1. Labor Movement:

Luddite Movement: an early spontaneous labor movement in Britain. Since the working class has not yet understood the essence of capitalist exploitation, it regards machines as the source of their poverty and disaster, and uses the means of destroying machines to oppose the capitalists. It was first launched by the workers Luddite in 1779, hence the name Luddite Movement. In the spring of 1811, Nottinghamshire knitters began destroying their newly invented looms en masse in an effort to raise wages. In 1812, Congress passed the Peace and Order Act, which mobilized the army for suppression. It trended downward after 1813.

Lyon Workers' Revolt: Two uprisings in 1831 and 1834 by workers in Lyon, France against capitalist exploitation. This was the earliest armed uprising of the working class in history. Lyon was the center of the French silk weaving industry. At that time, weavers were brutally exploited by factory owners and contractors. In November 1831, Lyon weavers staged an uprising under the slogan "You can't live by working, you'd rather fight and die." They once occupied the city of Lyon, but were suppressed by government troops on December 3. On April 9, 1834, Lyon workers and petty-bourgeois democrats held a second armed uprising to oppose the arrest of labor leaders and the promulgation of a decree banning workers' gatherings and associations. The insurrectionary workers put forward the slogan of establishing a democratic republic. They built barricades and fought street battles with the military and police for six days before being suppressed. The Lyon workers' uprising demonstrated the class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie that rose to primacy in the most developed countries of Europe.

Silesian Textile Workers' Revolt: an early spontaneous mass uprising of the German working class. From June 4 to 6, 1844, more than 3,000 workers in Sili's textile industry staged an uprising because they could not bear the brutal exploitation by capitalists. They destroyed the houses of the factory owners, burned the capitalists' account books and financial deeds, destroyed several factories, and launched a bloody battle with the troops who came to suppress them. On June 6, the Prussian government mobilized a large number of troops to suppress the uprising. This uprising was the first major struggle between the German working class and the bourgeoisie, showing that the German proletariat had entered the stage of history as an independent political force.

Chartist Movement: The revolutionary movement launched by the British proletariat in the 1930s and 1940s to strive for the realization of the "People's Charter". It was the world's first broad-based, truly mass, and political proletarian revolution. The People's Charter was a document drafted by the London Working Men's Association in 1837 and published in the form of a bill in 1838 to fight for universal suffrage. The content includes the requirement for universal suffrage and a series of conditions stipulated to ensure that workers can enjoy this right. The movement had three climaxes. The first time (1838–1839), there were about 1.28 million signatures on the petition; the second time (1842), the number of signatures was 3.3 million; the third time (1848), The new petition has been signed by 5.5 million people. All three petitions were rejected by Congress. Workers' rallies, demonstrations, general strikes and anti-riot struggles were also suppressed one after another, and their leaders were arrested and sentenced. The movement ultimately failed due to the political immaturity of the working class.

London Working Men's Association: British workers' organization founded in London in 1836. Composed mainly of craftsmen, led by Lovett. Its purpose is to use all legal means to abolish all kinds of reactionary legislation of the ruling class, fight for people's freedom and rights, put all classes in society on an equal footing, and strive to improve the living conditions of workers. The association promulgated the People's Charter, the political platform of the Chartist movement, in 1838. Establish local associations in various places. The publication is the London Express. In 1840 most of the Society's members joined the London Charter League, which followed reformist lines.

Moralists: the right wing of the Chartist movement. He advocated peaceful petitions to Parliament to fight for the implementation of the Charter and meet the Chartist demands. The main leader was Lovett (1800–1877).

Materialist: the left wing of the Chartist movement. It was argued that if Parliament did not adopt the demands of the People's Charter, it would use all means to fight, including a general strike and even an armed uprising. In 1838, he withdrew from the "London Working Men's Association" and founded the "London Democratic Association", which recruited low-wage workers to participate and published his own newspaper.

The People's Charter: the programmatic document of the British Chartist movement. In 1837, the London Working Men's Association prepared a draft petition to be submitted to Parliament, which was published under the name "People's Charter" on May 8 of the following year. Thereafter, the struggle to realize the content of the Charter became known as the Chartist Movement. Contents: ①All men who are 21 years of age or older and of sound mind have the right to vote. ② Secret voting by secret ballot to ensure that voters can fully and freely exercise their voting rights. ③Abolish the property qualification restrictions on parliamentary candidates so that each constituency can elect the person they love most. ④Members should be paid salaries so that elected members can leave their original positions and devote all their energy to serving the interests of the country. ⑤ Distribute the electoral areas equally and allocate the number of representatives according to the number of voters in each area. ⑥The parliament is re-elected once a year. ⑦Contains the demands of the industrial bourgeoisie, the abolition of the Corn Laws, and the protection of entrepreneurs' "due profits".

Newport Rebellion: The only armed uprising in the British Chartist movement. After being frustrated in their legal struggle, some material power factions formed a secret group and decided to launch an armed uprising.

The uprising broke out in Newport on November 3, 1839. Thousands of workers led by Frost attacked Newport to rescue the imprisoned Chartist leaders. However, the leak failed and Frost and other leaders and 450 Chartists were arrested. The failure of the uprising marked the end of the initial phase of the Chartist movement.

National Charter Association: the leading organization of the British Chartist movement. Founded 1840 in Manchester. There is a Central Executive Committee, which is elected annually. To join this organization, you must fill out a volunteer form, express your support for the principles of the Chartist Movement, pay membership fees, receive a membership card, and participate in the activities of grassroots organizations in your area. "In fact, it was the prototype of the first working-class party in the world. There were more than 200 local chapters in 1841, reaching its climax in 1842, when the organization expanded to the whole country, with a total membership of about 50,000. After the failure of the Chartist movement in 1848, leaders They were arrested one after another and gradually ceased their activities.

The League of the Just: a secret revolutionary organization of German workers in exile in France. Most of the members were craftsmen and joined the Blanquists in May 1839. After the failure of the conspiracy uprising in Paris, the center of the alliance moved to London, and its scope of activities gradually expanded. Branches were established in Britain, France, Germany and Switzerland, becoming an international workers' organization at that time. In its early days, the organization's thinking was very chaotic. It advocated the uprising of a small number of elites to overthrow reactionary rule and directly establish "Communism" in Germany. Its slogan was the super-class "Everyone is a brother". With the help of Marx and Engels, members of the alliance gradually turned to science. Socialism. In June 1847, it accepted the suggestions of Marx and Engels and was reorganized into the Communist Alliance.

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