Topic 1: Formation and Preliminary Development of Ancient Civilization in China —— Pre-Qin, Qin and Han Dynasties
Politics, economy and culture in this period.
The abdication system in ancient times, the world was destroyed, slash and burn, pottery making, sericulture, original writing and painting.
Hereditary system, enfeoffment system and patriarchal land system in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties: Jing Tian system: farming mode: slave collective farming; Production tools: the combination of stone and stone; Handicraft industry: bronze; Bronze inscriptions of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and the Western Zhou Dynasty, the commercial "industrial and commercial food officials" in Shang Dynasty.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the feudal system collapsed, the reform and reform, the rudiment of the county system collapsed, and the feudal private ownership of land was established; Iron plough Niu Geng; Emphasizing agriculture and restraining business; Soft treatment technology of cast iron: Dujiangyan, Zheng Guoqu's Book of Songs, Li Sao, the establishment and development of Confucianism, a hundred schools of thought contend, Sina Confucius and Shang Yang's reform.
The pre-Qin period is an important historical stage for China to enter civilized society from primitive society, and it is also an important period for the emergence and perfection of the country and the formation and development of the Chinese nation.
1. Politically, the abdication system was replaced by the hereditary system of the throne, and the Western Zhou Dynasty established the eldest son inheritance system and improved the inheritance system.
(1) During the Xia and Shang Dynasties, the local management system was initially established, and the Western Zhou Dynasty implemented the enfeoffment system. This political system, based on patriarchal clan system, closely linked state management with consanguinity, expanded the ruling area and made the Western Zhou Dynasty a powerful country that lasted for hundreds of years.
(2) The establishment and continuous improvement of the central and local power order ensures the political monopoly and privileged position of the nobility, which is conducive to the stability and unity within the ruling group and the stability of the whole society.
(3) During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the hegemony wars and political reforms in various countries broke the old power order, and the enfeoffment system gradually disintegrated.
2. Economically
(1) Agriculture experienced slash-and-burn cultivation, stone hoe cultivation, bronze age and Niu Geng with iron plough, and agricultural cultivation methods were constantly improved and matured. The land system has undergone fundamental changes from the state-owned (well-field system) in the Western Zhou Dynasty to the feudal private ownership of land in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
(2) After the separation of handicraft industry and agriculture, it became an independent production department. During the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, it was monopolized by the government. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with the increase of handicraft departments and the continuous improvement of technology, three commercial forms were gradually formed: government-run, private and family-run.
(3) the emergence of commerce, and gradually from the government monopoly to the private sector.
3. Ideologically and culturally
(1) "A hundred schools of thought contend" is a reflection of social changes in the ideological and cultural fields during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which laid the foundation of China culture and was the first ideological emancipation movement in the history of China.
(2) In the field of literature, poetry was a representative literary form at that time (The Book of Songs of the South).
(3) The emergence of writing, Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relatively mature writing in Shang Dynasty.
Qin and Han Dynasties (22 BC1year to 220 AD)
Qin Dynasty: Politics: Qin Shihuang unified the whole country and established the autocratic centralization with the emperor system, the three public officials system and the county system as the main contents.
Economy: measures such as unifying currency and weights and measures are conducive to strengthening economic exchanges between regions.
Culture: The policy of burning books and burying Confucianism has dealt a heavy blow to Confucianism, imprisoned ideas and destroyed culture.
Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD)
During the Han Dynasty: politics: consolidation of centralization: in the early Han Dynasty, counties and countries were in parallel, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued a "favor decree" to solve the problem of the kingdom, set up a secretariat and strengthened local supervision.
Strengthening the monarchy: Han inherited the Qin system, formed the Chinese and foreign dynasties system, and the monarchy was strengthened.
Supervision system and the promotion of filial piety.
Economy: With the popularization of farming, the methods of ploughing, substituting ploughing and ploughing by two Niu Yi people have emerged to build water conservancy projects. Using coal as fuel to smelt iron, silk was exported to Europe and won the title of "Silk Country". Celadon was produced in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The emergence of a commercial market dedicated to trade, the time and place are strictly restricted by the government, and the system of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce is implemented, which makes business development difficult. During the Western Han Dynasty, the land-sea Silk Road was opened.
Science, technology and culture: ideologically oust a hundred schools, respect Confucianism alone, and adapt to the needs of centralization. In science and technology, Cai Lun improved papermaking and produced Nine Chapters of Arithmetic, Huangdi Neijing, Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Taisheng Book. In literature, Han Fu represented the highest achievement of literature at that time.
Topic 2: Maturity and Prosperity of Ancient Civilization in China —— Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties.
Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 220-AD 589).
Politics: The system of three provinces and six departments in the central government has begun to take shape (note: the prototype of the three provinces system appeared in the Cao Wei period and the prototype of the six departments system appeared in the Northern Zhou Dynasty), and the nine-product system was implemented, and the aristocratic families monopolized the officialdom (four families in the Eastern Jin Dynasty: Wang Langya, Chen, Huan and Yu).
Economy: Agriculture has an extension. Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty practiced the system of equal field, plowing, harrowing and retting, and invented the method of casting steel for handicraft industry. Mature white porcelain was fired in the Northern Dynasties. There is a grass market in business-but because of the war, the business in the north was once destroyed.
Culture: The rise of Buddhism and Taoism has impacted Confucianism, and the orthodox position of Confucianism has been challenged. Jia Sixie compiled The Book of Qi Yao Min, and literati paintings began to appear-Wang Xizhi, a book sage, and Gu Kaizhi, a painter.
Abstract: During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, national division, social unrest and ethnic integration further developed. At the same time, the farming economy in the north was destroyed to a certain extent, and the economy in the south was developed. The formation of maverick literati (such as the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest) promoted the development of calligraphy, painting, literature and other arts.
Sui and Tang dynasties (58 1 to 907)
Politics: politically, the country is unified, the territory is vast, the society is stable, the politics is clear, the laws and regulations are advanced and perfect, and the three provinces and six departments system and the imperial examination system further improve the autocratic centralized system. , improve administrative efficiency. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty appointed me as an envoy, and the Anshi Rebellion broke out, and in the later period, there was a situation of "separatist regime in the buffer region".
Economy: In Sui and early Tang Dynasties, the system of land equalization was implemented, which promoted the development of agriculture; With the emergence of Qu Yuan's plough and gondola car, the level of production technology has been improved. Handicraft industry has high textile technology, and porcelain industry has formed two systems: south, green and north. Commercial prosperity, the emergence of counter shops (the earliest banks), the separation of shops and markets, the direct management of market trade by the government, Chang' an and Luoyang becoming international metropolises, and porcelain began to be exported in large quantities.
Culture: The culture of Sui and Tang Dynasties flourished in the fields of thought, science and technology, literature and art, leading the world and eclectic. Ideologically, Buddhism and Taoism prevail and the three religions are integrated. Engraving printing was invented, and gunpowder was used in the military in the late Tang Dynasty. Tang poetry flourished in literature, with Li Bai and Du Fu as outstanding representatives. Art painting entered a prosperous stage, and a series of calligraphers appeared: Ou Yangxun, Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan, Zhang Xu, Huai Su and so on.
Abstract: Sui and Tang Dynasties were the heyday of feudal society in China, and China entered a prosperous and open society.
Song and Yuan Dynasties (960- 1368)
Politically, this country is gradually moving from separatist regime to unification. Autocratic centralization continued to develop and improve. In Song Dynasty, the central government set up "two houses" and three departments to participate in politics, which weakened the power of the prime minister, further strengthened the imperial power, appointed civil servants as magistrates, set up chief judges and strengthened centralization. In the Yuan Dynasty, the central secretariat province replaced the three provinces as the highest administrative organ. The establishment of provincial system in local areas has strengthened centralization and consolidated the unity of multi-ethnic countries.
Economy:
1, the southern economy has achieved great development, and the national economic center of gravity has moved south.
2. The commercialization of agricultural products has improved.
3, handicraft production technology and scale further development.
4. Commodity economy is active, commercial activities have broken through the boundary between "Fang" and "City", and the use of paper money marks the unprecedented development of commodity currency economy.
Culture:
1, the development of science and technology reached its peak, printing, compass and gunpowder were invented and spread abroad.
2. The philosophy of the Song Dynasty-the great development of Neo-Confucianism, advocated that reason should be the origin, emphasized "preserving nature and destroying human desires", demanded that Lu Jiuyuan's mind should exist at the same time, advocated that "mind is reason", and the method of seeking reason was "inventing the original mind", which became the official philosophy in the middle and late Southern Song Dynasty (Song Lizong time).
3. Song Ci and Yuan Qu are the main literary forms in this period.
4. With the development of commodity economy, the secularization of literature and art is enhanced, among which Song Ci and genre painting reflecting citizens' life are outstanding representatives.
Abstract: The Song and Yuan Dynasties witnessed the continuous development of China's feudal economy, science and technology, and culture, and the further strengthening of national integration.
Topic 3: Glory and stagnation of ancient civilization in China-Ming and Qing Dynasties (1368 to 1840, before the Opium War).
Politics:
1) the further development of absolutism in centralization, the abolition of the prime minister in the Ming Dynasty, the establishment of the cabinet, and the establishment of the Ministry of War in the Qing Dynasty marked the unprecedented strengthening of monarchy.
(2) The unified multi-ethnic country was further consolidated.
(1) Resolutely crack down on separatist rebellion, correctly formulate and implement ethnic policies, and strengthen the management of border areas;
(2) Resolutely resist foreign aggression and safeguard the territorial integrity and sovereignty of China;
(3) The economic and cultural ties between the people of all ethnic groups have been strengthened, and the feudal economy in the border areas has further developed.
Economy:
(1) Since the middle and late Ming Dynasty, capitalism has sprouted and developed slowly in Jiangnan area, where the commodity economy is relatively developed.
(2) China's farming civilization began to decline, and the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business seriously hindered the development of capitalism.
(3) Note: The first condition for the germination of capitalism is the long-term employment relationship, and the second condition is the product of the development of commodity economy to a certain extent.
External relations:
(1) The foreign policy has gradually moved from opening to closing, and the gap between China and the West has further widened.
(2) The western colonial forces came from the east, and the people of China started the struggle against colonialism and aggression (Zheng Chenggong recovered Taiwan Province Province, Qi Jiguang fought against Japan, etc.). ).
culture
(1) Traditional science and technology are still in the forefront of the world, but natural science has not developed, and the gap between China and the West has widened.
(2) Confucianism is active. With the development of commodity economy and the emergence and development of capitalism, the early democratic enlightenment with anti-feudal color came into being.
(3) Stereotyped writing and literary inquisition embody a strong color of absolute monarchy.
(4) The prosperity of literature and art profoundly reflects the decline of feudal system.
Abstract: Ming and Qing Dynasties were the last stage of feudal society in China, characterized by the consolidation of a unified multi-ethnic country and the gradual decline of feudal society.
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