What are the important figures in ninth grade history?

Unit 1 Ancient History of the World

Test Point 1 Humans in Prehistoric Periods

1. The Origin of Humanity:

(1) About tens of thousands of years ago, early humans lived in Africa——.

(2) Modern humans are divided into yellow, white and black races.

2． Matriarchal clan society: Women occupy a dominant position in life, forming a stable group bound by maternal blood.

3. Patriarchal clan society: With the development of productivity, men gradually replaced women's dominant position in life.

Test Point 2 Ancient Asian and African Civilizations

1. Ancient Egypt

(1) Located in the Nile River Basin in North Africa, it is one of the birthplaces of human civilization.

(2) Around 3100 BC, a unified slave country was formed with its capital in Memphis.

(3) Pyramid: It is a symbol of ancient Egyptian civilization and the crystallization of the labor and wisdom of the ancient Egyptian people.

2． The ancient Kingdom of Babylon

(1) Located in the Mesopotamia of Western Asia.

(2) Many city-states appeared around 3000 BC. In the 18th century BC, the ancient Babylonian king Hammurabi established a unified slave state.

(3) "Code of Hammurabi": ① Formulated during the reign of Hammurabi.

②The Code is a relatively complete written code known in history.

3． Ancient India

(1) Located in the Indus River Basin.

(2) Around 2300 BC, some city-states appeared.

(3) System: ①The Vedic Age from 1500 BC to 600 BC.

② It divides social members into four levels: Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Sudra according to their status.

Improvement points

Country name, location, time, capital, civilization

Ancient Egypt, Nile River Basin, Pyramid of Memphis, 3100 BC

Ancient Babylonia The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi in Mesopotamia in 3000 BC

The caste system in ancient India in the Indus River Valley in 2300 BC

Test Point 3 European Civilization

1 ． Aegean Civilization

(1) European civilization originated from ancient Greece.

(2) Greek civilization originated from .

2． Athens, the Heart of Greek Civilization

(2) At the end of the 6th century BC, Athens became a famous city-state.

(3) The highest peak of slavery-based democratic politics - reform.

3． The Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic

(1) At the end of the 6th century BC, the Roman Slavery Republic appeared in the central part of the Italian peninsula.

(2) "Punic War": ① The war between Rome and Carthage, a powerful country in the Western Mediterranean, in the mid-3rd century BC. ②After Rome defeated Carthage, it completely controlled the Western Mediterranean region. ③In the 2nd century BC, Rome dominated the Mediterranean region.

(3) Decline and decline: In 27 BC, the principal system was established, and Rome entered the imperial era from the war era.

Test Point 4 Medieval Eurasian Civilizations

1. Japan's Dahua Reform

(1) Background: ① In the 7th century, various contradictions in Japan's slave society were very acute. ②The Japanese royal family and some people who studied in China wanted to imitate the system of the Sui and Tang Dynasties in China and implement centralized power.

(2) Time: Year.

(3) Character: Emperor Xiaotoku.

Special reminder that China and Japan have the same language and species. Cultural exchanges have a long history.

(4) Function: ① Attacked the power of the slave-owning aristocracy and established a centralized system.

② Marks Japan’s transition from a slave society to a society.

2. Feudal Hierarchy in Western Europe

(1) In 476, the Western Roman Empire fell. The Germans established many feudal states, the most important of which was the Frankish Kingdom.

(2) Reform: ① Time: first half of the 8th century. ②Establish a fief system. ③The feudal hierarchy gradually formed.

(3) The Pope and the Church: Possessing a large territory and laying the foundation of the Papal State.

Special reminder that the largest feudal lord in Western Europe is the church.

3. The rise of cities in Western Europe

(1) Time: Around the 11th century, agriculture and handicrafts in Western European countries developed greatly.

②Representatives: Venice, Genoa, Florence in Italy, Paris and Marseille in France, London in the UK, etc.

③Characteristics: Feudal cities emerged on the territory of feudal lords or churches.

④ Struggles in feudal cities in Western Europe: From the 11th to the 12th centuries, cities in Western Europe fought against feudal lords and fought for urban autonomy.

4． The Fall of Constantinople

(1) In 1453, the Ottoman Turks launched a fierce attack on Constantinople, the capital of Eastern Rome, and was later captured.

(3) In the mid-16th century, it became a feudal empire spanning Asia, Africa and Europe.

Test point 5: The collision and integration of civilizations

1. Greco-Persian War: Athens established hegemony in the Eastern Mediterranean.

2． Alexander's Eastern Expedition

(1) In 334 BC, the king began his Eastern Expedition and established a large empire spanning three continents, with Babylon as its capital.

(2) Promoted economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West.

3． The expansion of Rome

(1) After the Punic Wars, Rome became the overlord of the Mediterranean.

(2) In the second century, the empire spanned three continents and became its inland sea.

(3) Established contacts with Northern Europe, India, and China.

4． The spread of Sino-Indian culture to the west

(1) The 10 numbers invented by South Arabians in ancient times were spread to Europe.

(2) Translate ancient Greek works and reproduce ancient Greek culture.

(3) China’s four great inventions were spread to the West by the South Arabs.

(4) Bring Arab astronomy, medicine, Islam, etc. to China.

5. Marco Polo came to China

(1) In 1271, Marco Polo came to China;

(2)Left behind " ";

(3) It is one of the reasons for the opening of new routes.

Special reminder: There are two main ways of communication in human civilization: one is violent conflict. One is peaceful exchanges.

Test Point 6 The Three Major Religions in the World

1. Buddhism

(1) Background: The Indian caste system has caused strong dissatisfaction among people and sharp social conflicts.

(2) Time: 6th century BC.

(3) Founder: .

(4) Doctrine: Promote "the equality of all living beings" and teach people to be patient and obedient in order to enter the "Ultimate World".

2. Christianity

(1) Background: The Jewish people in Palestine under Roman rule suffered serious disasters.

(2) Time: Around the 1st century AD.

(3) Founder: .

(4) Doctrine: Promote that God is the supreme ruler of Ningnan and that everyone is equal before God.

3. Islam

(1) Background: In the 6th century, the establishment of a unified country became the common aspiration of the Arab people.

(2) Time: early 7th century.

(3) Founder: .

(4) Doctrine: It advocates that all people who believe in Allah, regardless of tribe or clan, are brothers.

(5) Impact: Conducive to the unification of the Arabian Peninsula.

Special reminder: The reason for the emergence of religion generally stems from the spiritual needs under political oppression. The emergence of Islam stems from the demand for unity.

Test Point 7 Ancient Technology and Culture

1. Writing

(1) Ancient Egypt:

(2) Sumerian: Cuneiform writing.

2. Scientist

(1) Pythagoras: Pythagoras Theorem (ie Pythagorean Theorem).

(2) Aristotle: Founded the discipline systems of physics, botany, zoology, logic, etc.

(3): The principle of specific gravity and the principle of leverage developed mechanics; determined many mathematical calculation methods.

3． Literature and Drama

(1) Literature: Ancient Greece's "" and "Aesop's Fables".

(2) Drama: "Prometheus Bound" by Aeschylus. "Oedipus Rex" by Sophocles.

(3) Folktales: Arabic literary masterpiece " "

4. Architecture

(1) Representatives of Islamic culture: Kaaba Temple and Omaya Temple.

(2) Representative of Gothic architecture: Notre Dame de Paris.

Application examples: o◆Read the following materials

Material 1 Japan has the characteristic of "closed mind" but "eyes in all directions". When the country was weak, they bowed humbly to the outside world, silently brought advanced wisdom, and then quietly worked overtime in the workshop to digest it and even surpass it. Once you are convinced that you have surpassed other countries, you will "create myths" unexpectedly. In ancient history, Japan recognized its first teacher in Asia and learned from him

——Excerpt from "Japan in the Workshop"

Material 2 He was not only an outstanding A military strategist and an outstanding politician, he took drastic reform measures in order to change the face of the Frankish Kingdom. He abolished the system of unconditional land grants and implemented the fief system. He gave land confiscated from the rebellious nobles and some church lands to the nobles, but they had to perform military service for the king, fulfill their obligations as subjects, and swear allegiance.

Please answer:

(1) Who is Japan’s “first teacher” mentioned in the material? Japan learned from his first teacher and carried out an important reform , what is the name and meaning of this reform?

(2) Please judge who “he” refers to based on the content in Material 2, and what role did this character’s reform play at that time?

(3) Combined with the achievements of China’s reform and opening up, talk about your thoughts and inspirations?

Analysis This question is a comprehensive material analysis question. Mainly taking reform as the theme, it examines the relevant contents of Japan's Dahua Reform, Charlie Martel's Reform and China's Reform and Opening Up. It is designed to test students' ability to analyze, understand and solve problems. Question (1) It can be judged from the time "ancient history" in the material that the content of Dahua Reform is being examined. You can answer the questions by combining the questions and teaching materials. Question (2) It can be judged that this person is Charles Martel through the two pieces of information "Frankish Kingdom" and "Fiefship System" in the material. The answer to his reform role can be combined with the textbook. Question (3) is mainly a test of emotions, attitudes and values. It discusses the understanding of reform in light of China's reform and opening up. It is an open question, and the answer is reasonable.

Answer (1) China; Dahua Reform; Japan's transition from slave society to feudal society, which opened the way for further development of Japan's social economy. (2) Charles Martel; This reform enabled the Frankish Kingdom to form a strict hierarchy among the feudal nobles, improved the political and military strength of the Frankish Kingdom, and promoted the development of feudal society in Western Europe. (3) Reform is the driving force for development. We must actively learn from the strengths of foreign countries and learn from foreign advanced science, technology and management experience. The results of China's reform and opening up prove that only by continuous reform can our country become prosperous and strong, etc. . (As long as it makes sense)

Unit 2: Great changes in major European and American countries

Test point 1: Renaissance

1. Background

(1) In the 14th and 15th centuries, the capitalist mode of production first emerged in Italy.

(2) With the emergence of capitalism, the emerging bourgeoisie needs to break the spiritual rule of the feudal church.

2． Time: 14th century to 16th century

3. Country: appears first.

4． Content: Advocates a trend of thought that is centered on real people and opposes theocratic authority.

5. Nature: Anti-feudal bourgeois cultural movement.

On the surface, the promotion point seems to be the resurrection and prosperity of ancient Greek and Roman culture. Therefore, it is called the Renaissance, but this is only the appearance, not the essence. Its essence is that humanist scholars use the classical culture of ancient Greece and Rome to oppose feudalism. So. Its essence should be a bourgeois new cultural movement.

6. Representative

(1) Dante: the pioneer of the Renaissance, his famous work " ".

(2) Leonardo da Vinci: His famous paintings "The Last Supper" and "Mona Lisa" are masterpieces in the history of world art.

(3) Copernicus: Proposed the "heliocentric theory" and laid the foundation of modern astronomy.

7． Significance

(1) The Renaissance is a great movement.

(2) It broke through the spiritual shackles of the feudal church and promoted the development of capitalism.

(3) The splendid culture created by the Renaissance occupies an important position in world history.

Test point 2: Opening up new routes

1. Background

(1) With the development of industry and commerce and the growth of capitalism, the emerging bourgeoisie is eager to obtain gold, silver and precious commodities from the East.

(2) At that time, the main transportation route between the East and the West was controlled by the Ottoman Turkish Empire, and trade was blocked. New routes to the East began to be explored.

2． Shipping route

(1) In 1492, with the funding of the King of Spain, the Italians crossed the Atlantic and opened up a new shipping route to the Americas.

(2) In 1498, the Portuguese da Gama opened a sea route to India.

(3) From 1519 to 1522, the fleet successfully sailed around the world.

3． Influence

(1) It opened the way for plunder by Western European countries.

(2) It is conducive to the development of capitalism.

(3) It has played an important role in the overall development of an isolated and dispersed world.

Special reminder: The Renaissance and the opening of new shipping routes prepared the conditions for the emergence of capitalism.

Test Point 3 British Bourgeois Revolution

1. Background

(1) After the opening of new sea routes, Britain carried out overseas trade and colonial plunder, which led to the rapid development of the factory handicraft industry and the growing power of the bourgeoisie.

(2) The enclosure movement provided raw materials and labor force for the development of British capitalism.

(3) At the beginning of the 17th century, the British feudal monarchy was strengthened, which seriously hindered the development of capitalism.

(4) The king insisted on the "divine right of kings" and the conflict with the parliament intensified.

Special reminder that Britain was the first to possess the four necessary conditions for the development of capitalism: capital, market, raw materials and free labor.

2． Process (1) Outbreak

① Trigger: People's uprising broke out in Scotland.

② Sign: Marks the beginning of the British bourgeois revolution.

(2) Completed

① In 1649, Britain was declared a republic.

②The successful coup in 1688 was known as the "Glorious Revolution" in history. The British bourgeois revolution was completed.

3． Promulgation of the "Bill of Rights"

(1) Purpose: In 1689, the British Parliament sought to limit the power of the king.

(2) Content: ① Without the consent of Parliament, the king has no power to abolish laws or stop the implementation of laws;

② Without the permission of Parliament, the king cannot impose taxes;

③The king cannot recruit troops or maintain a standing army during peacetime;

④The election of members of parliament is not subject to interference by the king;

⑤Parliament must be convened regularly.

(3) Function: It established the principle that Parliament is superior to the royal power; it has the nature of a constitution; the constitutional monarchy began to be established in the United Kingdom.

4． Significance (1) Overthrew the feudal autocratic monarchy and established a constitutional monarchy.

(2) It cleared the way for the rapid development of British capitalism.

(3) It had an important influence on Europe and North America and opened up the world era.

Test Point 4: The American War of Independence

1. Background

(1) Britain established 13 colonies in North America.

(2) In the mid-18th century, the North American capitalist economy developed and the American nation began to take shape.

(3) The British colonial rule of North America continued to intensify the conflicts between them.

2． Process

(1) Trigger: Boston Tea Party.

(2) Sign: April 1775, gunfire.

(3) The Continental Congress decided to form the Continental Army and appointed him as commander-in-chief.

(4) On July 4, 1776, "" was published, announcing the establishment of the United States of America.

(5) Turning point: The great victory in 1777 became a turning point in the war

(6) Victory: In 1783, Britain was forced to recognize the independence of the United States.

3. The 1787 Constitution

(1) Purpose: To strengthen the power of the central government to consolidate political power and develop the economy.

(2) Content:

① The southern states form a federal state, and the federal government consists of three institutions: the Southern Congress, the President, and the Supreme Court. ②The legislative, executive and judicial powers are separated and restrict each other.

③In 1789, Washington was elected as the first president of the United States, and the U.S. federal government was established.

4． Significance

(1) The American War of Independence was a war of national liberation and a revolution.

(2) Overthrew the British colonial rule and won the country's independence.

(3) It opened the way for the development of American capitalism.

(4) Promoted revolutionary movements in Europe and Latin America.

Improvement point The political systems established after the bourgeois revolution in the United Kingdom and the United States are the two most typical political systems in the capitalist world. The British one is called a constitutional monarchy, and the American one is a typical democratic system. A constitutional monarchy adopts a cabinet responsibility system. The United States uses a system of separation of powers.

Test Point 5 The French Revolution

1. Background

(1) In the 18th century, France under feudal rule was an agricultural country with strict hierarchies.

(2) Capitalist industry and commerce has developed greatly.

(3) The development of capitalism requires breaking through the shackles of the feudal system.

2． Outbreak ① Time: July 1789.

② Flag: Capture.

3． Declaration of Human Rights.

(1) Time: August 1789.

(2) Content: ① Human beings are born free and equal in rights.

②The law is the expression of public will, and everyone is equal before the law.

③Private property is sacred and inviolable.