Brief introduction of Li Yu
Li Yu (August, 93715-August, 978 13), the sixth son of Li Jing, was born in Jinling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) and his ancestral home was Pengcheng (now tongshan district, Xuzhou, Jiangsu).
In the second year of Jianlong in the Northern Song Dynasty (96 1), Li Yu succeeded to the throne, respected the orthodoxy of the Song Dynasty, and paid tribute at the age of 20 to protect peace. In October of the fourth year of Kaibao (97 1), Song Taizu destroyed the Southern Han Dynasty, and Li Yu was renamed as "Jiangnan Master" except surnamed tang. The following year, the ritual system was derogatory, and the kiss in the Imperial Palace in Jinling was cancelled to show respect for Song Ting. In the eighth year of Kaibao (975), Li Yubing was defeated by the Song Dynasty, captured to Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan Province), made a general, and ordered him to disobey orders. On July 7th, the third year of Taiping and Xingguo (978), Li Yu died in Bianjing, and was posthumously awarded a surname and a prince of Wu. The world called it Li Houzhu, Queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty.
Li Yu is proficient in calligraphy, painting, melody and poetry, especially in ci. Li Yu's ci has inherited the tradition of Huajian poets such as Wen and Wei Zhuang since the late Tang Dynasty, and has been influenced by Li Jing and Feng Yansi. Its language is bright, vivid, sincere and distinctive. After the national subjugation, his ci was characterized by a wide range of themes and profound meanings, and it was unique among the five pronouns in the late Tang Dynasty, which had a far-reaching influence on the later ci circles.
Major achievements in literature
Li Yu is versatile, good at painting, good at poetry and lyrics, and has a good understanding of rhythm, especially the achievements of lyrics. Li Yu's ci has been circulated for more than 30 times. In content, it can be divided into two periods: the early ci mainly reflected court life and love between men and women, and its style was beautiful and soft. Although they didn't break away from the habits of Huajian school, they had greater artistic generalization power than Huajian school poets in the description of characters and scenery, and they also showed heavy sadness in some words (for example, the late words of Qing Ping Le Bielai reflected the pain of national subjugation, which was sad and desolate, with far-reaching artistic conception and great artistic appeal).
Li Yu's position in the history of Ci is more determined by his artistic achievements. Li Yu made four contributions to the development of Ci:
(1) expands the expression field of words. Li Yu's previous poems were mostly erotic, and even if he expressed his lofty sentiments and ambitions, they were mostly metaphorical and obscure. However, most of Li Yu's works are direct lyrical, expressing the feelings of his motherland, expressing his true feelings and sincere words, which makes poetry get rid of the traditional style of singing to flowers for a long time and become a new poetic style in which poets can express their feelings in many ways, which has an artistic influence on later generations' bold poems.
(2) Beautiful words and pure feelings, because pure feelings lack rational restraint. After the subjugation of the Southern Tang Dynasty, Li Yu was captured in the Song Dynasty. "It was a day in Lacrimosa.". Li Yu realized the inconstant sadness of life, and truly wrote the desolation and regret of national subjugation and extinction with blood and tears; He summed up his bitter experience, gained a broad form and significance, and triggered the experience and examination of the tragedy of the universe, so his love was deeper and wider than other poets in the Southern Tang Dynasty.
③ The language is natural, concise, expressive and versatile. Li Yu is good at describing his life feelings by sketching, visualizing abstract feelings by appropriate metaphors, and often reflecting a certain realm with universal significance in real life through concrete and sensible personality images, which is not extravagant, but touching; Not vague, but meaningful; Form a fresh and beautiful artistic feature.
(4) originality in style. Huajian Ci and Southern Tang Ci are generally good at euphemistic beauty, while Li Yu is good at forgiving, such as Hao Dang by Yulouchun, Wu Ye Diao and Xiong Qi Youqi by Langtaosha? "Handsome" in Yu Meiren is unique among the five pronouns in the late Tang Dynasty because of its beauty of combining rigidity with softness.
Calligraphy and painting art
Li Yu is not only good at poetry, but also accomplished in painting and calligraphy. Li Yu once studied the depth method of stirrups.
Source, and summarized as "pledge, hook, uncover, touch, refuse, guide, send" eight skills. ? Li Yu is good at running script, with vigorous lines, like cold pine and frost bamboo, and is known as "Jin Cuodao" in the world; He also likes to write big characters, with silks as his pen, which is known as "clamping books". Li Yu once took out the calligraphy works hidden in the secret room of the Southern Tang Dynasty, and ordered Xu Xuan to carve them into "Sheng Yuan Tie", which was carefully rated as "the ancestor of Fa Tie".
In the painting, Li Yu's bamboo is hooked one by one, and it is very small from root to tip, which is very distinctive and is called "iron hook lock". The forest stone birds he painted have a high artistic conception and are far superior to others.
Main work
According to Xu Xuan's records, Li Yu has 30 volumes of collected works, including 100 essays. , Chao Jun Zhai contains Li 10, and Song Shiyi also contains Nan Tang Ji 10, both of which have been lost. Chen wrote "Two Important Words in Southern Tang Dynasty", with a total volume of 1, including 34 poems by Li Yu. In the forty-eight years of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, there were Mohuazhai books, Shao Changguang recorded 1 poem in the Qing Dynasty, and 9 Vega poems in the modern kingdom. Li Yu's Selected Poems includes Liu Jizeng's Notes on Two Main Poems of Southern Tang Dynasty, Tang Guizhang's Notes on Two Main Poems of Southern Tang Dynasty, Wang Zhongwen's Revision of Two Main Poems of Southern Tang Dynasty and Li Jing's Li Yu's Poems of Zhan Antai.
General theory of personality evaluation
In history, the monarch who lost his country with Jinling as his capital was criticized by later generations. Sun Hao, the queen of Wu in the Three Kingdoms, "a stone fell from the ground" and tied herself up in a white coffin and plain clothes. During the Southern Dynasties, Liang Wudi believed in Buddhism, and finally the Hou Jing Rebellion broke out. He was imprisoned in Jingyang Building and starved to death. Chen and his beloved concubine, Zhang Lihua, hid in the rouge well when Jinling City was breached and were hanged by General Sui Jun. The three last kings died for different reasons, but they all died in Jinling Stone Town surrounded by dragons and tigers. Li Yu was also the last king to die in Jinling, and it is inevitable that he will be reprimanded by later generations.
However, the reasons for Li Yu's national subjugation should be analyzed in detail. As far as Nantang is concerned, he can't be immortal. Theoretically, the situation and historical development trend of China at that time required the demise of the Southern Tang Dynasty and the unification of the Northern Song Dynasty. In fact, the national situation in Nantang has been completely defeated, and Li Yu can't do anything even if he has the ability, what's more, the national policy has long been wrong. In the year before Li Yu ascended the throne, his father Li Jing had surrendered to the Song Dynasty because of the decline of the national situation and reduced his tribute. The situation of destroying the Southern Tang Dynasty in the Song Dynasty has been decided, and Li Yu succeeded to the throne, so he can only adopt a passive policy of staying in business. However, although Li Nantang faced many difficulties, he maintained his political power for 15 years, never forgot his hometown, never returned to the Song Dynasty, and finally died in a foreign country.
Pan, an old minister in the Southern Tang Dynasty, was asked in history: "Is Li Yu really a dark and incompetent person?" Pan replied, "If he is really incompetent and ignorant, how can he defend his country for more than ten years?" Xu Xuan also wrote in the Epitaph of the Duke of Longxi, King Wu: Li Yu is kind and tired of war in a world of war. Although Kong Ming is alive, it is difficult to protect the country; Since you have done righteousness, you are not ashamed to die!
Historical evaluation
Xu Xuan: (1) Wang shun the world, control the people with the ancient road, respect righteousness and ethics, and follow the past. Be filial when steaming; When you are an old man and a guest, you must be polite. We should not only obey the royal life, but also speak and give in time. As for the kindness of the whole country, we are willing to take care of the whole country and diligently repair nine tributes. The government has no empty moon, only serves everything and knows everything. In the past fifteen years, the sky has become increasingly crowded. ② Thoroughly study the Six Classics and synthesize the Hundred Classics. Always follow the path of Kong Zhou, never leave, transform the country into a people, give orders, expect things to happen, and never change. If it is cool and good, describe it more. When you go to Henan, you must praise it. Talking and laughing, don't forget the righteousness. Dong Xiao's temperament is refined and elegant; The meaning of the poor king's envoy is to examine the origin of simple customs, which is a literary theory that continues Yue Ji. There are 30 volumes of collected works and hundreds of essays. Taste the essays and know the way. As for the goodness of the arrow, the power of the pen, and the versatility of the sky, it must be refined. (4) The nature of compassion is good for Zhu Gan's teaching. If you don't kill vegetation, birds and fish are salty. Reward people's kindness, often without it; Cover up people's mistakes lest they smell them. Even the law is invincible, and Wei can't help but love it. Taking the custom of being tired of soldiers as the world of fighting, Kong Han Ming's strain was slight and unsuccessful; Rebecca devoted himself to the journey of benevolence and righteousness until he died. Where is the Tao? What a shame!
The allusions are generous and filial.
Li Yu's nature is pure filial piety, good life and abstinence from killing. Light corvee, with the strength of the real people, the southern Tang Dynasty was able to be partial for fifteen years. Li Yu is kind and generous in politics. Every time there is a death sentence, he cries. If Zhang Si in Xi 'an was wrong, Li Yu couldn't sleep well. He went to Dali Temple several times to review the prison case and released many people. Han Xizai, assistant minister of Zhongshu, plays Li Yu. He thought that the prison proceedings were under the control of his own prison, and the prison place was not suitable for the emperor to visit. He demanded that the state treasury be fined 3 million yuan for state use. Li Yu didn't listen, but she wasn't angry either. After he entered the Song Dynasty, he was depressed and often wrote poems with others in Jinling Old Palace. He is in an abnormal mood, which is hard to restrain. After the bad news came out, many people in Jiangnan gathered in the alley to cry.
Respect Buddha.
Li Yuku likes pagodas. He once built Yongmu Palace in the palace and Jingde Temple in the forest garden. He also set up a temple in Zhongshan with the inscription "Dojo for Repaying Gratitude", which provided nearly a thousand monks every day, and all expenses were paid by the court. ? According to the Records of the Ten Kingdoms in the Spring and Autumn Period, Li Yu became a monk in the second year of Kaibao (969), and changed the Baogong Institute into a mountain Dojo the following year. It can be seen that Li Yu spared no effort to build a temple and respect the Buddha even when the southern Tang Dynasty was stormy and the treasury was empty.
Li Yu's belief in Buddhism has reached the level of obsession, and even quite abolished politics. According to unofficial history's records, at that time, the Northern Dynasties (Song Dynasty) secretly chose people who had a glib tongue to go to the Southern Tang Dynasty to bewitch the latter. Li Yu didn't know that a Buddha was born, and called him a "little elder". Talk to him day and night about six roots, four truths and karma. The "little elder" advised Li Yuguang to build a stupa and gather thousands of people to talk about Buddhism, which was extremely extravagant. Song Junbing surrounded Jinling, and Li Yu called the "little elders" to discuss what to defend. The "little elders" waved flags and retreated from the enemy. Song Bing actually retreated, and the emperor was overjoyed, and ordered the soldiers to read the Sutra of Saving Avalokitesvara. When the Southern Tang Dynasty was dying, Li Yu summoned the "little elder" to retreat from the enemy, and the "little elder" could not get sick. After Huang Jixun's death, Li Yu realized that he had been cheated and killed the "little elder".
Arrogant debauchery
Li Yu was born in the Deep Palace in the Southern Tang Dynasty. Since he was a child, he has been loved by relatives and imperial secretaries in the palace, so he is still extravagant and good at debauchery.
Li Yu used to decorate the wall with red silk curtains embedded with gold thread and use tortoiseshell as nails; He also inlaid emeralds in the panes and glued the windows with red gauze. Plum blossoms are widely planted outside the house, and a small wooden pavilion with colorful paintings is set up among the flowers, which can only accommodate two people, so Li Yu and Ai Jizhou enjoy flowers and drink. Every time Chunsheng blooms, they are arranged on partition pipes and placed on beams, windows, walls and steps, numbered as "Golden Cave". Every year on Tanabata's birthday, Li Yu orders people to dress up the Moon Palace in the shape of the Milky Way with more than 100 pieces of red and white silks and satins, sing and laughing all night, and then take it off at dawn.
In Li Yu's early poems, a capital city is full of magnificent ci style and charming tenderness, describing the joy in the palace and the interest in the boudoir. For example, the word "Yulan Xiao's makeup shines first", concubines and maids are full of palaces, singing and dancing at night, drinking and listening to songs, stepping on horses in the moonlight, singing and dancing, which can be said to be a true portrayal of his indulgence when he was an emperor.
A clever understanding of melody
Li Yu is proficient in melody. He also composed Nianjiashan and Jin Zhen Ling Qu, and personally sang Jia Shanpo and Jin Lingpo. Colorful Feather is a masterpiece of French music in Tang Dynasty. In the Five Dynasties, it was lost because of the chaos of war. Li Yu and Zhou Zhou pursued according to the music score, corrected their mistakes in composition and rearranged the music score to make it clear and audible. After the destruction of Jinling City, Ji Pu was also burned by Li Yu. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiang Kui discovered eighteen pieces of music from the Shang Dynasty's Song of Nishang, and included them in the Song of the Taoist of Baishi.
A married couple who love each other very much.
During Li Yu's reign, although there were many concubines in the harem, they were very affectionate to the two queens. A week later, he was appointed as E Huang, who was proficient in book history and melody, especially pipa. Li Yu wrote Nianjiashan, and after a week, he played a tune and wrote Inviting Drunk Dancing. Li Yu once wrote many poems for her, describing the affair of boudoir and the tenderness of children, and expressing her infatuation with Zhou Fu. When I was sick after the big week, my late master looked after the food day and night, and I couldn't taste the medicine unless I was near him. The undressed person was also tired. After his death, the late master also wrote "Zhou Ji of Zhao Hui" and "Elegy" to express his deep affection for Zhou Zhou and his deep sorrow and great pain.
After Zhou Zhou's death, Li Yu married Zhou Zhou's sister Zhou Xiao as the queen. After the subjugation of the Southern Tang Dynasty, Li Yu and Xiao Zhou were captured in Bianjing, Northern Song Dynasty, and spent three years together as "Lacrimosa" prisoners, suffering humiliation. After Li died in another country, he was heartbroken a few weeks later and soon died with him.
The collection is real.
Li Yu is good at appreciation and has a rich collection of books. There are tens of thousands of books of calligraphy and painting in the palace, including many original calligraphy posts by Zhong You and Wang Xizhi. All public and private collections are printed with the words "Collection in Inner Hall", "Treasure of Jianye Study" and "Jixian Temple Academy". , or a signature inscription, or a miscellaneous poem. Song Jun wanted to capture Jinling, and Li Yu said to Bao, "This is my treasure. If the city does not keep it, it can be burned. " After the destruction of Jinling City, Huang took all the paintings and calligraphy in the palace for himself.
The mystery of death
Li Yu's ending, The History of the Song Dynasty edited by Li Dao in the Song Dynasty, The History of the Song Dynasty edited by Ke Weiqi in the Ming Dynasty and other historical books did not say that Li Yu was poisoned. In the history of the Song Dynasty, Bi Yuan of the A Qing Dynasty once said, "After Li Houzhu died, his book said many things that brought him a bad end." Among them, the most detailed and concrete record is "Silent Record" written by Wang Luo, a poet in the Song Dynasty, which leads to the saying that "my late master died of anger".
According to Records, after Li Yu entered the Song Dynasty, Song Taizong sent Xu Xuan to visit Li Yu. Li Yu hated the national subjugation so much that he "cried and sat silent", which displeased Emperor Taizong. ? On Tanabata in the third year of Taiping and Xingguo (9 years), on the 42nd birthday of the first emperor, he called concubines in his residence, wrote "The Mermaid" to reminisce about the past, miss the motherland, and ordered prostitutes in the Southern Tang Dynasty to sing. Song Taizong was very angry after hearing this, and all the crimes were punished, so he gave Li Yu a morning medicine. ? Traction medicine, said to be traditional Chinese medicine Semen Strychni, is cold and bitter, and has strong affinity for the central nervous system. Li Yu took medicine after drinking, helped by alcohol, and convulsed all over. Finally, the head and feet were connected and died. It looked like a tractor.