Question 2: What are the structures of Chinese characters?
From the structural point of view, Chinese characters can be divided into two categories according to the composition of words: single words and combined words.
Chinese characters composed of word-formation components are single words; A Chinese character consists of more than two word-forming elements, which is a combined word.
According to the traditional "six-character" theory, pictograph and signifier are both single words; Both knowing words and pictophonetic words are combined words.
The structural pattern of Chinese characters is mainly aimed at the structural pattern of compound words. Chinese characters are a plane figure. If it is a word composed of word-formation components, there is no structural distribution problem. If two or more word-building elements are combined, there is a problem of how to arrange the positions. The so-called structural model is the way in which two or more word-building elements are arranged in Chinese characters.
In traditional Chinese characters, dichotomy is usually used to analyze the structure of compound words. Pictophonetic characters are divided into two parts: shaper and sound symbol; Most knowing words are also divided into two parts, and only a few knowing words use three radical meanings. So when it comes to the structure of Chinese characters, it is generally summarized by dichotomy, and the following four main structures are obtained:
1. Overall structure: 10 million articles.
2. Left and right structure: clear trust
3. Upper and lower structure: holographic thunder.
4. Fully enclosed structure: ethnic group circle.
5. Semi-closed structure:
Textual research on Zhuang language structure of Zuo Jumei's Fa and Yan Fang's Zhai in Kangqingtang
Clause structure: it can contain clauses.
Edge structure: Keys were used to encourage the carpet to tilt up when building the place in Zhao Qi.
Homonym structure: the same problem makes Zhou Xiangfeng angry
Structure of regional figures: the regional doctor caught the bandits.
The structure of fierce characters: mysterious paintings of fierce characters
Prince structure: the prince's golden body is in the spring.
The structure of modern Chinese characters has broken the traditional six-character system, and many structural components of Chinese characters completely obey the characteristics and laws of graphic structure and no longer follow the principle of "six characters", so the analysis of modern Chinese characters is no longer a dichotomy.
The structure of modern Chinese characters has a new type on the basis of four basic structures.
Question 3: There are several types of calligraphy. There are five types of calligraphy: regular script, seal script and running script. Grass. Li.
Seal script is a general term for big seal script and small seal script. Dazhuan refers to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jinwen, Jinwen and Six Kingdoms, and retains the obvious features of ancient hieroglyphics. Xiao Zhuan, also known as "Qin Zhuan", is the common language of Qin State. In the development history of Chinese characters, it is the transition between seal script and official script. Seal script is the most meaningful and the most difficult to write. A famous seal script works, hanging on the wall, moving. It originated very early and was gradually abandoned in the change of writing, but it still expresses classical beauty and inner beauty with profound connotation and flexible lines.
Official script-inner thoughts
In the process of "writing in the same language", Qin Shihuang ordered Li Si to create Xiao Zhuan, and also adopted the official script compiled by Cheng Miao. After seal script, official script is a very beautiful style. And the beauty of Bo and Zhen. The so-called wave means that the left line of the stroke is like a curved wave, and it becomes left in the later regular script; The so-called right stroke is open and looks like a swallow-tailed pen. When writing a long horizontal line, the pen begins to cut into the silkworm head facing the front, with the pen in the middle having a wave pitch and a tail at the end. Lishu has its own unique ideological content, with soft pen, rigorous composition, serious but not rigid, tall and straight but not stiff. There are thoughts and connotations.
Cursive script-lingering artistic conception
There are three kinds of cursive scripts: Cao Zhang, Modern Cao Cao and Crazy Cao Cao. There are rules to follow in the changes of strokes, such as the urgent chapter of the Three Kingdoms Wu in Songjiang Edition. Today's grass is eclectic and fluent, and its representative works include Wang Xizhi's "The First Moon" and Jin Dynasty's "Getting Time". Mad grass appeared in the Tang Dynasty, represented by Zhang Xu and Huai Su, and its brushwork was wild and uninhibited, which became an artistic creation completely divorced from practicality. From then on, cursive script was only the works of calligraphers imitating Cao Zhang, Cao Jin and Kuangcao. Cursive script is the ultimate simplification of China's calligraphy style, which has strong artistic value.
Running script-the track of speed
Running script is a font between regular script and cursive script. Running script was the most famous in Song Dynasty, including Mi Fei, Su Shi and Huang Tingjian of Cai Xiang. Preface to Lanting, a masterpiece of running script, is the most famous work of Wang Xizhi, a calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Predecessors described it as "a dragon descending from heaven, a tiger lying in a phoenix pavilion" and praised it as "the best running script in the world". Tang Yan Zhenqing's book "Sacrificing a Nephew" is very bold, and the ancients rated it as "the second running script in the world". Su Shi's Huangzhou Cold Food Sticker is called "the third running script in the world". The appearance of running script is the result of simplified characters and accelerated speed.
Regular script-the feminine taste of the founder
Regular script is a kind of China font, and it is a popular handwritten orthographic Chinese character, which evolved from official script. Also known as block letters. It is a kind of calligraphy with the longest development time in China. Regular script is square and strokes are straight. There were four masters of regular script in Yuan Dynasty: Ou Yangxun (European style), Yan Zhenqing (Yan style), Liu Gongquan (Liu style) and Zhao Meng (Zhao Ti). Regular script is generally used as an introductory text, which can follow seal script and play a connecting role.
Question 4: What are the fonts of calligraphy? Oracle Bone Inscriptions, a bronze inscription, seal script, seal script, official script, cursive script, regular script and running script, was stereotyped in the Eastern Han Dynasty and Wei and Jin Dynasties. Calligraphy has always exuded artistic charm.
Introduction:
Calligraphy is the most classic national symbol in the development of traditional culture and art in China for five thousand years. It is an art form of writing Chinese characters with a brush, which has aesthetic inertia. Calligraphy can be called the "fourth religion" in China, with strong attraction, sense of ceremony and public participation. Therefore, for more than 5,000 years, the representative figures in each period were Zen Ruo Xing He, and the most important figures were Wang Xizhi, Yan Zhenqing, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei, Zhao Meng, Zhu Yunming, Wang Duo, Liu Gongquan, Su Shi, Apollo, Ou Yangxun, Yu Shinan and Sui Liang. In terms of techniques, paying attention to writing, pen, stippling, structure, ink painting and composition is closely related to traditional Chinese painting and seal cutting.
Appreciate:
Wang Sengqian, a calligrapher in the Southern Dynasties, said in "Praise of Literary Style": "The wonderful way of a book is that the spirit is superior, the form and quality are secondary, and the person who has both can be described by the ancients". This shows the essence of calligraphy appreciation and emphasizes the aesthetic concept of calligraphy with both form and spirit. In Lu Qun's view, calligraphy appreciation needs "seven views", that is, looking at personality, content, lines, shelves, structure, composition and style.
Only when the muscles and bones are well trained can we express our feelings.
Lu Qun believes that to appreciate calligraphy, we should not only grasp the macro features of the works, such as momentum, spirit and white cloth, but also make subtle observations, such as using pen and ink, structure and lines. Appreciate the quality of lines, from which we can observe the pen and ink and brushwork of the author when he creates. Secondly, the Chinese character structure combined with line stippling and painting is interesting and philosophical in artistic modeling. The third is white cloth, including knot writing, gas circulation and composition. The fourth is spirit, which refers to the spiritual temperament and style of calligraphy. Spirit is a faithful record of the author's spiritual realm, which is closely related to the author's emotion, personality and cultivation. Excellent calligraphy works must be full of beauty and spirit. Appreciators should grasp the form and capture the spirit. "When appreciating calligraphy, you can appreciate the beauty of calligraphy's strokes, ink, lines, characters and rules, and even sublimate to the imagination of calligraphy, thus making the spirit feel happy. Yan Zhenqing's regular script, for example, is beautiful, broad and stylish, and has the mind of "tolerance and tolerance", so it is said that learning books means learning beauty. Liu Gongquan's regular script is beautiful at the back, showing compactness and exquisiteness by radiation. There is a' my fair lady, a gentleman is good'. " The feeling. These two diametrically opposite styles are still linked by the ancients, so they are called "Yan Gu", showing diametrically opposite artistic styles. "
In Lu Qun's eyes, a calligraphy work is usually good or bad from two aspects. The first is the basic skills of calligraphy. The basic connotation of calligraphy is determined by the following two points: first, look at the basic structure of font frame. When writing brush calligraphy, if the shelf structure of a word is not well written, it may directly affect the meaning of the word, thus affecting the aesthetic value of calligraphy. When the shelf of a word is set up, the font of the word is determined. It is true that grass, official script and seal script have different shelf structures. Every calligrapher wants to change the font, first of all, he wants to change the shelf structure of previous calligraphy. Li Si reformed the bookshelf structure of the historical book Da Zhuan and created the bookshelf structure of Xiao Zhuan. Cheng Miao changed the shelf structure of the previous calligraphy style and became a kind of official script. Wang Xizhi also sought changes in the shelf structure of his predecessors' calligraphy style, and he became a regular script, a running script and a cursive script. The font stand he wrote has a beautiful structure. Most calligraphers of later generations seek changes in his shelf structure and form their own styles. A person who writes with a brush can't even write the most basic shelf structure well, so he can't be a calligrapher. True, cursive, official script and seal script, each font has its own writing rules. With the change of stroke rules, fonts have also changed, and perhaps new, better and more beautiful fonts have appeared. When we appreciate a calligraphy, we must watch every stroke from the beginning, stroke, and see whether the stroke is powerful, whether the stroke force is even and smooth, and whether the stroke rules of this font are met when writing a stroke, such as point, horizontal, folding, vertical, hook, left, holding and lifting. These brushstrokes were forged by great calligraphers of past dynasties. Every great calligrapher's brushstrokes are different, but what remains unchanged is that every stroke he writes has skill and aesthetic value.
Calligraphy is a portrayal of personality.
Language and its connotation that determine the quality of calligraphy works. Calligraphy language includes the following four points:
First, whether calligraphy has literary connotation. Good calligraphy works not only embody the meaning of each word.
Question 5: How many fonts have there been in China since ancient times? The evolution and classification of fonts;
China's writing has a long history, extensive and profound, and the font structure has been constantly created and improved for thousands of years, which has a strong regularity. Its evolution process is roughly as follows: graphic-pictographic-Oracle Bone Inscriptions-Zhong Ding-Shigu-ancient prose-Qin system-official script-regular script-Weibei-cursive script-running script-Song Dynasty-imitation Song Dynasty-black body-round black body-overlapping circle-variant. ...
Explanation: hieroglyphics, hieroglyphics: from 6000 years ago to the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, they were similar to pictures and were very easy to identify.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions: More than 3,000 years ago, it is the earliest recognizable writing, carved on tortoise shells and animal bones in Shang Dynasty. At that time, Oracle Bone Inscriptions recorded the good and bad fortune of divination. The font style is simple, free and random.
Zhong Dingwen: The inscription of Zhou Qin on the Decamerous Stone Drum was discovered in the Tang Dynasty. In ancient times, copper was called gold and bronze inscription, with the tripod of ritual vessels and the clock of musical instruments as the most important. Words produced by image symbols.
Shi Guwen: The inscription of Zhou Qin on the Decamerous Stone Drum was discovered in the Tang Dynasty and is now in the Forbidden City. It is the earliest stone inscription in the history of China. Shi Guwen is no longer like Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jin Wen, and the average size of his handwriting has the bearing of Magnolia officinalis.
Ancient prose: The characters found on the wall of Confucius House in Han Dynasty, Zuo Zhuan in Spring and Autumn Period, are called ancient prose.
Qin Zhuan: "Dazhuan" is a kind of writing that Zhou Xuanwang sorted out ancient Chinese characters, because it was recorded in history books. So it is also called "Moon Hee", which was used by Qin Shihuang to annex six countries and unify the world.
Dazhuan: It is the general name of Zhong Dingwen, Shigu, ancient prose and Qin Zhuan. The font is rough and powerful, thick and simple, and the line style has tended to be linear and standardized.
Biography: In 22 1 BC, Qin unified China and ordered Li Si and others to write with the same characters, resulting in simplified characters based on it. The font is round and neat, tight on the top and loose on the bottom, the cloth is well-proportioned and decorated with patterns.
Lishu: According to legend, during the reign of Qin Shihuang, there was a small official named Cheng Miao who was imprisoned for committing a crime. Official script is simplified from seal script. In order to simplify and sketch, the strokes of seal script were changed to ten thousand fold strokes. Sheng Xing in the Han Dynasty, later generations took the official script as a model, which was round, dignified and elegant, stretching left and right, balanced and beautiful.
Weibei: refers to the stone carvings in the Northern Wei Dynasty, which belong to regular script. In the process of changing Chinese characters from official script to regular script, Wei Bei showed bold innovative spirit and outstanding creative ability. Features: there are many kinds and styles, and I am unprepared.
Regular script: also known as official script and real script. Because it is a model of font, it is called regular script, standard and formal, also called regular script. The Western Han Dynasty began to sprout, and after the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty flourished. Tang Kai has been used as the standard font of Chinese characters for more than 1000 years. Features: square shape, straight strokes, rigorous composition, plump and beautiful.
Cursive script: Cursive scripts include Da Zhuan, Xiao Zhuan, Gu Li and Li Jing. The development of cursive script into a distinctive font began in the Han Dynasty. From the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, it was a very prosperous period, with the formation of Cao Zhang, Cao Jin, Wild Grass and Hangcao. It not only has its own rules, but also expresses its feelings. This grass is the main body of cursive script. Their brush strokes are continuous and tortuous, based on the painting, and the situation is connected in one go. Features: strong sense of rhythm, smooth and comfortable.
Running script: a font produced in the late Han Dynasty, which is between the original and cursive script. It has the readability of regular script and the quickness of cursive writing, so it has become a common font like regular script so far. According to legend, it was created by Liu Fasheng, and Wang Xizhi was honored as a "book saint". Its characteristics are: fast strokes, brisk rhythm, smooth stippling and lively pen use.
Song Dynasty: In the Northern Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing, and lettering produced a printing style that was horizontal and vertical and eye-catching, which was later called Song Style. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, it evolved into Amin style, with clear strokes and square fonts. At that time, a kind of Hongwu style with thin horizontal strokes and particularly thick and flat fonts was popular among the people, such as inscriptions on official posts, lanterns and notices. Features: thin and thick, "left as a knife, sharp as a melon seed, brush as a sweep" with decorative dotted lines, the font is square and elegant, serious and generous, which is the first of fine arts fonts.
Imitation of Song Dynasty: Imitation of Song Dynasty with uniform strokes, exquisite brushwork, tall and straight appearance and suitable for writing, which was called New Song at that time, and Song was also called Old Song. This is a modern song style. Features: graceful word length, combination of Song and Kai, horizontal and vertical, uniform thickness, even interval, pen-on-pen.
Bold: The font has been germinated in the late Qing Dynasty for 57 years and simplified. The strokes are horizontal and vertical, the thickness is consistent, the strokes are thick, and the square head and tail form a square black body, hence the name square body. Features: Song structure, simple strokes, mutual generosity, striking and powerful.
Circular black body: evolved from black body with square angle change ... >>
Question 6: What fonts are there in China's calligraphy? China's calligraphy has a long history, which can be roughly divided into five types: seal script (big seal script, small seal script), official script, regular script, running script and cursive script (chapter and present grass).
(1) seal script: there was a big seal before the small seal. As early as more than 60 years ago, symbols carved on pottery and pictures depicting objects had the embryonic form of words, and then in the long development, hieroglyphics (pictures) came into being. The words carved on the tortoise shell bone of Shang Dynasty three thousand years ago, that is, oracle calligraphy's fine straight strokes, are insignificant.
From the unearthed Oracle Bone Inscriptions, jade tablets and pottery tablets, we can see Zhu's handwriting and uncut ink, and we can get a glimpse of the characteristics of writing with a brush at that time. Inscriptions cast on bronze wares such as bells, ding, money and weapons in Shang and Zhou Dynasties were called inscriptions on bronze wares, such as inscriptions on bronze wares or Zhong Dingwen, which gradually became neat and varied. The characters carved on stone gongs and drums in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were also called Shi Guwen.
In 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang unified China, abolished six foreign languages and simplified the unified font, which was later called Xiao Zhuan. The font is slightly longer and the strokes are even and beautiful.
(2) Official script: It is said that official script was compiled by Cheng Miao who was not in the Qin Dynasty in prison. By eliminating complexity and simplifying, the font becomes round and square, and the strokes become straight. Lian Bi was replaced by a broken pen, which made it easier to write from lines to strokes. This kind of writing is popular among officials (lower official positions), so it is called official script. In the Han dynasty, this kind of writing began to prevail and became the main writing. It laid the foundation for regular script. The structure of official script is flat, neat and exquisite. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, stippling was beautified as upward provocation, with different degrees of severity, which enhanced the aesthetic feeling of calligraphy plastic arts, made styles more diverse and common, and greatly improved the artistic appreciation value.
(3) Regular script: Regular script is also called original. It gradually evolved from official script and became more simplified. The font is changed from flat to square, the strokes are simplified, the wave potential of Han Li is omitted, and it is horizontal and vertical. It is characterized by neat rules, so it is called the model method, because calligraphy can be used as a model in this respect and has been used ever since. Regular script prevailed in the Six Dynasties and reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty. This font is still a beginner in calligraphy.
(4) Running script: Running script is the rapid writing of regular script, which is said to have started in the Han Dynasty. There is no neat regular script and no draft cursive script. Running script with regular script or close to regular script is called running script, and cursive script or close to cursive script is called running script.
(5) Cursive script: Cursive script is a kind of cursive script, which is characterized by simple structure, partial borrowing and no scribbling. The feature of cursive script is that the artistic appreciation value is greater than the practical value. Generally speaking, it can be divided into two types: Cao Zhang and Cao Cao. Cao Zhang is a simple and quick writing style of official script, and each word is independent and unrelated. Cao Cao is a shortcut to write regular script, and it is a shortcut to write regular script. There is often a connection between the action and the trace of strokes up and down.
Several representatives in italics:
Yan Zhenqing, the originator of Yan's calligraphy, started a new style of China's calligraphy with dignified regular script and vigorous calligraphy.
Regular script, which originated from ancient Li, is based on the style of two kings and the style of northern school in the Six Dynasties. They are unique in structure, unique in originality, authoritative and influential in society, and are the standard for learning books. Investigating the characteristics of regular script, the pen is strong and powerful, the strokes are neat and tidy, and the structure is cheerful and healthy. His representative works of regular script inscriptions include "Jiuchenggong Liquan Ming" and "Huadu Temple Monument".
Liu Gongquan, with clear pronunciation and mellow voice, was eager to learn from childhood and could write at the age of twelve. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, he inherited Yan Zhenqing's calligraphy and created "Liu Ti", hence the name "Yan Gu".
Zhao Meng was an influential calligrapher in the early Yuan Dynasty. "Biography of the History of Yuan Dynasty" records: "Meng Yi's calligraphy is the best in the world, so the book is the theme of the world." Praise. According to Song Lian, a scholar, Zhao's calligraphy was learned in his early years, focusing on the ancient style, Zhong You and Xian in his middle age, and Li in his later years ...
Question 7: Excuse me, what fonts are these Chinese characters? Stylish black body
Question 8: What are the words with mouths? Commonly used words with mouths are as follows:
Painting: Ke, Right, Ye, Ding, Wu, Zhi, Xiong, Ji, Sable, Barking, Knocking, Farewell and Sighing.
Painting: wishing, spitting, scaring, licking, hanging, eating, sucking, licking, smelling.
Painting: swallowing, not, black, dull, squeaking, barking, spitting, ya, ton, noisy, white, stick, blowing, kissing, bar, monarch, roar and sue.
Painting: Hey, Oh, Bah, Ka, Zha, Hu, Ming, what?
Figure 6: Wow, dumb, easy, although, taste, pharynx, smack, noise, phlegm, cough and bite.
Please check in detail for more details.
Question 9: What font is the word on a general stamp? Seals are usually divided into official seals and private seals, and different seals use different fonts.
Chinese characters of the official seal show:
The provisions of the State Council on the seal management of state administrative organs, enterprises, institutions and social organizations (document number: Guofa [1999] No.25) stipulates that "17. The Chinese characters printed on the seal should use the simplified characters published by the State Council, and the font is Song Ti. "
The font is Song Ti;
According to the content, purpose and shape of the seal, the following fonts can be used for privately carved Chinese characters:
Font of office seal: official script, regular script, Weibei, Song style, running script, official script, etc.
Office flat font: regular script, official script, official script, official script, imitation of Song Dynasty, etc.
Fonts for artistic name printing: seal script, official script, running script, official script, etc. However, seal cutting seals are generally seal script and Chinese seal.
The font used for personal signature seal is arbitrary in principle, while the font used for corporate private seal is relatively fixed.
Question 10: How many fonts are there in China? The first type is the Song style and bold style (including thick lines and thin lines) developed from the movable type printing in Song Dynasty. The second category is the fonts evolved from calligraphy, such as regular script, imitation song style, running script, official script, calligraphy style, regular script, thin gold style, pen style and so on. The third category belongs to fine arts fonts, such as variety, tanning, amber, water column and so on. Most other fonts belong to the variants of the above three types of fonts, such as: Da Dian Song, Xiao Dian Song, Bao Song, Chang Song, Zhong Song, Yao Ti, etc. Big black, flat black, thick black, isobar (including thick, medium and thin isobar, and then evolved into thick, accurate and thin circle) and so on; From regular script, imitation song, etc. , Chinese books, fine imitation of Song Dynasty, etc. ; Beauty and black evolved from black body and song style; The body evolved from Li et al.