In 20 14, Xinri took the lead in launching intelligent research and development of electric vehicles.
The development history of electric bicycles in China is generally recognized as three stages: the primary stage of electric bicycles, the stage of initial production scale and the stage of overspeed development.
The primary stage of electric bicycle is also called the early experimental production stage of electric bicycle, from 1995 to 1999. At present, the key technologies of electric bicycle's motor, battery, charger and controller are explored and studied. In terms of R&D and production, it is mainly based on the spontaneous information collection, tracking technology, market observation and small-scale market trial release of production enterprises, which also makes electric bicycles enter the consumer's field of vision and gradually be recognized and accepted by consumers. From a technical point of view, the early electric bicycles can only travel about 30 kilometers at a time with a new battery, which has short battery life, poor climbing ability and easy wear and tear. The motor is also a brush and toothless motor. However, the accumulation during this period laid the foundation for industrialization in terms of talents, technology and product research and development.
The second stage is called the initial stage of large-scale production, because there are several opportunities to promote electric bicycles during this period, which makes the electric bicycles struggling in the initial stage suddenly usher in spring and the industry develops into scale, and the most valuable of these opportunities are the "no motorcycle" in various cities and the "SARS" in 2003.
This period is generally recognized as the period from 2000 to 2004. During this period, with the breakthrough of key technologies and the continuous improvement of the performance of electric bicycles, electric bicycles have become the substitute products of motorcycles and bicycles, and their quickness, environmental protection, convenience and cheapness have also stimulated the market demand for electric bicycles. In the growing market demand, the former R&D and production enterprises have risen rapidly, some new enterprises have started to enter, and the investment in electric bicycles has also been increasing, resulting in a rapid expansion of production capacity (see attached table 1. 1 for details). In addition, during this period, the rapidly rising enterprises are operating on a large scale, and the older generation of R&D and production enterprises are left behind. However, some large enterprises represented by well-known brands have been formed, and according to the differences between North and South, three industrial clusters represented by Wuxi, Zhejiang and Tianjin have also been formed.
The third stage is from 2005 to the present. This stage is the overspeed development stage of electric bicycles in China, which is dubbed as "spewing stage" by the industry. During this period, with the fierce competition among enterprises, the technical progress and the diffusion of new technologies have been greatly stimulated, the technical level of the whole industry has been greatly improved, the life and capacity of batteries have increased by 35%, and the motors have also developed from a single brush-tooth motor to a brushless high-efficiency motor as the mainstream, with a life of 5 times, an efficiency of nearly 30%, and a climbing and loading capacity of about 3.5 times. While the performance is improved, the manufacturing cost is also greatly reduced, and the price power is reduced to the original 21%; In the controller system and charging system, the technical level has also been greatly improved. Especially, battery technology and motor technology have made great progress. The technical breakthrough of lead-acid batteries for electric vehicles has been ahead of the international market, forming Zhejiang Changxing plate headed by Tianneng and Wei Chao, Jiangsu plate represented by Kanglien and Deng Shuang, and Guangdong plate represented by Da Rui. Batteries have also evolved from single lead-acid batteries into various types of high-performance batteries, and the emergence of lithium batteries has further promoted the development of electric bicycles, especially simple models. In terms of motors, the invention of permanent magnet brushless motors has obviously accelerated the pace of industry development. The key of motor performance is the performance of ferromagnetic materials. Among all kinds of permanent magnet materials, rare earth permanent magnet materials have the best performance. China is recognized as a big country in rare earth resources and manufacturing rare earth products. Due to the good performance, low price and strong manufacturing ability of rare earth high-magnetic materials, BLDC (Brushless DC Permanent Magnet Motor) system, which is expensive in the international market, has been widely used in enterprises in China, and the electric bicycle industry has gained a unique resource advantage. Judging from the total production and sales of the industry, in 2005, the total output of various light electric vehicles (including electric bicycles) of hundreds of enterprises across the country is expected to exceed 9 million, and about 2-3 million vehicles will be exported, achieving an industrial output value of 20 billion, with profits and taxes of about 6 billion yuan, and nearly 1 10,000 people will be employed in related production and service fields. China has accounted for more than 90% of the world's production and sales of light electric vehicles, and China has become the world's largest producer, consumer and exporter of light electric vehicles.
Birth process
In China, since 1980s, electric bicycles have been developed and their structures have been constantly improved. It was not until the beginning of this century that electric bicycles were widely promoted and entered countless families. People who have made great contributions to the development of electric bicycles include Mr. Wang Peiyuan, former director of Shanghai Bicycle Research Institute, and Li Zhijian, chairman of Hangzhou Jianye Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd.. Electric bicycle has become an energy-saving and environment-friendly means of transportation.
Development story
1983 Shanghai No.2 Bicycle Factory successfully trial-produced the permanent brand DX- 130 electric bicycle, which is the first electric bicycle recorded and industrialized in China. Adopt 150W column motor and 24V ordinary lead-acid battery for automobile. This car was put into production in 1984, and by 9 1, 45,000 vehicles were produced, of which 805 were exported. 1995, Tsinghua University developed a hub motor electric bicycle.
From 65438 to 0999, He Qian in Shanghai, the gazelle in Suzhou and the mainland pigeon in Nanjing made breakthroughs in the research and development of electric bicycles. All the electric bicycles produced by them adopt 36V/ 10Ah maintenance-free lead-acid batteries and rear-wheel drive hub motors, ending the situation of wandering in various performance indicators for many years and winning market recognition for the first time. Since then, electric bicycles have entered the road of rapid development.
1999 On May 28th, the State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision issued the national standard GB17761-1999, which was implemented on June 28th of the same year. This standard is revised on the basis of the original light industry standard QB "General Technical Conditions for the Safety of Electric Bicycles".
In 200 1 year, the National Bicycle Information Center held an electric bicycle information exchange meeting and held an electric bicycle training (mileage) competition. This competition has strongly promoted the development of electric bicycle technology.
In 2002, the Shanghai Bicycle Association and the Consumers Association formulated the "Shanghai Electric Bicycle Consumption Dispute Resolution Method". It pioneered the settlement of quality disputes of electric bicycles, and later all over the country followed suit.
From June, 5438 to October, 2002/kloc-0, Nanning explicitly banned electric bicycles from going on the road.
On July 16, 2002, China National Light Industry Federation issued the task of revising the national standard GB17761-1999 "General Technical Requirements for Electric Bicycles" (hereinafter referred to as the new standard for electric bicycles), and requested to complete it in 2003. On September 12 of the same year, a drafting group led by the National Bicycle Standardization Center and attended by 20 units was established.
In August, 2002, Beijing Public Security Bureau issued a notice, stipulating that electric bicycles were prohibited from going on the road from June to October, 2003.
In April, 2003, the "Draft for Approval" of the new standard for electric bicycles was completed.
In August 2003, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province banned electric bicycles from driving in urban areas.
In March, 2004, some electric bicycle manufacturers and a number of experts jointly wrote to the National Standardization Administration Committee, expressing their objection to the new electric bicycle standard "Draft for Approval".
On April 28th, 2004, the National Bicycle Standardization Center held a coordination meeting in Shanghai, with 18 companies participating. The meeting discussed some inquiry terms in combination with the new electric bicycle standard "Draft for Approval".
On May 1 2004, the new Road Traffic Safety Law of the People's Republic of China was promulgated. This law cancels the stipulation that bicycles are not allowed to be equipped with power devices in the original Road Traffic Safety Law. However, it is emphasized that "the types of non-motor vehicles that should be registered according to law shall be stipulated by the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government according to local actual conditions". The law also stipulates that bicycles equipped with auxiliary power should run in non-motor vehicle lanes, and the speed should not exceed 15 kilometers per hour.
On May 24th, 2004, the General Business Department of China National Light Industry Federation held a demonstration meeting with 68 representatives from all over the country in Beijing. The meeting adopted that the maximum speed of electric bicycles is 20km/h, but there are three opinions on the weight index: 1, and an appropriate increase of 2-5kg is mandatory. 2. It is mandatory to increase the weight to 48kg. 3, according to the original standard of 40 kg, but the original mandatory terms changed to recommended terms.
GB7258-2004, which was released on July 12, 2004 and implemented on July 10/2004, defined mopeds as two-wheeled or three-wheeled vehicles for the first time, including two-wheeled vehicles. Regardless of the driving mode, the maximum design speed is not more than 50km/h, and if an internal combustion engine is used, the displacement is not more than 50 m. This standard laid the groundwork for drafting the standards of electric motorcycles and electric mopeds in the future, and did not attract the attention of the electric bicycle industry.
On June 8, 2005, the National Bicycle Standardization Technical Committee held an enlarged meeting of the standards committee in Shanghai, with more than 20 participants. The meeting discussed the contents of the new standard for electric bicycles revised after the Beijing demonstration meeting in May 2004, which was upgraded from "draft for approval" to "draft for review". Finally, an agreement was reached and the key indicators of the new electric bicycle "Draft for Review" were signed: the top speed is 20 kilometers per hour and the weight is not more than 48 kilograms, which was reported to the State Standardization Administration Committee for approval. But it hasn't been approved yet. It will take four years.
In August 2005, Taiyuan and Wuhan banned electric bicycles from the road.
In 2005, Zhuhai Municipal People's Congress passed regulations prohibiting electric bicycles from driving in urban areas from July of that year.
At the end of 2005, Beijing banned electric bicycles and allowed them to be registered and licensed according to national standards.
In 2005, the output of electric bicycles in China exceeded100000.
On October 6th, 2006165438+/KLOC-0, Guangzhou Public Security Bureau issued the Notice on Non-registration of Electric Bicycles and Other Non-motor Vehicles with Powered Devices.
On June 5438+February 1 day, 2006, electric bicycles were banned in Haikou City.
On June 65438+1 October1in 2007, Changzhou took the lead in strictly controlling electric bicycles in Jiangsu. From now on, the newly purchased electric bicycles of Changzhou citizens cannot obtain the license issued by the Public Security Bureau. Unlicensed electric bicycles are not allowed on the road. The electric bicycle license is valid for 5 years, and it will be invalid when it expires.
From June 65438+1 October1day, electric bicycles were banned in 12 streets such as Beiling Street and Beijing Street in Shenyang.
In February, 2007, organized by the Electric Vehicle Sub-committee and Motorcycle Sub-committee of the National Automobile Standardization Technical Committee,1companies related to the industry were absorbed. It took half a year to complete four drafts: GB24 155-2009 Safety Requirements for Electric Motorcycles and Electric Mopeds. GB/T24 156-2009 test method for dynamic performance of electric motorcycles and electric mopeds GB/T24 157-2009 test method for energy consumption rate and driving range of electric motorcycles and electric mopeds GB/T24 158-2009 ordinary electric motorcycles and electric mopeds. And solicit opinions online. In this standard, electric vehicles with a top speed of more than 20 kilometers per hour and a weight of more than 40 kilograms are defined as electric mopeds. The electric bicycle industry is opposed to this.
In May 2007, Fuzhou and Shenzhen banned electric bicycles.
On August 15, 2007, Dongguan completely banned electric bicycles from driving on the road.
In 2007, the output of electric bicycles in China exceeded 20 million.
From June 5438+February 1, 2008, electric bicycles were banned in Xiamen and Foshan.
On June 25th, 2009, the National Standardization Administration Committee approved and issued four standards: GB/T24 158-2009 General Technical Requirements for Electric Motorcycles and Electric Mopeds. It will be implemented on 20 10, 1, 1. After the announcement of this news, it caused strong repercussions in the electric bicycle industry.
In September 2009, the National Standardization Administration Committee returned the draft of the new standard for electric bicycles for revision. On September 10, the National Bicycle Standardization Center convened local bicycle industry associations and some large electric bicycle enterprises for investigation.
After June 165438+ 10, 2009, various media all over the country followed suit and questioned the rationality of the four motorcycle standards, which formed a strong public opinion pressure for a while. On February 6th, 65438 and 1 1 respectively, the National Standardization Administration Committee issued explanations and expert answers, explaining the four motorcycle standards.
On June 5438+February10-June 5438+05, 2009, bicycle associations from all over the country submitted written opinions on suspending the implementation of the four standards to the National Standardization Administration Committee.
On June 5438+February 65438+May 2009, the National Standardization Administration Committee, together with relevant departments and trade associations in the State Council, studied the relevant issues of four national standards, such as General Technical Requirements for Electric Motorcycles and Electric Mopeds. After the meeting, the Notice on Implementing Relevant Standards for Electric Motorcycles (No.98 [2009] of the National Standards Committee) was issued, and the implementation of relevant standards for electric mopeds was suspended.
20 13- 10 "China electric bicycle industry innovation summit forum" data shows that the number of electric bicycles in China has exceeded 200 million.
From 20 10 on April/6, Beijing Chang 'an Street and other streets 10 are closed to non-motor vehicles except ordinary bicycles. During the morning rush hour, several electric cyclists tried to enter the restricted area, but they were all dissuaded by the police. At present, the police have not issued a ticket.