1. Katyn massacre:

1943 On April 3rd, a mass grave with the remains of thousands of Polish officers, policemen and intellectuals was found in the forest near Katyn near Smolensk. Since the incident, scholars have written books and published a large number of articles and monographs to discuss this matter. But in the former Soviet Union, he remained silent for a long time, even in the encyclopedia of the former Soviet Union.

No katyn. For half a century, it has been a mystery whether the Soviet Union or Germany killed these Polish officers. After Gorbachev came to power, he published some secret files of Stalin. People found in the archives Stalin's autograph approving Katyn massacre, which was carried out by KGB personnel. 1On April 3, 990, the then Tass news agency issued a statement, officially acknowledging its responsibility for the Katyn tragedy 50 years ago.

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It is reported that Russians have hundreds of volumes of top secret information about the Holocaust, but AFP quoted the head of the Polish National Memorial Institute as saying that Russia is only prepared to hand over one third of them to Poland. As for a large number of other valuable materials, Moscow claims to seal all secrets. Obviously, this practice makes Poles very unhappy. Warsaw, on the other hand, expressed the hope that this investigation would characterize the Katyn forest massacre as genocide. However, according to the weekly Moscow Times, the Russian side rejected this "exaggerated" description.

At present, the Katyn Forest Massacre has become one of the most sensitive issues between Russia and Poland. At the end of last year, Polish investigators began to investigate the incident. To this end, they need to study the military archives held by Russia.

Polish Foreign Minister Tzimierz Tzimosevic said in a radio program that he did not want to add political footnotes to the Katyn incident.

Historical review

The Katyn massacre took place on 1940. The massacre was personally ordered by Stalin, the leader of the former Soviet Union, and carried out by the People's Committee of the Interior of the former Soviet Union (the predecessor of the KGB). * * * 2 1587 Polish Army reservists were killed in the Holocaust. The former Soviet authorities accused these soldiers of stubbornly opposing the Soviet government.

The massacre took place in three different places, but in the end, people called these three massacres the Katyn Forest Massacre in Smolensk, western Russia. In the Holocaust, the secret police forces of the former Soviet Union killed a large number of Polish intellectuals, including officers, priests, writers, professors, journalists, engineers, lawyers, nobles and teachers.

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Although more than 60 years have passed since the Katyn Forest Massacre, this massacre continues to ferment between Russia and Poland, because the Warsaw authorities accuse the Moscow authorities of cheating, and the Polish authorities even accuse Russia of no remorse. 1989 former Soviet leader Gorbachev admitted that the secret police forces led by Stalin had committed the crime of the Holocaust.

Prior to this, the former Soviet government had been trying to cover up the crime of the Holocaust, accusing it of being a German atrocity. At that time, the Polish authorities considered the Holocaust a crime against human rights. For a long time, the Polish government has been asking the Russian authorities to investigate this incident and hopes to prosecute those who participated in the massacre and survived.

Who killed 15000 Polish officers during World War II? Until 1990, when Polish leader Jaruzelski visited the Soviet Union, Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev said to him, "The newly discovered materials indirectly but undoubtedly proved that beria and his men did it for thousands of Polish citizens who died in the Smolensk forest half a century ago ..." But Poles were not satisfied with the general secretary's statement, because they knew that he had not told the whole truth.

1998, the fifth issue of Centennial Tide magazine published the article "The Tragedy of 15,000 Polish Officers Killed". There is such a passage in the article: "In order to review the report of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the 13th meeting of the Joint the Political Bureau of the Central Committee was held on March 5, 1940. All members of the Political Bureau: Stalin, voroshilov, Molotov, mikoyan, Kalinin, zhdanov and KarGanovic decided to agree to the proposal of the Ministry and signed the Agreement on the report. It is puzzling that there is no beria's signature on this report. " A friend asked me why I didn't have beria's signature. In addition, the report submitted by the Ministry of the Interior to the Politburo was not signed by beria. As the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, it is really hard to understand that he submitted a report to the Politburo without signing it. This shows that he didn't write the report, but Stalin asked others to write it.

At that time, Stalin knew that beria did not agree with the proposal in the report that Polish officers should be given a special trial and executed by shooting. Beria opposed the execution of Polish officers not out of humanitarian considerations, but learned from intelligence that Hitler's German plan to attack the Soviet Union "Barbarossa" was imminent. If an army with Polish officers as the backbone is formed, it will become a friendly army of the Red Army against the Germans. He dared to oppose the execution of Polish officers because he saw that Stalin had not made up his mind about how to deal with Polish officers. There is also a passage in the above article: "194 1 On August 4, 2008, General Anders, who was widely praised in the Polish army, was released and ordered to form the Polish army in the Soviet Union. June 6, 2007 0: 0 1: 19 He is a lone wolf in the wilderness.

And set up conscription stations throughout the Soviet Union to recruit scattered Polish officers. "1940 Between April and May, according to the decision of the Politburo meeting in March, all Polish officers were executed. 194 1 how to release "the famous general Anders in the Polish army"? And let him form a Polish army? " Meeting the expectations of the Polish army "is not the reason for Stalin's release, and some links are obviously missing here. Before the Politburo meeting in March, beria took General Anders from the labor camp to his home. Beria's son said in his memoirs that he had seen Anders many times at home, which was not fabricated by him. Beria's deputy, Mogulov, often talks with Anders and sometimes takes him to other places. Anders couldn't be unknown to Stalin in beria's home, but he didn't say that Stalin didn't decide whether to kill or not.

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Stalin's decision to execute Polish officers may have been influenced by voroshilov and zhdanov. Stalin's reason is that if an army is formed with these Polish officers as the backbone, once the fascists are defeated, they may seize power, which will not be the power needed by the Soviet Union, because they are not * * * producers, but nationalists. To put it bluntly, Stalin was worried that the post-war nationalists would take power in Poland, and if they did not listen to him, Poland would not necessarily become a vassal of the Soviet Union. Seeing Stalin's indecision, beria did not dare to sign the report of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and pushed the task of implementing the resolution of the Politburo to voroshilov, which was carried out by the Soviet Red Army. Beria's signature was found on the documents handed over by the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the Military People's Committee. It was disgraceful to announce that the Soviet Red Army, which defeated German fascism and liberated Poland, was the executioner who shot Polish officers, so Gorbachev told Jaruzelski that beria did it.

In fact, Gorbachev not only read the minutes of the Politburo meeting, but also carefully studied the map dividing Poland signed by Stalin and Nazi German Foreign Minister ribbentrop. Gorbachev told only half the truth. As we all know, it was Stalin who expelled Yugoslavia from the Intelligence Bureau of the * * * Production Party and the Labor Party in June 1948. Because Tito did not copy the Soviet Union according to his own national conditions, Stalin thought Tito was disobedient and humiliated in every way, and finally called him a "running dog of American imperialism". Tito turned against Stalin only when he couldn't bear it. Beria's attitude towards Tito is completely different. He thought that Yugoslavia stood by the Soviet Union, provided the Soviet Union with ports and airports, and did not fall to the United States. As for how Yugoslavia builds socialism, it is their own business, and there is no need to copy the Soviet model.

Stalin was very unhappy and called beria Tito. Beria and Tito have a good personal relationship. 1944 Tito's headquarters was surrounded by Germans, and beria risked his life to rescue Tito's headquarters by plane, including Churchill's son who was stationed in Tito's headquarters by Britain. Stalin and Tito quarreled and scolded beria: Why did you save him in the first place? It is better to let all the Germans be wiped out, and now there is less trouble. Later, Khrushchev blamed beria for the breakdown of the relationship between southern Jiangsu. Gorbachev's technique is the same as Khrushchev's. It is an irrefutable historical fact that beria did many bad things, and his hands were covered with innocent blood, which became the embodiment of cruelty in the eyes of the Soviet people. But not all the bad things were done by him alone, and other leaders were also involved. He was only the executor, not the culprit. After beria was executed, successive Soviet leaders often blamed beria for Stalin and himself, shirking the responsibility for Stalin and clearing his name. Beria has become a shield in their hands, which is the use of beria.

2. The Battle of Budapest:

The battle of Budapest was as tragic as the worst street fighting in World War II. After the battle, the army group of South Germany lost a total of125,000 people (including all the casualties and missing persons of the rescued and besieged German and Hungarian armies). The Red Army of the Soviet Union also paid a high price for victory: from1mid-October 1944 165438 to mid-February 1945, 80026 people were killed in Budapest, 240056 people were injured and 32000 people were missing (including Budapest alone).

Hungarian civilians became the deepest victims of the war: during the whole siege, 13000 Budapest residents died in the war, 25000 died of hunger, and more than 25000 people were executed or killed by the "Arrow Cross" guerrillas. In addition, in order to explain to Stalin why they could not attack Budapest for a long time (they had previously explained to Stalin that there were 65 defenders in Budapest). More than 50,000 civilians were captured as "prisoners of war" (the Soviet army asked Hungarian civilians to put captured German coats on their bodies, so these civilians became "German fascist prisoners of war", and most of the truly captured German soldiers were shot on the spot immediately after being captured), of which13,000 people never returned to their homes. During the entire Budapest campaign, the total number of civilian casualties (including Jews) was as high as 76,000!

In addition, due to the heavy casualties in the besieged city, the Soviet Red Army also carried out cruel "retaliatory" atrocities against civilians after the city was broken: robbery, beating, rape and even deliberate shooting occurred from time to time. In addition, they also expelled overseas missions and personnel on a large scale. The following is an excerpt from an investigation report drafted by about 60 Swiss consulate staff in Budapest on May 24th, 1945: "During the siege of Budapest and the tragic days that followed, Russian troops plundered the whole city. They broke into almost every resident's house-whether the owner was rich or poor, they took everything they wanted, especially food, clothes and valuables. Shops have been ransacked several times, and large items such as furniture or art can't be taken away, so they are destroyed at will. In most cases, houses are burned after being robbed ... Generally speaking, robbery of civilians in Russia is extremely common, but it is not always completely "systematic"-for example, a person is robbed of all his pants, but his coat is left behind. The Russian army even has a team that specializes in hunting valuables. They use magnetic mine detectors and trained military dogs to search for gold, silver and other metal objects.

"Rape has become the most cruel atrocity against Hungarian civilians, and its scale is extremely extensive-women from/kloc-0 to 70 years old can hardly escape, and many women commit suicide to get rid of disasters ... Even after the disciplinary ban is promulgated, Russian soldiers will still patrol the houses where women live from time to time, and then they will be violent to them at night and beat anyone who resists ... More tragically, many Russian soldiers are still suffering from various diseases. In addition, drugs in the city have completely disappeared, which has deepened the suffering of the victims ... Even some Russian women serving in the Red Army or the army and police forces have committed rape, and Hungarian men who disobeyed their wishes have been beaten by them ... Up to now (end of March 1945), about 5,000 Hungarian women have died or committed suicide due to rape in Budapest. ...

"All Germans in Budapest were transported to the Soviet Union from the age of 2 to 70, and their fate is unknown. ...

Amdo or Taba, a Hungarian girl who was only 20 years old at that time, wrote down this situation in her diary: "... our neighbor, a teacher who was pregnant for five months, was gang-raped by five Russian soldiers the next day. This unfortunate woman finally cut off her artery ... husbands who tried to protect their wives were killed by Russians like dogs. In their eyes, we are "petty bourgeoisie" because we have comfortable apartments, clothes and bathrooms. They even drank all our mouthwash. They covered the toilet seat and shit on it. At that time, the water was completely cut off, so we had to melt snow to quench our thirst ... 12 February, the day when the Germans broke through, we had to stay in the house, and we could leave the house and walk around in two days. The naked bodies of the Germans were all over the street, and the Russians stripped them of everything, and tanks and trucks ran over them without slowing down. We have to walk a long way to find water, and we are no longer surprised by anything: beating or robbing ... On a street, a Mongolian about 2 meters high 1 grabbed me and dragged me aside. I thought he was going to kill me. Sure enough, he took the gun off his back, but the butt didn't shoot at me, but hit me on the head. I fell to the ground, but I didn't faint. I started calling the names of other Soviet soldiers I knew-they set up anti-aircraft guns in front of my house. They came at once, drove the Mongolian away, even shot him and escorted me home. Half of the face is covered with blood. 1 I can't see with my eyes and my skull is broken. My mother once plucked up the courage to tie it.