Albert Einstein (March 14, 1879 - April 18, 1955), Christian, world-famous German-American scientist, founder of modern physics and founder.
Einstein graduated from the Technical University of Zurich in 1900 and became a Swiss citizen. Received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Zurich in 1905. Served at the Patent Office in Bern. Professor at TU Zurich, Deutsche Universit?t Prague and TU Zurich. Returning to Germany in 1913, he served as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics in Berlin and professor at the University of Berlin, and was elected as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. In 1933, he was persecuted by the Nazi regime and moved to the United States. He became a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and engaged in theoretical physics research. He became a U.S. citizen in 1940.
The late nineteenth century was a period of change in physics. Starting from experimental facts, Einstein re-examined the basic concepts of physics and made fundamental breakthroughs in theory. Some of his achievements greatly promoted the development of astronomy. His quantum theory has a great influence on astrophysics, especially theoretical astrophysics. The first mature aspect of theoretical astrophysics, the theory of stellar atmospheres, was built on the basis of quantum theory and radiation theory. Einstein's special theory of relativity successfully revealed the relationship between energy and mass, solving the long-standing problem of stellar energy sources. In recent years, more and more high-energy physical phenomena have been discovered, and special relativity has become one of the most basic theoretical tools to explain such phenomena. His general theory of relativity also solved a long-standing mystery in astronomy and deduced the phenomenon of light bending that was later verified. It also became the theoretical basis for many later astronomical concepts.
Einstein’s greatest contribution to astronomy is his cosmological theory. He founded relativistic cosmology, established a static finite and boundless self-consistent dynamic universe model, and introduced new concepts such as cosmological principles and curved space, which greatly promoted the development of modern astronomy.
Einstein was born at 11:30 am on March 14, 1879, at No. 135 Bahnhofstrasse, Ulm, Germany. Both parents are Jewish. His father's name was Hermann Einstein, and his mother's name was Pauline Coker.
In 1884, Einstein became fascinated with the pocket compass.
In 1885, Einstein began to learn violin.
In 1886, Einstein studied at the Munich Public School (Council School); he studied Jewish observances at home.
In 1888, Einstein entered Louisbold High School. Continue to receive religious education in school and receive a bar mitzvah ceremony. Friedman is the instructor.
In 1889, under the guidance of Talmei, a medical student, he read popular scientific readings and philosophical works.
In 1891, he taught himself Euclidean geometry and felt passionate about it. At the same time, he began to teach himself advanced mathematics.
In 1892, he began to read the works of Immanuel Kant. In 1895, he taught himself calculus.
In 1896, he received a diploma from Aarau High School. In October, he entered the Normal Department of the Federal Technical University of Zurich to study physics.
On October 19, 1899, Einstein officially applied for Swiss citizenship.
Einstein graduated from the Federal University of Technology in Zurich in August 1900; in December he completed his thesis "Inferences from Capillary Phenomenon", which was published in the "Journal of Physics" in Leipzig the following year and became a Swiss citizen.
In 1901, he obtained Swiss nationality on March 21. From May to July of this year, I completed the thesis on the thermodynamic theory of electric potential difference.
In September 1904, he was converted from a probationary employee of the Patent Office to a formal third-level technician.
In March 1905, he developed quantum theory, proposed the light quantum hypothesis, and solved the problem of photoelectric effect. In April, he submitted his thesis "A New Method for Determining Molecular Size" to the University of Zurich and obtained his doctorate.
In May, he completed the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" and independently and completely proposed the principle of special relativity, creating a new era in physics.
In April 1906, he was promoted to a second-level technician in the Patent Office. In November, I completed a paper on the specific heat of solids, which is the first paper on the quantum theory of solids. In October 1908, he concurrently served as a non-staff lecturer at the University of Bern.
Left the Bern Patent Office in October 1909 and became an associate professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich.
Completed the paper on critical opalescence in October 1910.
The law of "photochemical equivalent" was proposed in 1912.
In 1913, he returned to Germany and served as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics in Berlin and professor at the University of Berlin. He was also elected as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.
In April 1914, Einstein accepted the invitation from the German scientific community and moved to Berlin.
In August, World War I broke out. Although he lived in the birthplace of the war and lived surrounded by war advocates, he resolutely expressed his anti-war attitude.
In September, Einstein participated in the founding of the anti-war group "New Motherland Alliance". When the organization was declared illegal and its members were arrested and persecuted in large numbers and went underground, Einstein remained determined Participate in the secret activities of this organization.
In October, under the control and instigation of militarists, the German scientific and cultural circles issued the "Declaration of a Civilized World" to defend the aggressive war launched by Germany and advocated that Germany was above all else and that all The world should embrace the "true German spirit". There were ninety-three people who signed the "Declaration", all of whom were prestigious German scientists, artists and pastors at the time. Even Nernst, Roentgen, Ostwald, Planck, etc. all signed it. When Einstein was asked to sign, he flatly refused, but at the same time he resolutely signed his name on the anti-war "Letter to Europeans." This move shocked the world.
In November 1915, he proposed the complete form of the gravity equation of general relativity and successfully explained the perihelion motion of Mercury.
In March 1916, he completed the concluding paper "The Foundation of General Relativity". In May, it was proposed that the universe is finite and unbounded