangdong military supervisor Mo Rongxin. Cheng hurriedly ordered the two ships to stop shelling and dismissed the captains of the two ships.
Although the contradiction between the military government and the Guangxi clique almost broke down, in late June of 5438+0, the Guangxi-Hunan Coalition attacked the northern army and recovered Yuezhou. At the same time, in Guangdong, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs also launched an attack on Duan's Long Jiguang, which was welcomed by Zhongshan Kuomintang, and the contradiction was temporarily eased. In this situation, Sun Yat-sen ordered Chen Jiongming to lead the Guangdong army to Shantou, and Fang Shengtao led the Yunnan army to Chaozhou, preparing to open a battlefield in Fujian to cooperate with the battlefield in Hunan. Cheng Biguang originally decided to lead a ship to set out for Fujian. Hearing that the Dragon War had started, he sent warships to cruise Beihai, zhapo, Yamen and other places to intercept Long Jun. The activities of the navy made Long Jun, who had boarded Qiongya, lose contact with his base area and lose ground.
In law, Sun Yat-sen's military government should be the highest authority to protect the provinces, but in fact, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou and Hunan are all independent kingdoms, and the warlords in each province are fragmented, making the military government ineffective. Although Cheng Biguang is nominally the commander-in-chief of the army and navy, he is more accommodating to local warlords, which is incompatible with the spirit of Zhongshan. 19 17 Winter, Tang, Cen Chunxuan, Li Liejun and other organizations organized the Southwest Provincial Federation to protect the unification of provinces. Cen, Tang and Lu Rongting want to replace the authority of the military government with the Federation of Literary and Art Circles, and are ready to compromise with the Beijing government. In June, 19 18 and 1 were promulgated and the inaugural meeting was held. Cheng Biguang played an active role in promoting the establishment of this association. However, once the regulation was published, it was opposed by the Kuomintang and denounced by Zhang Taiyan, calling it "Li Wanyong II".
The joint meeting ran aground, and warlords in Yunnan and Guangxi colluded with members of the political department and friends to instigate the merger of the federal and military governments, and the general government was reorganized into a collegiate system to weaken the power of the grand marshal. To this end, Cheng Biguang dredged Zhongshan. On February 2, Cheng Biguang invited Sun Yat-sen and Mo Rongxin to hold a meeting in Haizhu, forcing Zhongshan to agree.
When the military government was brewing reorganization, Guangdong soldiers Li Fulin, Wei Bangping, Wang Zhai and others called Lu Rongting on the grounds that Long Jiguang's department had not been annihilated, and hired Mo Rongxin as commander-in-chief and Cheng Biguang as governor of Guangdong. This is the expression of Guangdong local forces rejecting Guangxi forces with the slogan of "Guangdong people ruling Guangdong". Just as this prison change was going on, at 8 pm on February 26, Cheng Biguang was assassinated on the other side of Haizhu (where the naval office is located) in Guangzhou, and was shot in the chest and killed instantly. It is generally suspected that the assassins were sent by Guangxi warlords Lu Rongting and Mo Rongxin. The grand marshal of the military government remembered Cheng Biguang's contribution to protecting the law and built a bronze statue in Guangzhou Haizhu Park to commemorate it. The body was buried in Baoshan, Jiangsu Province in June 19 19. ( 1960)