[Anti-Japanese Heroes] Zhao Shangzhi

(2005-06-22 07:46:40)

Zhao Shangzhi is a famous anti-Japanese general and the Northeast Anti-Japanese Allied Forces One of the founders and leaders. Mao Zedong once praised: "The famous leaders of the Volunteer Army, Yang Jingyu, Zhao Shangzhi, Li Hongguang, etc., are all members of the Communist Party, and their record of resolute resistance to Japan and hard struggle is well known to everyone."

Zhao Shangzhi was born in October 1908 in Chaoyang County, Liaoning Province. He fled to Harbin with his family in 1919 and devoted himself to the student patriotic movement in his early years. He joined the Communist Party of China in the summer of 1925 and was one of the earliest Communist members in Northeast China. In the winter of the same year, he was ordered to go south to Guangzhou and was admitted to the fourth class of Whampoa Military Academy. In May 1926, he was dispatched by the party organization and returned to Harbin to participate in the establishment of party organizations and engage in anti-imperialist and anti-warlord revolutionary activities. He was arrested and imprisoned twice. Faced with both soft and hard tactics from his enemies, he strictly guarded the party's secrets and remained unyielding. After the "September 18th" Incident in 1931, he was rescued from prison by the party organization and was appointed as member of the Standing Committee of the Manchuria Provincial Committee and Secretary of the Military Commission of the Communist Party of China.

In October 1933, he led the creation of the North Manchu River Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Force and served as the captain. When the guerrillas were founded, he and his comrades swore an oath: "We, all the soldiers of the Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Force in Northeast Zhuhe, will not hesitate to fight for the freedom of our motherland in order to regain the lost territory in the Northeast and fight for the freedom of the motherland, even if it is raining bullets and bullets, we will risk our lives and go through fire and water. Thirty million compatriots in the Northeast, drive out the Japanese invaders, land, and air forces from Manchuria, and fight to the end for the independence and liberation of the Chinese nation."

As the army grew stronger, in June 1934, Hadong was appointed as the commander of the Northeast Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Force! The commander of the detachment, together with Li Zhaolin and others, established the Zhuhe and Tangyuan anti-Japanese guerrilla base areas. In January 1935, he was appointed commander of the 3rd Army of the Northeast People's Revolutionary Army. In January 1936, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the North Manchuria Anti-Japanese Allied Forces Headquarters. In August of the same year, he was appointed commander of the 3rd Army of the Northeast Anti-Japanese Allied Forces. Later he served as chairman of the Executive Committee of the Provisional Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China and North Manchuria and deputy commander-in-chief of the 2nd Route Army of the Northeast Anti-Japanese Allied Forces. Faced with the crazy "crusade" and "clearance" of the Japanese and puppet troops, in an extremely difficult and dangerous environment, Zhao Shangzhi led the anti-alliance forces to conduct an extremely heroic and arduous battle against the Japanese and puppet troops. He went on an expedition to the Songnen Plain, climbed ice and slept Snow, wind and dew, more than a hundred battles were fought, and the Japanese and puppet troops broke through the heavy "crusades" and "clearance campaigns" time and time again.

On February 12, 1942, Zhao Shangzhi was seriously injured and captured while leading his troops in a battle against the enemy. He would rather die than surrender, regard death as home, and denounced the enemy. The extremely vicious enemy cut off Zhao Shangzhi's head, transported it to Changchun to celebrate the victory, and threw his body into the ice cave of the Songhua River. Zhao Shangzhi was only 34 years old when he died heroically.

After liberation, in order to commend Zhao Shangzhi for his anti-Japanese achievements and to forever remember this anti-Japanese hero, the People's Government changed the name of Zhuhe County to Shangzhi County, changed the place where he died to Shangzhi Village, and changed the name of Zhao Shangzhi to Shangzhi Village. The main street is named "Shangzhi Street". (Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, June 21)

Feng Yuxiang (1882-1948), whose original name was Jishan and whose courtesy name was Huanzhang, was born in Chao, Anhui Province on November 6, 1882 (September of the eighth year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty). 26th) was born into a family of junior officers in Xingji Town, Qing County, Zhili (now Hebei Province). His father, Feng Youmao, was originally a mason. He later joined the army and served as a sentry officer in the Liu Mingchuan Department of the Huai Army. Because both his parents smoked opium and their wealth was depleted, Feng Yuxiang struggled in poverty during his "childhood". He participated in labor since he was a child and went to private school intermittently for one year and three months.

In 1893, 12-year-old Feng Yuxiang went to his father's military camp to receive pay in name to support his family.

He officially joined the army as a soldier at the age of 15. Because he was tall and strong, he was known as "Feng Big Man". In the military camp, he was diligent and eager to learn. After training, he immersed himself in reading. He had read some military books and drills, knew foreign drills, and had no bad habits, so he was promoted quickly. In 1902, he was promoted to the deputy head of Toupeng in the Right Army of the Wuwei Army. In 1903, he was promoted to the main head of Fourth Peng. At the end of the same year, he was promoted to the commander of the right guard post. Lu Jianzhang, the commander of the Third Battalion, valued Feng very much and betrothed his niece Liu Dezhen to him. In 1906, Feng was promoted to the rear team officer of the second battalion. The following year, he was transferred to the rear team supervisor of the third battalion and moved to Xinmin Mansion, Fengtian. In 1910, he was promoted to the third battalion of the 80th standard of the 20th town. At this time, the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty was in turmoil, and the democratic revolutionary movement led by Sun Yat-sen was sweeping the country. Prior to this, Feng Yuxiang had carefully read "The Jiading Massacre" and "Yangzhou Ten Diaries" secretly given to him by his close friend Sun Jiansheng, which inspired a strong national consciousness and initially realized that all phenomena of losing power and humiliating the country were the same as those of the Qing government. Corruption is inseparable from confusion, so Jun's patriotic thoughts have changed.

Under the influence of Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary thoughts, Feng Yuxiang, Wang Jinming, Shi Congyun and others organized a "Martial Arts Research Association" in Luanzhou No. 20 Town to contact comrades in the name of reading and engage in secret revolutionary activities. Those who participated at that time included Liu Yiqing, chief of staff of the 20th Town, Wang Shiqing, the leader of the 1st Battalion of the 80th Biao, Zheng Jinsheng, the leader of the 2nd Battalion, Sun Yue, the staff officer of the 3rd Battalion, Zhang Zhijiang, Li Mingzhong, Han Fuju and others.

In October 1911, the Wuchang Uprising broke out.

In November, Feng Yuxiang, Wang Jinming, Shi Congyun and other young officers who participated in the martial arts research association raised troops in Luanzhou to respond, announcing the establishment of the northern military government, energizing the north and the south and advocating peace. Wang Jinming was elected as the Northern Governor-General, Shi Congyun was elected as the commander-in-chief, Feng Yuxiang was appointed as the chief of staff, and Bai Yayu, a revolutionary who went north to liaise with Sun Yat-sen on orders, was elected as the chief of staff. However, the uprising was quickly suppressed by the Qing government. 14 people including Wang, Shi, and Bai were killed. Feng was arrested in Haiyang Town, was dismissed from his post, and deported back to his hometown.

After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Shikai seized the fruits of the Revolution of 1911 and established the Beijing government. Lu Jianzhang was ordered by Yuan Shikai to organize and train the left-line reserve army, re-appointed Feng Yuxiang, appointed him as the commander of the second battalion, and ordered him to recruit troops in Jingxian County, Hebei Province. This was the beginning of Feng Yuxiang's establishment of his own mass team. He set his own recruitment standards and only accepted simple and strong young people from the countryside. Anyone who had served as a soldier was not accepted. Sun Liangcheng, Liu Ruming, Shi Yousan, Tong Linge, Feng Zhi'an, Guo Zhigang, etc. were recruited into the army this time. Among the former 20 towns' former subordinates were Li Mingzhong, Han Fuju, etc., who became the backbone of his later establishment of the Northwest Army. In 1913, the Left Reserve Army was reorganized into the Jingwei Army. Feng Yuxiang was promoted to the commander of the First Left Regiment and went to Licheng, Henan to recruit new soldiers. Among those recruited this time are Tian Jinkai, Ji Hongchang, Liang Guanying and others. While serving as the commander of the Beijing Guards in Beijing, Feng often went to Chongwenmen Church to listen to the pastor's sermons. He deeply admired the Christian Jesus' saying of "beloved and altruistic", so he was baptized by pastor Liu Fang that year and officially became a Christian. Feng once said to people: "To save the country, we must rectify people's hearts. Who can rectify people's hearts except Jesus!" He believed that "Jesus' purpose of fraternity and saving people is consistent with the meaning of soldiers dedicating themselves to save the country." "If the Christian doctrine is included in In-depth propaganda in the army will definitely reap huge benefits." From then on, all officers and soldiers of Feng's department were baptized into the religion. Feng also set up a chapel in the barracks and invited pastors to preach doctrine to all the officers and soldiers in the camp every Sunday. Therefore, Feng was called "Christ's General" at that time.

In the spring of 1914, Lu Jianzhang was ordered to be the "Supervisor of Bandit Suppression" and led the fifth brigade to Shaanxi to pursue Bai Lang. Feng Tuan was expanded to the 1st Left Brigade, and on the way it was changed to the 14th Brigade, both with the Feng is the hotel manager. In the autumn of that year, the 14th Brigade was reorganized into the 16th Mixed Brigade, still with Feng as the brigade commander.

When Yuan Shikai conspired to restore the monarchy, Feng Yuxiang resolutely participated in the revolutionary activities to overthrow Yuan. At the end of 1915, led by Beiyang veteran Wang Shizhen, generals from the brigade and above across the country jointly sent a telegram to support Yuan to proclaim himself emperor. Feng refused to sign and said to his subordinates: "My armed martyrs dyed the Republic of China with a lot of blood, but now it is usurped by Yuan's thieves. It is very hateful." "If our soldiers cannot protect the Republic of China, what will they do to the dead martyrs?" When Feng was ordered to go to Sichuan to attack the anti-Yuan Protector's Army, he sent people to secretly contact Cai E's Protector's Army to achieve a partial truce. Taking the opportunity to lead his troops into Chengdu, he prompted Sichuan general and patrol envoy Chen Huan to declare Sichuan's independence and break away from Yuan Shikai's Beijing government, dealing a heavy blow to Yuan's restoration activities.

In the spring of 1933, the Japanese imperialists who invaded the entire Northeast of my country invaded the entire Rehe Province, and then divided their forces to invade Ping and Tianjin. In May, they also invaded Duolun in Chahar and went deep into Guyuan, Guyuan, and Tianjin. Baochang, Kangbao and other counties. The situation in North China was critical, and the demand of the people across the country to resist Japan became even stronger. Regardless of Chiang Kai-shek's opposition, Feng Yuxiang organized the Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Allied Army from Taishan to Zhangjiakou with the help of the Chinese Communists. On May 26, he took office as the Commander-in-Chief of the Anti-Japanese Allied Army. He received support from patriots from all walks of life across the country. With the support and solidarity of the group, the Allied Forces quickly grew to about 80,000 people. Starting from late June, the Anti-Japanese Allied Forces won successive battles, conquering the three cities of Kangbao, Baochang, and Guyuan, and recaptured Duolun, an important town in the northeast of Chahar after five days and nights of bloody battles with the enemy, which shocked China and foreign countries. Feng's reputation was greatly enhanced, and he then announced the establishment of the "Planning Committee for the Recovering of the Four Northeastern Provinces" in Zhangjiakou, claiming that he was preparing to mobilize troops to go out and recover the Northeast. Chiang Kai-shek was so jealous that he sent He Yingqin to mobilize 16 divisions to implement a comprehensive blockade and siege, and used force to force Feng to cancel the Allied Forces and stop the war against Japan. On July 28, he and Wang Jingwei issued a joint telegram in Lushan to add Feng Yuxiang. "Hindering the unification of government orders", "indiscriminate recruitment of stragglers and bandits", "inciting red flames" and other charges. On the 31st, the Peiping authorities ordered the Ping-Sui railway traffic to be cut off. The Allied Forces were surrounded by the Japanese puppet troops and the Kuomintang troops. They were cut off from food and ammunition, unable to raise military expenditures, and wounded soldiers could not be transported out for medical treatment. In addition, some generals within the army were shaken, and some were bribed by Chiang Kai-shek. Feng Yuxiang was unable to do anything and was in a very difficult situation. He was forced to call on August 5 to "reluctantly rein in the military." On the 9th, he announced the dismantling of the headquarters of the Anti-Japanese Allied Forces. On the 14th, he left Zhangjiakou and returned to Mount Tai.

In 1935, the Japanese army stepped up its invasion of North China and actively planned the "autonomy movement" in the five provinces of Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Chacha, and Sui. The national crisis was unprecedentedly serious. In order to unite the anti-Japanese forces and resist non-resistance, Feng Yuxiang drafted 13 opinions on party affairs, politics, diplomacy, military, etc. and telegraphed them to Nanjing. He also attended the Sixth Plenary Session of the Fourth Central Committee of the Kuomintang held from November 1 to 6, together with Li Liejun and others. More than 20 people proposed a "National Salvation Plan" and it was passed. The proposal includes nine items: effectively protecting the people's democratic rights, amnesty for political prisoners, uniting the nations of the world who treat us as equals, appointing anti-Japanese generals, and enriching armaments. In December of the same year, Feng was appointed vice chairman of the Military Commission. This was an empty title with no real power, but a high status. Feng used this status to give speeches everywhere, advocating the unity of the people to resist Japan and save the country.

After the "Xi'an Incident", Chiang Kai-shek was forced to end the civil war and unite with the Japanese to resist Japan. At the Third Plenary Session of the Fifth Central Committee of the Kuomintang in February 1937, Feng Yuxiang, together with Soong Ching Ling, He Xiangning and others, proposed the "Restoration of Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Three Major Policies of Alliance with Russia, Alliance with Japan, and Support for Agriculture and Industry" to unite and resist aggression. Passed. After that, the Kuomintang gradually turned to resisting Japan, and the anti-Japanese national united front advocated by the Communist Party of China initially took shape.

When the "July 7" Marco Polo Bridge Incident occurred in 1937, Feng Yuxiang's old 29th Army rose up to resist. Feng Yuxiang called the old generals and worked hard: "defend the enemy and defend the territory" and "preserve the glorious history of thousands of years." After the "August 13th" Incident, the all-out Anti-Japanese War broke out, and Feng Yuxiang was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Third War Zone, responsible for commanding the Songhu Anti-Japanese War. However, Chiang Kai-shek monopolized power and often issued orders directly to front-line armies and divisions. Many front-line generals did not obey Feng's orders. Feng was very angry. Before February, the post of commander-in-chief of the Third Theater was handed over to Chiang Kai-shek, and Feng was changed to commander-in-chief of the Sixth Theater. However, Chiang also appointed Xiao Zhenying as the general counselor of the First Group and instigated Xiao to sow discord between Song Zheyuan, Han Fuju, Feng Zhian and other generals on the front line and Feng, leaving Feng unable to do anything. In October Feng was transferred back to Nanjing, and the Sixth Theater was also abolished. Under such circumstances, Feng Yuxiang was still not passive. He mobilized and introduced his old generals to return to his hometown to organize local anti-Japanese armed forces. Feng himself also took advantage of the opportunity of inspecting national defense fortifications to personally travel to various places in Henan to promote anti-Japanese resistance, calling on young people to join the army and support the front line.

After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the Kuomintang's rule became more reactionary, and Chiang Kai-shek, with the support of the United States, prepared to launch a full-scale civil war. Feng Yuxiang was politically marginalized by Chiang Kai-shek and left for the United States in September 1946. Before leaving, he wrote a "Letter to Chairman Chiang", hoping that Chiang would not start a civil war, but instead talk about peace and implement democracy. After arriving in the United States, he settled in Berkeley, a town near San Francisco.

In 1948, the civil war situation changed drastically, and the final victory of the People's Liberation War was a foregone conclusion. Feng Yuxiang decided to return to his motherland to attend the New Political Consultative Conference and left the United States on the Soviet ship "Victory" at the end of July. On September 1, the ship suddenly caught fire on the Black Sea near Odessa, and Feng Yuxiang died unfortunately. On October 15, 1953, Feng Yuxiang's ashes were buried at the foot of Mount Tai.