Wen Tianxiang
(1236-1283), male, Han nationality, from Jishui, Jizhou (now part of Ji'an, Jiangxi Province), his original name was Yunsun, also named Lushan, also named Songrui. Wenshan and Fuxiu Taoists are national heroes. He is the author of "The Complete Works of Wenshan", and his famous works include "Song of Righteousness" and "Crossing the Lingding Ocean". Lizong Baoyou of Song Dynasty became a Jinshi. From the official to the prime minister, he wrote to the Duke of the country. When Lin'an was in danger, he recruited rebels in his hometown to resolutely resist the invasion of Yuan soldiers. Later, he was unfortunately captured. While in prison, he showed great righteousness and was eventually killed for his unyielding actions. His poems in his later years reflected his steadfast national integrity and tenacious fighting spirit. The style is impassioned, desolate and tragic, and has strong appeal. There are "The Complete Works of Mr. Wenshan" and "Wenshan Yuefu".
Test of Wen Tianxiang's family history
"Futian Wenshi" is a descendant of Wen Weng, the prefect of Shu County in the Western Han Dynasty. During the Five Dynasties and the Later Tang Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang's ancestor Wen Shi migrated to Jizhou, Jiangxi to this day, and founded Luling Chunhua in Jizhou. A descendant of the Futian Wen family in the township.
Wen Tianxiang said this in the article "The Facts of Mr. Ge Zhai, the First Gentleman": "The first gentleman tried to test the genealogy. The Wen family moved to Ji from Chengdu, and his ancestor Bingran was the fifth (seventh generation - editor) Living in Yonghe Town, Emperor Gaozu Zhengzhong moved from Yonghe to Futian. "The Annals of Mr. Wenshan, the Right Prime Minister and Privy Envoy of Song Dynasty Shaobao" (hereinafter referred to as "Annals") also says: "The Wen family of Luling came from Chengdu, the sixth generation of Gong. His ancestor Bingran lived in Yonghe Town in the 8th generation (Editor), and his ancestor Zhengzhong moved to Futian in the 5th generation (Editor). "So it is not true that some people now regard Wen Tianxiang as a Hakka.
Select Gong. After becoming a scholar, he took the name of Tianxiang and won the top prize in the fourth year of Baoyou (1256). He successively served as the official of Ning Haijun Jieduan, Langguan of the Ministry of punishment, Jiangxi Tixing, Shangshu Zuosilangguan, Hunan Tixing, and Zhiganzhou. In the first month of the first year of Emperor Deyou of the Song Dynasty (1275), the Song army's Yangtze River defense line collapsed, and the imperial court issued an order to organize troops. King Ma Qin. Wen Tianxiang immediately donated his family's money to serve as military expenses, recruited local heroes, and formed a rebel army of more than 10,000 people. He went to Lin'an. The Song court appointed Wen Tianxiang to inform Pingjiang Prefecture and ordered him to send troops to rescue Changzhou, and immediately ordered him to rush to Dusong Pass. . Due to the fierce offensive of the Yuan army, although the Jiangxi rebels fought bravely, they ultimately failed to stop the Yuan army.
In the first month of the following year, the Yuan army came to Lin'an, and all the civil and military officials fled. Wen Tianxiang, the right prime minister and secret envoy, sent him out of the city to negotiate with Boyan in an attempt to make peace with the Yuan army. When Wen Tianxiang arrived at the Yuan army's camp, he was detained by Boyan. Seeing that the situation was over, Empress Dowager Xie had no choice but to surrender the city to accept the land from the Yuan army. Surrender.
The Yuan army occupied Lin'an, but Lianghuai, Jiangnan, Minguang and other places were not completely controlled and occupied by the Yuan army. Therefore, Boyan tried to lure Wen Tianxiang to surrender and use his reputation to deal with it as soon as possible. The endgame. Wen Tianxiang preferred to die, so Boyan had to escort him to Zhenjiang. Wen Tianxiang took the risk and escaped. After many hardships and dangers, he arrived in Fuzhou on May 26, the first year of Jingyan (1276), and was captured by the young emperor Song Duanzong Zhao Shi. Appointed Prime Minister of the Right
Wen Tianxiang was extremely dissatisfied with Zhang Shijie's autocratic government and had disagreements with Chen Yizhong, so he left the Southern Song Dynasty and established a government in Nanjianzhou (now Nanping, Fujian) as the governor. Commanded the Anti-Yuan Dynasty. Soon, Wen Tianxiang moved to Tingzhou (now Changting, Fujian), Zhangzhou, Longyan, Meizhou and other places to contact the anti-Yuan rebels in various places and persist in the struggle. In the summer of the second year of Jingyan (1277), Wen Tianxiang led the army. The army sent troops from Meizhou to attack Jiangxi. After winning a great victory in Yudu (now Yudu, Jiangxi), they attacked Ganzhou with heavy troops and attacked Jizhou (now Ji'an, Jiangxi) with a partial force. They successively recovered many prefectures and counties. Li Heng launched a counterattack in Xingguo County. Wen Tianxiang was defeated, and he took in the remaining troops and retreated to Xunzhou (the old rule was in the west of Longchuan, Guangdong). In the summer of the first year of Xiangxing (1278), Wen Tianxiang learned that Duan Zong had died and his younger brother Li succeeded him. ——Zhao Bing moved to Yashan. In order to get rid of the difficult situation, he asked to lead his army to join the Southern Song Dynasty. Due to Zhang Shijie's firm opposition, Wen Tianxiang had no choice but to give up and lead his army to retreat to Chaoyang County. In the winter of the same year, the Yuan army launched a massive attack. While leading his troops to retreat to Haifeng, Wen Tianxiang was attacked by Yuan general Zhang Hongfan and was defeated and captured.
Wen Tianxiang attempted suicide by taking poison, and was taken to Yashan by Zhang Hongfan, who asked him to write a letter to recruit Zhang Shijie to surrender. Wen Tianxiang said: "I can't protect my parents, how can I teach others to betray their parents?" Zhang Hongfan refused to listen and repeatedly forced Wen Tianxiang to write letters. Wen Tianxiang then copied the poem "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" he had written a few days ago to Zhang Hongfan. When Zhang Hongfan read these two sentences, "No one has died since ancient times, his loyalty will be remembered by history." He couldn't help but be moved and stopped forcing Wen Tianxiang.
Twenty days after writing "Crossing the Lingding Ocean", after the Southern Song Dynasty suffered a disastrous defeat at the Battle of Yashan, Lu Xiufu jumped into the sea with the 8-year-old emperor Zhao Bing on his back, and the Southern Song Dynasty was destroyed. Zhang Hongfan asked Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty for instructions on how to deal with Wen Tianxiang. Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty said, "Whose family has no loyal ministers?" He ordered Zhang Hongfan to treat Wen Tianxiang with courtesy, sent Wen Tianxiang to Dadu (today's Beijing), and placed him under house arrest in the Huitong Hall, determined to persuade Wen Tianxiang to surrender.
The Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty first sent Liu Mengyan, the former prime minister of Zuo of the Southern Song Dynasty who surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty, to speak to Wen Tianxiang and persuade him to surrender. Wen Tianxiang was furious when he saw Liu Mengyan, and Liu Mengyan had to leave in anger. Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty asked Zhao Xian, Emperor Gong of the Song Dynasty, who surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty, to persuade him to surrender. Wen Tianxiang knelt on the ground, cried bitterly, and said to Zhao Xian, "Please come back, Holy Master!" Zhao Xian had nothing to say and left in dismay.
Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty was furious and ordered Wen Tianxiang's hands to be tied and put on wooden shackles. Imprisoned in the cell of the Soldiers and Horses Division. Wen Tianxiang was imprisoned for more than ten days before the jailer loosened his bonds. It took another half a month to remove the wooden shackles from him.
Polo, the Prime Minister of the Yuan Dynasty, personally opened a court to interrogate Wen Tianxiang. Wen Tianxiang was escorted to the lobby of the Privy Council, where he stood tall and bowed his hands to Polo. Polo ordered Wen Tianxiang to kneel down. Wen Tianxiang struggled hard and sat on the ground, still refusing to give in. Polo asked Wen Tianxiang: "What else do you have to say now?" Wen Tianxiang replied: "The world has its ups and downs. Nations have been destroyed and slaughtered in all dynasties. I am loyal to the Song Dynasty, and I just want to die early!" Polo was furious. Said: "You want to die? I won't let you die. I want to imprison you!" Wen Tianxiang was not afraid and said: "I am willing to die for justice, and I am not afraid of being imprisoned!"
From then on, Wen Tianxiang Spent three years in prison. While in prison, he received a letter from his daughter Liu Niang and learned that his wife and two daughters were slaves in the palace and lived like prisoners. Wen Tianxiang knew that his daughter's letter was a hint from Yuan Ting: as long as he surrenders, his family can be reunited. However, although Wen Tianxiang was heartbroken, he did not want to lose his integrity because of his wife and daughter. He wrote in a letter to his sister: "To collect Liu Nu's letter, it is painful to cut the stomach and intestines. Who doesn't have the love of his wife and children? But when things come to this point today, Yu Yi should die, it is his fate. What can I do? What can I do!" ...It can make Liu Nu and Huan Nu have no control over it. They choked with tears. "
Life in prison was very hard, but Wen Tianxiang endured the pain and wrote many poems. The third volume of "Guide Houlu", "Song of Righteousness" and other majestic and immortal masterpieces were all written in prison.
In March of the 19th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1282), the powerful minister Ahema was assassinated. The emperor of the Yuan Dynasty ordered the confiscation of Ahema's family property, investigated Ahema's crimes, and appointed Heli Huosun. For the right prime minister. Heli Huosun proposed governing the country with Confucianism, which was highly agreed by the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. In August, Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty asked the ministers: "Who is the virtuous prime minister between the southern and northern prime ministers?" The ministers replied: "The northerners are not as good as Yelu Chucai, and the southerners are not as good as Wen Tianxiang." So the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty issued an order to plan Wen Tianxiang was awarded the title of high official. Some of Wen Tianxiang's old friends immediately informed Wen Tianxiang of the incident and persuaded Wen Tianxiang to surrender, but Wen Tianxiang refused. On December 8, Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty summoned Wen Tianxiang and personally persuaded him to surrender. Wen Tianxiang still bowed to Yuan Shizu without kneeling. Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty did not force him to kneel down. He just said: "You have been here for a long time. If you can change your mind and treat me with loyalty to the Song Dynasty, then I can give you a position in Zhongshu Province." Wen Tianxiang replied : "I am the prime minister of the Song Dynasty. The country is destroyed, and I only want a quick death. I don't want to live for a long time." Yuan Shizu asked again: "Then what do you want?" Wen Tianxiang replied: "I hope one death is enough!" Yuan Shizu was very happy. Angry, he ordered Wen Tianxiang to be executed immediately.
The next day, Wen Tianxiang was escorted to Chaishi execution ground. The supervisor asked: "What else does the prime minister have to say? You can avoid death by playing the echo." Wen Tianxiang shouted: "I will die, what else can I say?" He asked the supervisor: "Which side is the south? Someone pointed him in the direction, and Wen Tianxiang knelt down to the south and said, "My matter is over, and I feel no guilt." So he surrendered his neck and died calmly. After his death, a poem was found in his belt: "Confucius said to be benevolent, Mencius said to be righteous, but the righteousness is fulfilled, so benevolence is the best. What did you learn from reading the books of sages? From now on, you are almost worthy of shame." Wen Tianxiang died at the time of his death. Only forty-seven years old.
Posterity commented on him: "The names and figures of martyrs are combined into one biography. For three thousand years, people have not seen each other." Instead, he is regarded as a martyr by name and appearance.
Selected Poems by Wen Tianxiang
Songs of Righteousness
The heaven and earth are full of righteousness, and they are mixed and endowed with manifolds.
The bottom is the river and the mountains, and the top is the sun and stars.
To others, it is said to be vast and overwhelming.
The imperial road should be Qingyi, Hanhe Tumingting.
At the end of the year, we can see each other and draw pictures one by one:
In Qi Taishi Jian, in Jin Dong Hu's pen.
In the Qin Dynasty, Zhang Liangzhui, in the Suwu Festival of the Han Dynasty;
It was the head of General Yan, the blood of Ji Shizhong,
It was Zhang Suiyang's teeth, and it was Yan Changshan's tongue;
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Maybe it is the Liaodong hat, clearing the ice and snow;
Or it is the example of being a teacher, and the ghosts and gods weep heroically.
It may be used to cross the river and swallow Hu Jie generously,
or it may be used to attack the thief's wat, and its head will be broken if it is turned upside down.
It is majestic and awe-inspiring.
When it penetrates the sun and moon, life and death will be settled!
The maintenance of the earth depends on it, and the pillar of heaven depends on it.
The three cardinal principles are actually life-related, and morality is the root.
After consulting with Yu Yangjiu, Li was also ineffective.
The prisoners of Chu wore their crowns and sent them to Qiongbei.
The tripod wok is as sweet as stuffing, and you cannot get it if you ask for it.
There are ghosts and fires in the underworld, and it is dark in the spring courtyard.
The ox eats the same soap, the chicken roosts and the phoenix eats.
Once it is covered with fog and dew, it becomes barren in the ditch.
No matter how cold or hot it is, everything will change by itself.
Alas, Ju Nauchang, for my peaceful country.
How can he be so clever? Yin and Yang cannot be thieved!
Looking up at the white floating clouds.
My heart is worried for a long time, the sky is full of extremes!
The day of the philosopher is far away, and the punishment is in the past.
The wind eaves display books for reading, and the ancient roads illuminate their colors.
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Yangtze River
< p>I traveled to the North Sea with the wind for a few days, and returned to the head of the Yangtze River.My heart is like a magnetic needle stone,
I will not rest until I guide you.
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Crossing the Lingding Ocean
After all the hardships,
the stars are scattered all around.
The mountains and rivers are broken and the wind is floating in the catkins,
The ups and downs of life experience are scattered by the rain.
Afraid to say panic on the beach,
I sigh alone in the ocean.
No one has ever died since ancient times.
Leave a loyal heart to illuminate history.
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Tibiluotang
The building is newly built and I am happy to chat with you about this peaceful time.
I live on a balcony in a county, and people are in the mist and rain in mid-air.
Restore everything to the present universe, and still remember the old country with sadness.
Recently, it has been reported that the autumn wind is strong, and I feel worried that my mane will become stained.
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Night sitting
Talking about the smokey maple leaf road, when the drizzle covers the flowers.
Su Yan's paintings on the river, Han Xie's poems on the four walls.
When a young man becomes a boss, my path is full of twists and turns.
Finally, the heart of the sword is there, and I feel like sitting on a chicken.
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Nan'an Army
Meihua North and South Road are wet with wind and rain.
Who did you go out with? Returning home is like never returning home!
Mountains and rivers have been there through the ages, but cities have changed for a while.
My true ambition is to starve to death, and I pick weeds in my dream.
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Jiankang
The ancient guild hall of Jinling, the old capital of Nandu.
The mountains are still rugged and the river flow has changed.
Athletes live in the quiet earth, while new ghosts cry in Taicheng.
A piece of clear moon is full of affection for guests.
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Two songs by Jinlingyi (select 1)
The grass leaves the palace and turns to the sunset, and the solitary cloud wanders, where can I rely on?
The scenery of the mountains and rivers remains the same, but the people in the city have changed.
The ground is full of reed flowers and I am old, who are the swallows flying next to in my old home?
I bid farewell to Jiangnan Road from now on, turning into a cuckoo and returning with blood.
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Zhenzhouyi
The mountains and rivers seem to know me, so there is no one in the past.
Looking down at the traces of war, there are dusty carriages and horses.
The hero’s death is late, and the world is filled with sorrow.
To the north of Yanshan Road, the desolate night looks toward the morning.
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New Year's Eve
< p>The world is empty, and the years are gone.The end of the road is full of storms and rain, and the poor side is full of snow and frost.
My life is about to run out with each passing year, and I am afraid of forgetting my body and the world.
There is no need to kill Su Meng again, and the night is still young.
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He Zhongzhaiyun (passed Jizuo)
My achievements have been scattered across the five-foot plain, and now I am stuck in the middle of nowhere.
The imperial concubine sheds tears when she bows her eyebrows in the north, and flies south to look at the soul of the emperor as she cries blood.
My flesh and bones have withered but I am still there, all descriptions have changed and only my voice remains.
The river flows through the ages, and the heroes hate it; the orchid sails the boat and the willow sails the fan.
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鹹江月·伊中 Say goodbye to friends
The water and sky are vast,
I hate the east wind and don’t borrow the world’s best things.
In the lingering light of Shu birds and Wu flowers,
It is unbearable to see the ruined city walls.
The bronze bird is clear in spring,
The golden man sheds tears in autumn,
Who can forgive this hatred?
The spirit of swordsmanship,
In bullfighting, you can recognize Qijie in the air.
That letter will remain in the rivers and seas for the rest of his life,
traveling thousands of miles south,
it is a small boat sailing together.
I am keeping my drunken eyes for the gull alliance,
Look closely at the rising and falling of the waves.
The Zhuzhu swallows the victory,
Returns to the flag and walks away,
Through the ages, it will rise to the top.
I can’t sleep with others,
Qinhuai should be the lonely moon.
The River is Red
In the Swallow Tower, how many autumn colors have we experienced again?
In the place of lovesickness, youth is like a dream, riding on the fairy palace.
The skin jade fades away and the clothes belt is slow, and the teardrops slant through the side of the flower mother-of-pearl.
The most unprovoked banana shadow is on the window screen, and the green light is off.
The Quchi merges and the high platform disappears.
How can we talk about human affairs?
Looking up to Nanyang, your lapel is full of blood.
The state of the world is like a turbulent rain, and my body is like a bright moon.
Xiaolechang had a good romance, but the flowers were missing.
The Number One Scholar of the Southern Song Dynasty
Wen Tianxiang, courtesy name Song Rui and nickname Wenshan, was born in 1236 in a landlord family in Futian Village, Chunhua Township, Luling, Jiangxi (now south of Ji'an, Jiangxi). His father loved reading and attached great importance to his children's studies, and tried to hire famous teachers to teach them. No matter whether it was cold or hot, Wen Tianxiang would read, write, and talk about the past and the present with his brother in a study full of aphorisms.
At the age of 18, Wen Tianxiang won the first place in the Luling Township School Examination. At the age of 20, he entered Bailuzhou Academy in Jizhou (now Ji'an, Jiangxi) to study. In the same year, he was selected as a tribute scholar in Jizhou and went to Lin'an (now Hangzhou) with his father. Test taking.
In the palace examination, he made "imperial examination strategies" that addressed the current shortcomings, proposed reform plans, and expressed political ambitions. He was praised by the examiner as "loyal to the emperor and patriotic as solid as iron stone", and was designated by Emperor Lizong himself. The number one scholar among 601 Jinshi. Four days later, his father unfortunately died of illness, and Wen Tianxiang returned home to mourn for three years.
The ups and downs of the officialdom
Later, the Mongolian army attacked the Song Dynasty in two directions, and Meng Ge led the west route into Sichuan to attack Chengdu. Kublai Khan led the east route and crossed the Yangtze River to encircle Ezhou (today's Wuchang) with another Mongolian army that came north from Yunnan to Tanzhou (today's Changsha). The Nanjing government and the public were shocked, and the eunuch Dong Songchen requested to avoid the army and move the capital to Siming (today's Ningbo) so that Lizong could escape to the sea at any time. To this. Wen Tianxiang only boldly wrote a letter as a Jinshi: "As the Lord of China, you must protect China; as the parents of the people, you must protect the people." Please kill Dong and Songchen to calm people's hearts. Later, when Meng Ge died of illness, Kublai Khan wanted to return north to fight for the throne, so he allowed Jia Sidao, the right prime minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, to secretly surrender and pay tribute before withdrawing his troops.
Jia Sidao then lied to the court about "a great victory on all fronts" and was named the Duke of Wei, giving him monopoly power. Then Du Zong ascended the throne and indulged in drinking and sex. Jia Sidao deceived the superiors and concealed the situation, which made the country more chaotic. Wen Tianxiang's memorial was ignored and he was only sent on an idle mission.
In the following ten years, Wen Tianxiang served intermittently as the magistrate of Ruizhou, Tixing of Jiangxi, and Zuosilang of Shangshu, for half a year or more than a month. Later, he was dismissed from office for ridiculing Jia Sidao.
National disaster shows loyalty to ministers
After Kublai Khan ascended the throne, he changed the name of the country to Yuan. In 1274 AD, he sent 200,000 Yuan troops to advance by land and water and march directly to Lin'an. The Southern Song Dynasty regime was in chaos, Du Zong died, and Zhao Xi, who was only 4 years old, came to the throne as Emperor Gong. The Empress Dowager Xie came to court and asked various places to raise troops to "King Qin".
The following year, Wen Tianxiang, who was appointed magistrate of Ganzhou (today's Ganzhou, Jiangxi), spent all his family resources to recruit troops and organized 30,000 rebels within a few months. With the confidence and courage to succeed, he began his military career. The rebel army rushed to Jizhou, and Wen Tianxiang was appointed as the minister of the Ministry of War. He was ordered to station the army in Longxing (now Nanchang, Jiangxi Province) on standby. After several obstacles, he was able to enter Lin'an to defend Lin'an. Soon he was appointed as the magistrate of Pingjiang (now Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province) and was ordered to rush to Changzhou to aid. In Changzhou, the rebels fought hard, but Huai general Zhang Quan led his troops to watch the fire from across the bank, and then escaped before the battle. As a result, all but four of the 500 rebels died heroically. In the winter of this year, Wen Tianxiang was ordered to quickly reinforce Dusongguan, the gateway to Lin'an. Three days after leaving Pingjiang, Pingjiang City surrendered. Before reaching the destination, the pass has been lost. He returned to Lin'an in a hurry, preparing to fight to the death, but saw that all civil and military officials in the court had abandoned their official positions and fled, leaving only 6 officials in the civil class.
In the first month of 1276, Queen Mother Xie insisted on surrendering. Yuan general Boyan designated that the prime minister should go out of the city to discuss the matter, but the prime minister Chen Yizhong actually escaped overnight. Wen Tianxiang was immediately appointed as the right prime minister and the privy envoy to the governor to discuss peace. During the negotiation, Wen Tianxiang was not afraid of the Yuan army's force, denounced Boyan, and expressed his determination to fight to the end. He was detained and taken on a boat to the north. Wen Tianxiang initially went on a hunger strike to protest, but later escaped at the tiger's mouth in Zhenjiang. Due to the Yuan army's counterintuitive plot, Wen Tianxiang falsely claimed that Wen Tianxiang had surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty and that he was returning south to gain the city and land for the Yuan army. Wen Tianxiang was repeatedly suspected and wary, and was displaced from place to place. He died in numerous difficulties for two months before arriving in Wenzhou.
At this time, the imperial court had surrendered, and Emperor Gong was taken to Dadu (today's Beijing). Lu Xiufu and others supported the 7-year-old Zhao Duanzong to ascend the throne on Fu 30. Wen Tianxiang was ordered to enter Fuzhou again and served as the privy envoy. At the same time, he supervised all the troops and horses. He went to Nanjianzhou (today's Nanping, Fujian) to establish a governor's office, sent people to various places to recruit troops and raise pay, and called on various places to raise troops to kill the enemy. In the autumn, the Yuan army invaded Fujian, and Duanzong was forced to flee to the sea, drifting by boat in Guangdong.
In 1277, Wen Tianxiang led his army to move to Longyan and Meizhou (Meixian, Guangdong) and advance into Jiangxi. Defeated the Yuan army in Yudu (now southern Jiangxi), captured Xingguo, and recovered 10 counties in Ganzhou and 4 counties in Jizhou. People's hearts were greatly boosted, and various parts of Jiangxi responded. The anti-Yuan struggle was revived across the country. Wen Tianxiang ordered to reach the Jianghuai area. This was his Maintain the most favorable situation since the Anti-Yuan War. The main force of the Yuan army began to attack Wen Tianxiang's Xingguo camp. Wen Tianxiang was outnumbered and led his army to retreat north. They were defeated in Luling and Hezhou (today's Changting, Fujian). They suffered heavy losses, and his wife and children were also kidnapped by the Yuan army.
In the late spring of 1278, when Duanzong died of illness, Lu Xiufu and others established a 6-year-old little emperor. The court moved to a small place in the sea more than 50 miles away from Xinhui County, Guangdong, and named Wen Tianxiang. Believe in the Duke of the country. In winter, Wen Tianxiang led his army to Chaoyang County, Chaozhou, hoping to take advantage of the dangerous mountains and seas to collect grain and recruit troops, looking for opportunities to rise again. However, the Yuan army advanced by land and water and launched a fierce attack.
At the end of the year, Wen Tianxiang was suddenly attacked by the Yuan army at Wupoling in the north of Haifeng. He was defeated and captured. He immediately committed suicide by taking borneol, but failed. Zhang Hongfan, who had surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty, tried to persuade him to surrender, but was severely rejected. Wen Tianxiang once wrote "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" to express his ambition: "After a hard encounter, the stars fall all around in the fight. The mountains and rivers are broken, the wind flutters, and the life experience is ups and downs. The rain beats the raft. I am scared on the beach, and I sigh in the Lingding Ocean. Who has nothing in life since ancient times? Die, leaving a loyal heart to illuminate history."
Wen Tianxiang (1236-1283), whose original name was Yunsun, also named Lushan, and given the nickname Wenshan. A native of Luling, Jizhou (now Ji'an County). An outstanding national hero and patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty.
In the fourth year of Baoyou (1256), he ranked first in Jinshi. He was not given an official position because of his father's death. In the early years of Kaiqing (1259), the Mongolian army attacked Ezhou (today's Wuchang, Hubei Province). The eunuch Dong Songchen asked Lizong to move the capital to avoid the enemy. Wen Tianxiang asked the minister to kill Dong Songchen to inspire people and provide a strategy to defend against the enemy. Not adopted. Later, he served successively as a Langguan of the Ministry of Punishment and Zhi Ruizhou. In the sixth year of Xianchun (1270), he was dismissed for offending his traitor Jia Sidao. In the first month of the first year of Deyou (1275), Wen Yuan's army marched eastward. Wen Tianxiang organized a rebel army in Ganzhou and marched to Lin'an (now Hangzhou, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty at that time). The following year, he was appointed Prime Minister and Privy Envoy. At that time, the Yuan army had advanced towards Lin'an, and he was sent to the Yuan camp to negotiate. He was detained and taken to the north. At the end of February, Tianxiang, his guest Du Hu and other twelve people died in Zhenzhou at night. Then he went south by sea and went to Fujian to fight against the Yuan Dynasty with Zhang Shijie, Lu Xiufu and others. In the second year of Jingyan's reign (1277), he marched into Jiangxi and recovered many prefectures and counties. Soon, he was defeated by the heavy troops of the Yuan Dynasty. His wife and children were all captured, and many soldiers died. Tianxiang escaped alone, and then retreated to Guangdong to continue fighting against the Yuan Dynasty. Later, he was captured in Wupoling (now Haifeng County, Guangdong) in December of the same year due to an attack by Yuan soldiers led by traitors. Yuan general Zhang Hongfan forced him to surrender Zhang Shijie, so he wrote a poem "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" to complain. The last sentence goes: "No one has died since ancient times, and his loyalty will be remembered by history." The next year, he was escorted to Dadu (today's Beijing) and imprisoned for four years. After experiencing various severe tests, he remained unyielding. He died calmly in 1283 at the age of 47.
Wen Tianxiang created a large number of poems, lyrics and prose works. Among them, there are more than 100 poems, and his achievements are very high. There is "The Complete Works of Mr. Wenshan". Among them are "Crossing the Lingding Ocean", "Song of Righteousness" and other eternal masterpieces.
The choice of life and death
Wen Tianxiang’s hesitation before execution
Heroes can also be cowardly in the face of death. In the movie "Braveheart", the Scottish national hero Wallace shouted "Freedom!" before he was executed. However, before leaving the cell before execution, he prayed to God, hoping to gain courage to resist the fear of death.
Wen Tianxiang, the hero of the Chinese nation, in addition to the magnificent heroic spirit of sacrificing his life for righteousness left to history, was not completely fearless when faced with death threats and inducements from the Yuan Dynasty. He not only had doubts about his beliefs, but even You may have thought about "surrendering".
"The Biography of Wen Tianxiang in the History of the Song Dynasty" records his ambiguous words: "If the country perishes, one of us will die. Due to the lucid fate, I was able to return to my hometown with Huang Guan. I can prepare advisors from abroad in the future. If so. "If you want to become an official, you will not be able to survive unless you are a great man who has destroyed your country. If you give up his life and throw it away, how can you use me?" It hinted that he had the idea of ??returning to his hometown to become a Taoist priest (Huang Guan), or even serve as an advisor to the Yuan Dynasty in the future. From this point of view, Wen Tianxiang had the possibility of surrender, but Kublai Khan could not tolerate such a vague attitude. What he wanted was a wholehearted surrender like a slave.
"Fortunately" Kublai Khan did not agree to his request to become a Taoist priest in seclusion. An old colleague who had been demoted to the Yuan Dynasty who was angrily scolded by Wen Tianxiang also disagreed: "When Tianxiang comes out and summons Jiangnan again, where will the ten of us go!" , leave a loyal heart to illuminate history." With these words that last through the ages, we have gained an eternal hero, not a hermit that is common in troubled times.
How could Wen Tianxiang, who had sacrificed his life for charity, be cowardly and evasive? surrender? Don't even think about it. Later generations often suspect that the "History of the Song Dynasty: Biography of Wen Tianxiang" compiled by the Yuan Dynasty people was deliberately slandering and insulting our national hero. Yes, in the thinking habits of the Chinese people, a hero is never cowardly, and a coward is never brave. Don’t you know that human nature is much more complex than we imagine?
Wen Tianxiang's escape before his death is entirely possible.
Less than a year after writing "Crossing the Lingding Ocean", Wen Tianxiang actually began to "doubt" the so-called "no one has died since ancient times, and his loyalty will be remembered by history." After suffering all kinds of hardships and being taken to Dadu, he wrote a poem "On the first day of the tenth month of Ji Mao, we arrived at Yan, and on the fifth day of the month we were struck by wild beasts. I wrote this poem with my feelings." Among them, "Who is the biography of the great man who has subjugated the country? Only unofficial history and people can read it." It means that I am afraid that if I sacrifice my life for righteousness, it will not be reflected in history and will only be circulated in unofficial history.
Wen Tianxiang cannot let "God give me strength". He needs the power of historical justice to motivate himself, and it is normal to experience doubts in the process. Previously, when he was taken to Guangzhou, the people who tried to persuade him to surrender "laughed" at his belief in leaving his name in history, "The country has perished, and the duty of loyalty and filial piety is over. If someone kills someone for loyalty and filial piety, who will write back the letter?" Wen Tianxiang said: "When the Yin Dynasty fell, Yi and Qi did not eat Zhou millet, and they also committed suicide. It is not known that life or death changes one's heart." It can be seen that Wen Tianxiang has had repeated opinions on whether his loyalty can be reflected in history.
Wen Tianxiang is not afraid of sacrifice and can withstand temptations. However, when a Taoist priest named Lingyangzi talked to him, he was moved to return to Buddhism. Previously, Wang Yuanliang, a court piano master of the Southern Song Dynasty whom Wen Tianxiang knew, had been awarded the title of Huangguan Taoist Priest by Kublai Khan. Although Wen Tianxiang was a Confucian, he was very fond of Buddhism and Taoism, which is evident from the fact that his two sons were named Taosheng and Fosheng respectively.
"Who knows the true adversity, suddenly realizes the great light, the sun rises and the clouds are calm, the wind disappears and the water calms down. Fame is almost destroyed, but loyalty and filial piety are hardworking. Only heroes in the world, gods and immortals are established." This This is a poem written by Wen Tianxiang as a gift after Lingyangzi came to see him in prison. This poem is completely different from Wen Tianxiang's "Song of Righteousness" and other upright works. In addition to the tragic Confucian spirit of sacrificing one's life for benevolence and being loyal to the emperor and keeping justice, there is indeed a Wen Tianxiang who wanders in Buddhism and seeks liberation.
Another clue can be seen from another poem written by Wen Tianxiang to Lingyangzi: "In the past, I loved the spring stone, and I always bowed to the public minister. Under the green mountain of the knot house, Peng and Ying are so close... The world does not know how old it is. , the sun and the moon give their essence. A person's yin and yang originally come from the eternal world. A needle penetrates the top of the door, and the bones of the road are formed by nature..." In his early years, when his career was frustrated, Wen Tianxiang returned to his hometown in Wenshan. He forgets his love for Quanshi all day long, "While receiving guests, he is extremely secluded and happy, and forgets to be tired." When he was imprisoned in Dadu, thousands of miles away from his hometown, his conversation with Lingyangzi inspired Wen Tianxiang to think about the past. Memories of the years.
On the Mid-Autumn Festival night of 1280, Wang Yuanliang, who was conferred as a Taoist priest by Kublai Khan, took his qin and played "Eighteen Beats of Hujia" for Wen Tianxiang in prison. This is a long poem written by Cai Wenji in the late Han Dynasty after she was plundered by the Xiongnu for twelve years and returned to her hometown. It narrates her tragic life experience and her homesickness for her son. On a full-moon night, without his homeland and behind bars, Wang Yuanliang's playing and singing sounded. What kind of grief was it for Wen Tianxiang, who, like Cai Wenji, had lost his country and had no home. Later, Wen Tianxiang wrote eighteen beats of "Hujia Song". At the end of the preface, his signature was "Fuxiu Daoren Wenshan". The phrase "floating and resting" comes from "Zhuangzi", "life is like floating, death is like resting". It can be seen from Wen Tianxiang's self-proclaimed "Taoist Fuxiu" that his words of "returning to his hometown with a yellow crown" are not unfounded.
More than seven hundred years later, when we see Wen Tianxiang’s loosening of faith, thoughts of escape, and even thoughts of surrender before his death, we will not feel that his image has been diminished, but that it is more in line with the reality of human nature. , make people close and touching.
Wen Tianxiang did not escape in the end, and walked to the execution ground with dignity. Before the execution, thousands of people watched. Wen Tianxiang was very calm and said to the officials: "I have finished my work, and I am not discouraged." He bowed to the south and died. Among the clothes worn by his body, people found the "Ode to Clothes and Belts" he left behind: "Confucius said to become benevolent, and Mencius said to obtain righteousness. Only when righteousness is fulfilled, benevolence is the best. What have you learned by reading the books of sages? Nowadays, From then on, I am no longer ashamed."
Wen Tianxiang's life
Wen Tianxiang (1236-1283) was first named Yun Sun, also named Tianxiang, and later changed to Song Rui and Lushan. He was born in Luling (now Ji'an County), also known as Fuxiu Daoren, Wenshan. An outstanding national hero and patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty.
When Tianxiang was young, he studied under Ouyang Shoudao. In the fourth year of Baoyou's reign (1256), he was promoted to Jinshi (Jinshi) twenty times, and his strategy was to gather in the Yingdian Hall. Tianxiang regards Fa Tian's immortality as his right, and the emperor's personal promotion as his first priority. Examiner Wang Yinglin reported: "This is a book of ancient friendship like a tortoise mirror, loyalty like a stone, I dare to congratulate others."
The era in which Tianxiang lived was characterized by unfaithful kings, treacherous ministers, and political An era of corruption and foreign invasion. In Kaiqing (1259), the Mongolian army attacked Ezhou (now Wuchang, Hubei). The eunuch Dong Songchen asked Lizong to move the capital to Siming to avoid the enemy. In response to Tianxiang's suggestion of escaping and harming the country, Shangshu asked Dong and Songchen to be executed in order to cheer up people's morale and offer a strategy to fend off the enemy, but it was not adopted. In the sixth year of Xianchun (1270), the treacherous Prime Minister Jia Sidao resigned due to illness in order to blackmail the court. In the imperial edict drafted by Tianxiang, he sternly condemned it and was therefore dismissed. In the ninth year (1273), he was sentenced to death in Hunan, and he met thousands of miles away from the river. Wanli Suqi Tianxiang Zhijie, talking about state affairs, said in surprise: "I am old, people and things will change when I look at the sky. I have seen many people, and the responsibility for the world's order lies with you? You should encourage me!" In 1274, he changed his name to Ganzhou. In the first month of the first year of Deyou (1275), the imperial court heard that Yuan's army was marching eastward and ordered the emperor to be diligent. After Tianxiang heard the news, he used all his family property for military expenses, organized a rebel army in Ganzhou, and marched to Lin'an (now Hangzhou, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty at that time). Wherever he passed, Qiu did not do anything wrong and was supported by the people.
In August, the court ordered Tianxiang to be the envoy to Jiangdong in western Zhejiang and the pacification envoy to Jiangxi, and to know Pingjiang Prefecture (governing Wuxian County in Jiangsu Province). In the first month of the second year (1276), Tianxiang was removed as Prime Minister and Privy Envoy. At that time, the Yuan army had marched southward and was approaching Lin'an. Tianxiang was ordered to go to Zengting Mountain to negotiate. Tianxiang met Boyan, the commander-in-chief of the Mongolian army, and wondered about the pros and cons of peace. Boyan tried to scare him at first, but later seeing that Tianxiang was courageous and righteous, he did not dare to kill him or let him go, so he detained him and took him north. At the end of February, Tianxiang, his guest Du Hu and other twelve people died in Zhenzhou at night. Returning to the south by sea, he went to Fujian to fight against the Yuan Dynasty with Zhang Shijie, Lu Xiufu and others. In the second year of Jingyan's reign (1277), he marched into Jiangxi and recovered many prefectures and counties. The enemy sent the traitor Wu Jun to persuade him to surrender, and Tianxiang immediately beheaded Wu Chu. Soon, he was defeated by Yuan Chong's army, his wife and children were all captured, many soldiers died, but Tianxiang escaped alone. Xiangguang Yuanpu (1278), plus Tianxiang Shaobao and Xin Guogong. After Tianxiang arrived in Guangdong, he continued to resist the Yuan Dynasty. In December of the same year, he was attacked by Yuan soldiers at Beiwupoling in Haifeng County and captured. Tianxiang swallowed his brain (borneol) and survived. Yuan general Zhang Hongfan sent a letter to Zhang Shijie. Tianxiang said: "You can't defend your parents by calling, but you can teach people to rebel against their parents. Is that okay?" Hongfan forced him again and again, and wrote a poem "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" to him. The last sentence goes: "Since ancient times, no one has died, and his loyalty will be remembered by history." The next year, he was escorted to Dadu (today's Beijing) and fasted for eight days on the road without dying. The Yuan Dynasty wanted to use Tianxiang to win over people's hearts and asked Tianxiang to be the prime minister, but he was rejected. Tianxiang was imprisoned for four years and endured various severe tests but remained unyielding. At that time, people's anti-Yuan activities in various places were still going on. The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty were afraid of causing future troubles, so they killed him on December 9, 19th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1283). After Tianxiang's death, he wore a belt of praise and said: "Confucius said to be benevolent, and Mencius said to be righteous. But the righteousness is fulfilled, so benevolence is the best. Reading the memories of sages, what have you learned? Now and then, I have nothing to be ashamed of."
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