"historical background"
1937165438+10. In March, with the end of the bloody battle between Songhu and Shanghai, Shanghai finally fell. When discussing the defense of Nanjing, most people will advocate giving up Nanjing. Li Zongren said at that time that Nanjing was a Jedi tactically: "The enemy can be surrounded on three sides, the north is blocked by the Yangtze River, and no way back."
But Nanjing is the capital of the country. If it doesn't defend itself, how can it explain to the people?
War is on the verge. 1937165438+1On October 27th, Tang Shengzhi, the garrison commander of Nanjing, held a press conference at home and abroad, and said firmly: "I have been ordered to defend Nanjing, and I have at least determined two things: First, my subordinate troops and I will die together with Nanjing, even at the expense of defending Nanjing; Second, such a sacrifice will definitely make the enemy pay a great price. "
Despite his patriotic enthusiasm, Tang Shengzhi's actual actions and abilities are seriously inconsistent with his status as the highest military chief in the defense of the capital.
On February 5th, 65438, after the Nanjing Defence War started, the National Army150,000 soldiers fought bravely outside Nanjing, fighting with the Japanese aggressors for four days in a row, and only after paying heavy casualties did they advance to the gates of Nanjing.
At that time, Tang Shengzhi gave two orders. One is to order all troops to "try their best to persist and be determined to live and die with the position."
In order to show that he would never give up, Tang Shengzhi also ordered all the troops to gather all the ships along the Yangtze River, and ordered some troops to guard the Yimeng Gate on the bank of the river to prevent troops and stragglers from retreating privately and crossing the river to show that they would live and die with Nanjing.
The war situation is becoming more and more urgent. On the evening of June 65438+February 1 1, Chiang Kai-shek called Tang Shengzhi twice when he learned that Nanjing's complex defense line was about to be broken, saying, "If the situation can't last long, you can retreat with your camera for sorting out, and the gist of the counterattack is also."
However, in 65438+February 65438+February, Tang Shengzhi received a phone call from Chiang Kai-shek: "After this fierce battle, if the enemy dare not storm, as long as our city is safe, our army will remain in Beijing for a long time. Improve the status and reputation of the country and the army at any cost. Only our revolution can turn defeat into victory. "
65438+February 65438+February 02, as the Japanese army began to attack the city gate, Tang Shengzhi was in a panic-at 5 pm on February 65438+February 65438+February 25, Tang Shengzhi, in desperation, called the commanders and teachers of the Nanjing garrison for a short meeting of only 20 minutes, read Chiang Kai-shek's call for "camera retreat" and read it out.
But how to break through?
Tang Shengzhi has no idea at all. He first ordered the remaining hundreds of thousands of troops: "most of them broke through and one crossed the river"; Then verbally announced that "most of them cross the river and one breaks through." The order is upside down and completely chaotic.
The Lord has no backbone, and the commanders and teachers of the defenders are also in chaos. I don't know what to do. The national army, which had been fighting in an orderly way before, began to collapse.
A large number of defenders and citizens in Nanjing retreated to Shimonoseki at that time, but the big ferry on the Yangtze River had already been ordered to withdraw by Tang Shengzhi, who planned to "cross the rubicon". Song Xilian, the general of the national army who participated in the Nanjing Defence War, later recalled:
"It turns out that the two ferries between Shimonoseki and Pukou can carry seven or eight hundred people at a time, and it takes about 45 minutes to go back and forth. At that time, it was dark at 5 pm, and it didn't dawn until 7 am, which means 14 hours can sail at night. If garrison headquarters transport authorities can really control these two ferries, they can transport at least 30,000 people across the river. However, they let two ferries sail for Hankou. There are only a few small ships and two or three hundred civilian boats left on the Xiaguan River. There are too many people to cross the river, but there are too few boats. The troops even fought for the boat. "
Because most officers and men have no boats to ride, they have to remove the door panels nearby and cross the river on rafts. Many people tried to swim across the nearly 2000-meter-wide Yangtze River, but many soldiers drowned in the middle because the river was cold in winter.
12 13, the Japanese army broke into Nanjing in several ways and began to slaughter the fleeing China soldiers and civilians along the way; On the morning of June 3rd 10, the Japanese army began to encircle China, which was besieged by the Yangtze River and could not cross the river.
At 2 pm on June 5438+03, the Japanese navy also broke through the last river defense and arrived at Shimonoseki, Nanjing, shooting China soldiers and civilians who were crossing the river.
The massacre began.
At that time, more than10.5 million Nanjing garrison troops were killed; More than 30 thousand people have successfully broken through or crossed the river to withdraw from the north; The remaining 65,438+10,000 people fled completely, almost all of them were captured, and finally they were brutally slaughtered by the Japanese army.
For this national army that was still fighting to the death the day before, it surrendered in a blink of an eye. Akio Nakajima, the head of 16 Japan branch, was also very surprised. He wrote in the diary of 1937+02+03:
"(China Garrison) is a group with 1 1,000 people, 5,000 people and 1 1,000 people (voluntarily surrendering). Even the armed forces can't disarm in time ... they have completely lost their fighting spirit and just come in droves. "
Movie Plot and History
At the beginning of the film, Song Xilian's army officer Lu (Liu Ye) cooperates with his comrades-in-arms and launches a fierce street battle with the Japanese army. They used the dilapidated buildings as fortifications, and together with the disguised tanks on the roadside, they knocked down a large number of Japanese troops. But with the arrival of Japanese reinforcements, the tank was destroyed and the driver jumped off the burning tank and was killed.
The plot of this counterattack is also based on real historical events.
""On February 9th, 65438, a 1 tank stalled halfway, but two soldiers in the car could not bear to lose the tank, so they hid in the tank mine and ambushed the Japanese army.
At that time, the Japanese army thought it was a destroyed tank, so it didn't check it. As a result, the tank suddenly fired and swept down a dozen people in an instant. But the enemy is also very tenacious, and immediately spread out and attacked the chariot with the front shop and the back fence. However, it failed several times, because the enemy of this brigade was only infantry weapons, and it was impossible to destroy the chariots without flat-fire guns and Shan Ye guns.
Fighting like this until dusk, the enemy still has no choice. At this time, the ammunition was basically exhausted, and the two soldiers agreed to abandon the car and retreat at night. Not far from the chariot, the enemy suddenly bombarded with machine guns and mortars, and the driver died unfortunately. The commander suppressed the enemy with a mauser pistol, and then he was lucky to leave.
A few days later, the Nanjing city wall was breached and lost. 12 February, Tang Shengzhi gave the order to abandon Nanking, and people of all stripes retreated in disorder. However, the only remaining third tank soldier drove to the river only to find that there was no boat crossing the river. The small wooden boat that was hard to find could not bear the weight of the tank and could only carry people through.
In desperation, in order to prevent weapons from falling into the hands of the Japanese army, Sanlian had to blow up all the tanks (estimated to be three) by itself and then cross the river by boat. The four soldiers refused to leave: "We decided to stay here and fight the Japanese devils. The enemy is coming, we have to fight again! " "I drove the tank back to Nanjing at night.
13 At noon on June 38, at this time, dozens of remnants of the 42nd Regiment of the National Army Artillery were surrounded by the Japanese when they were evacuated, and they were fighting to the death. Finally, the tank 1, which was transported back to Nanjing by Sanlian Company, suddenly broke out in the middle and joined the battle against the Japanese army. The heavy artillery fire on China tanks made the Japanese army unable to lift its head, successfully covered the soldiers to retreat, and then retreated while fighting. When it retreated to the national court in the evening, all the tank members died because they ran out of fuel and ammunition. Really realized the oath of life and death with Nanjing. "
In the movie, a few remaining soldiers finally had to surrender under the suppression of Japanese artillery fire. What awaits them is slaughter. Some of the defeated captured soldiers were executed on the spot, while others were hanged by the roadside.
Lu took the accompanying children and his comrades-in-arms to Hanzhong Gate for execution. The soldiers heard gunshots outside the city gate and sat down and refused to leave the city because they knew that death was waiting for them outside. At this time, Liu stood up alone and walked slowly outside the city gate. His eyes were full of firmness and resolute dying tranquility. The child climbed up and followed.
On the execution ground, Liu held the child in her arms and covered her eyes with her hands. With the gunshot, a large number of people fell. The child survived thanks to his protection.
The only thing left alive is the "safety zone" in Jinling Women's College. A large number of refugees poured in here for help. Rabe, Chairman of the International Committee of Nanjing Safe Zone, Jiang, a returned female teacher, and Ms. Walter Lin of Jinling Women's College actively rescued China refugees and used their courage and perseverance to deal with the Japanese army. However, the animal-like Japanese army had already targeted the China women hiding here.
So the dancer Xiao Jiang, living at the bottom of society, stood up firmly at the moment of national crisis and was taken away voluntarily by the Japanese army in order to save other women.
As a cowardly intellectual, Mr. Tang was cautious in the face of the brutal Japanese army, but he made a compromise to protect his family and betrayed his compatriots. In order to get the Japanese pass, he came to the Japanese headquarters and reported that there were China soldiers in the refugee area.
However, during the Japanese search, his little daughter was thrown downstairs by the Japanese. The passport he sold to his compatriots did not bring him or his family any protection. He lay prone on the window and burst into tears.
In this war, Japanese soldier Kakukawa, as an occupier, changed from a soldier to a numb machine in the Japanese massacre of the people of China. A person without a soul is sad. He lived in emptiness and sin and gradually collapsed. Finally, he pointed the gun at himself in the painful torture.
Film review
Lu Chuan read a lot of Japanese diaries before filming, and found that most Japanese troops were not the blue-faced, fangs-toothed beasts he imagined. Most Japanese who participated in this war wrote small things in their diaries, such as robbing a pig, digging some yam and preparing to cook a meal, and they were the team that entered Nanjing City. These diaries made Lu Chuan understand that the horror of the Nanjing Massacre was not that a group of wild animals did what wild animals should do, but that a group of normal people did what wild animals should do. Therefore, in this movie, Lu Chuan reverts to a "beast" and tells the audience the true state of Japanese soldiers with movies.
Kakukawa in Japan is even more "Nanjing! Nanjing! The first leading character who runs through, writes the most ink and ink, and has the most three-dimensional richness. Kakukawa shows the good side of human nature in the film. He not only reflected on the war, but also released two China prisoners and committed suicide. Kakukawa's sight makes Nanjing! Nanjing became a work with bold style.
This article is transferred from my blog: winstonblog.ink