What do the three divisions refer to?

After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, local governments implemented the decentralization of power among the three divisions. What does the "three divisions" specifically refer to? The so-called "three departments" implemented in the local area refer to the Department of Administrative Affairs, the Department of Punishment and Prosecution, and the Department of Capital Command.

The local propaganda and administrative department is equivalent to the current local government agency, which mainly exercises people's power; the local sentencing judge's department is equivalent to the current local judicial agency, exercising judicial power; the local commander-in-chief is the local military agency, in charge of local garrison troops. The three most important aspects of each place were assigned to three different people. According to what we say now, they are all equal in level, each has his or her own emphasis, and does not command each other.

1. Xingzhongshu Sheng

The commander-in-chief is the signature of an official, referred to as the commander-in-chief, and belongs to one of the three provinces. The highest local military leader in the Ming Dynasty was the institution, which was a military institution established by Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, in order to strengthen the centralization of feudal autocratic power. It was similar to the military regions in modern China.

2. The Chief Secretary

The Announcement Department was a local administrative agency during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, formerly known as the Executive Secretary of the Yuan Dynasty. The meaning is taken from "The imperial court has virtues, prohibitions, inheritance, and broadcasting, and the following is the company." The jurisdiction of the appointed envoys in the Ming Dynasty was the national first-level administrative region, which was referred to as "envoy secretary", "chief secretary" and "vassal secretary", and was not called "province". In official documents, the word "province" in the Yuan Dynasty was avoided, so "etc." was added under the place name.

The Chief Secretary for Administration has one special envoy for the left and one for the right, that is, the top chief executive of the first-level administrative region. However, the criminal designation and military affairs of a province are under the jurisdiction of the provincial judge and commander respectively. The Chief Secretary, the Chief Secretary and the General Secretary are collectively referred to as the "Three Divisions", all of which are the highest organs of provincial administrative regions; the leaders of the Three Divisions have the same level and the same order as the second product.

3. Ancha Division

Ancha Division was one of the agencies of the central government in the early Ming Dynasty and belonged to the Metropolitan Procuratorate. After entering the customs, it inherited the Ming system and was established as a provincial-level local government agency, responsible for promoting discipline, clarifying official management, recording and examining prisoners in each province, investigating confessions and complaints, and other judicial administrative work. Hong Kong judges under British rule were also translated as prosecutors. The Attorney General is equivalent to the current Chief Justice. See the Chancery of Hong Kong and the Chief Executive of Hong Kong.

The institutional setting in the Ming Dynasty can be said to have taken the prototype of the institutional setting in modern politics. The decentralization and mutual restraint of the "three envoys" were implemented locally. At the central level, in the corresponding abolished provincial system, there were three divisions and three division officials who were not subordinate to each other and were directly responsible to the emperor. At the same time, the Zhongshusi and the Prime Minister were abolished, the prime minister's power was divided into six departments, and a university scholar's pavilion was set up for the emperor's advisers. When they arrived at Ming Shenzong, the great bachelor was called "Ge Lao" and formed a cabinet system, which was directly responsible to the emperor and basically managed all government affairs.

What are the three ministers of the Song Dynasty?

The three ministers are the collective name for the three financial departments of the Ministry of Revenue, Duzhi, and Yantie.

In the early Song Dynasty, the officials of the three divisions were constantly changing. During the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty, the three envoys were dismissed and three envoys of Yantie, Duzhi and Hudu were appointed. During Zhenzong's reign, the three envoys were dismissed and one member of the three division envoys was re-established. In addition, the deputy envoys of Yantie, Duzhi and Hubu were appointed. Among them, the 21 years of Song Taizong's reign was the period when the institutions of the three divisions of the Northern Song Dynasty changed the most. During this period, the subordinate departments of the three departments, such as justification, explanation, and mentioning, were sometimes divided and combined, and the positions of deputy envoys of the third department and envoys of the third department were abolished and replaced.

The specific division of labor between the three divisions in the Song Dynasty is:

The chief of the Salt and Iron Division is the Salt and Iron Envoy, who "controls the goods of the mountains and rivers in the world, and controls the cities, rivers and canals, and military weapons." Things are done to benefit the country."

The chief of the Duzhi Division is the Duzhishi, who "controls the number of wealth in the world, checks whether it is available every year, and controls their comings and goings for the purpose of calculating the country's use."

The chief of the Department of Household Affairs is the envoy of the Household Department, who "is in charge of household registration, tax registration, wine management, work, and clothing storage for the purpose of the country."

After the restructuring of Song Yuanfeng, the three divisions were completely abolished and merged into the Ministry of Household Affairs. The official offices of the three divisions were also temporarily changed to the office of Shangshu Province. At this time, all financial power was vested in the Ministry of Household Affairs, which was directly subordinate to the three provinces and placed under the leadership of the prime minister.

What are the three divisions of the Ming Dynasty?

The so-called "three divisions" implemented in the Ming Dynasty refer to the division of proclaiming the official, the division of punishing and inspecting, and the division of command. Envoy. The Local Administrative Commission is equivalent to the current local government agency, which mainly exercises civil power; the Local Provincial Commission is equivalent to the current local judicial agency, exercising judicial power; the Local Command and Procuratorate is a local military agency, in charge of local affairs garrison troops. The three most important aspects of each place are assigned to three different people. According to our current discourse, they are all on the same level in terms of level, each has its own focus, and has no command authority over each other.

The Administrative Envoys Department is composed of one left and right envoy, and several people from the left and right who participate in politics. They are responsible for administrative affairs and finance at the county, state, and government levels, and are subordinate to the Ministry of Personnel and the Ministry of Household Affairs.

The Department of Punishment and Punishment consists of one person, deputy envoys, ministers and other people, who are responsible for the administration of justice, supervision of officials and people, promotion of revolution and other matters. Punishments up to the whipping of officials are carried out by it. Punishments of 1, 1, and above will be reported to the Three Justice Department for handling, which is subordinate to the Metropolitan Procuratorate and the Ministry of Criminal Justice. At the central level, the Yushitai was also renamed the Metropolitan Procuratorate as the central supervisory authority. The Metropolitan Procuratorate, Dali Temple, and the Ministry of Punishment, the central judicial organs, are collectively known as the "Three Law Divisions."

The Du Commandery Division was the regional military headquarters of the Ming Dynasty, referred to as the Du Division. Each Du Division oversees a number of military posts. There are 17 Du Division Divisions in the country. They are responsible for the control and living arrangements of the military households under their jurisdiction. They are affiliated to the Five Armies. The Dudufu and the Ministry of War accept the recruitment of the Dudufu and the command of the Ministry of War according to the emperor's order. The commander has 1 commander, 2 commanders, and 4 commanders, all of whom have experience in the department. There is one person each for the chief officer, deputy director, and official. The warden is the warden, and there is one person each for the warehouse, the pasture, the ambassador, and the deputy ambassador.

The capital command and envoys department is established, and the officials are the same as the capital commander and envoys department. Among the officers, there is one person who is responsible for the affairs, called Zhangyin, or Dusi for short, and his position is above the two divisions of Bu and An. "History of the Ming Dynasty·Zhiguanzhi 5" says: "The Dusi is in charge of the military and administration of one side, and each leads its own garrison.

The guards command the same officials as the Jingwei. The external guards are all under the control of the Dusi and Xingdusi. Below the Wei is the Qianhu Office, and the Qianhu Office has one person in charge of the Qianhu Office, two deputy Qianhu Offices, and one person in the Qianhu Office. 10, there are 10 people in a hundred households, 20 people in the general banner, and 100 people in the small banner.

The prison is under the control of the town governor. Under the Commander-in-Chief of the Five Armies, most of its officers and soldiers were hereditary. This was one of the special systems of the Ming Dynasty.

The name of the governor of the Commander-in-Chief was later changed to an empty rank, while the officers who commanded the troops had to be distinguished. Add the names of generals, deputy generals, generals, guerrilla generals, garrison, and generals. "History of the Ming Dynasty·Zhiguanzhi 5": "Those who guard one side of the main town are garrison, and those who guard one side alone are divided garrison, each guarding a city." Those who guard a fort are called garrison, and those who guard the same city with the general are called co-defenders. There are also names such as admiral, promotion, inspection, beiyu, foreman, and beiwa.

All positions of commander-in-chief and deputy commander-in-chief must be filled by those with the title of duke, marquis, uncle, or governor. The generals of their generals are called generals in Yunnan, General Zhengnan in Datong, General Pingman in Huguang, and General Zhengman in Liangguang. Those who are in Jizhen, Guizhou, Huguang, Sichuan, and Chuanyun Huai'an cannot be called The general's seal. During the Xuande period, two generals in Shanxi and Shaanxi were established. During the Jiajing period, the two general corps of Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou and Huguang were divided into four, the deputy general corps of Fujian and Baoding were changed to the general corps, and the Zhejiang general corps was added. During the Wanli period, additional general troops were established in Lintao and Shanhai. By the end of the Ming Dynasty, the number of general military officers had increased so many that it was impossible to remember. In the Ming Dynasty, the General Soldier was originally a commission without rank, but in the Qing Dynasty it was a regular military position with a rank of two.

In addition, there are military and civilian prefectures, Tuzhou, and Tuxian, and their official settings are the same as those of prefectures, prefectures, and counties. In the central government, the Governor's Office of the Five Armies was established to manage military power with the Ministry of War and to check each other. Taizu of the Ming Dynasty also established the guard station system. Each guard and station belonged to the commander-in-chief of each province, and was under the jurisdiction of the central governor's office of the five armies. This made it impossible for the generals in the Ministry of War, the Governor's Mansion, and the General Guards to have exclusive power, and military power was concentrated in the hands of the emperor.

The institutional setting of the Ming Dynasty can be said to have the prototype of modern political institutional setting. The "three envoys" were implemented at the local level to decentralize power and check each other. At the central level, the provincial system was correspondingly abolished and three departments were established. The chiefs of the three departments were not subordinate to each other and were directly responsible to the emperor. At the same time, the Zhongshu Sheng and the prime ministers were abolished, and the power of the prime minister was divided among the six ministries. A great scholar was also established to prepare the emperor's advisors. By the time of Shenzong of the Ming Dynasty, the great scholar was called "ge Lao", and a cabinet system was formed, which was directly responsible to the emperor. , basically managing all government affairs.

What are the three divisions?

The "Three Divisions" of the Ming Dynasty are: the Division of Proclamation and Envoys, the Division of Prosecutions and Envoys, and the Division of Command and Envoys, which are mainly to strengthen centralization of power. .

The Du Commander's Department was the regional military headquarters of the Ming Dynasty. The officers included one Du Commander, two Du Commanders, and four Du Commanders, all of whom had experience in the Department and Du Shi. There is one person each for the chief officer, deputy director, and official. The warden is the warden, and there is one person each for the warehouse, the pasture, the ambassador, and the deputy ambassador.

The capital command and envoys department is established, and the officials are the same as the capital commander and envoys department. Among the officers, there is one person who is responsible for the affairs, called Zhangyin, or Dusi for short, and his position is above the two divisions of Bu and An. "History of the Ming Dynasty·Zhiguanzhi 5" says: "Everyone is in charge of the military and administration of one side, and each leads his own bodyguard, so he is subordinate to the five governments and listens to the Ministry of War."

The commander of the bodyguard makes the chief officer the same as the Jingwei. . The external guards are all under the control of Dusi and Xingdusi. Below the Wei is the Qianhu Office, and the Qianhu Office has jurisdiction over the Hundred Household Office. There is one person in the Qianhu household, two people in the deputy Qianhu household, and two people in the town and governor. He belongs to the official category. There are 10 100-household offices under the jurisdiction of Qianhu, with 10 people from 100-households, 20 people in the general banner, and 100 people in the small banner.

The prison was under the control of the governor. All guard posts are under the jurisdiction of the Dusi, and the Dusi is in turn subordinate to the Governor's Office of the Five Armies. Under the Self-Defense Force, most of its officers and soldiers were hereditary, which was one of the special systems of the Ming Dynasty.

The title of Governor in the Dudu Mansion was later changed to a vacant official rank, while the officer in charge of the army had to add titles such as chief soldier, deputy chief soldier, staff general, guerrilla general, garrison, and general commander. "History of the Ming Dynasty·Zhiguanzhi 5": "Those who guard one side of the main town are garrison, those who guard all the way alone are garrison, those who each guard one city and one fort are garrison, and those who guard the same city with the general are garrison. There are also admirals, The positions of commander-in-chief and deputy commander-in-chief must be filled by those with the title of duke, marquis, uncle, or governor. Those who are called generals are called Generals of Zhengnan in Yunnan, Generals of Zhengxi in Datong, Generals of Pingman in Huguang, and Generals of Zhengman in Liangguang. Those who are in Jizhen, Guizhou, Huguang, Sichuan and Chuanyun Huai'an are not allowed to be called generals with the seal of Xuande. During the period, the Shanxi and Shaanxi general corps were established. During the Jiajing period, the Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Huguang general corps were divided into four. The Fujian and Baoding deputy general corps were changed to the general corps, and the Zhejiang general corps was added.

During the Wanli period, additional general troops were established in Lintao and Shanhai. By the end of the Ming Dynasty, the number of general military officers had increased so many that it was impossible to remember. In the Ming Dynasty, the General Soldier was originally a commission without rank, but in the Qing Dynasty it was a regular military position with a rank of two.

In addition, there are military and civilian prefectures, Tuzhou, and Tuxian, and their official settings are the same as those of prefectures, prefectures, and counties.

The highest official in charge of Tianjin Guard is the Commander of Tianjin Guard, a military officer of the third rank. Professor He said that in the early days of the Ming Dynasty, the central government had three officials and three orphans. But these are basically honorary titles rather than actual awards. It is the Zhongshu Province established by the central government that handles specific government affairs, which controls the affairs of the Prime Minister and the Prime Minister, including the six ministries of official affairs, household affairs, etiquette, military affairs, punishment, and work. By 1380, Zhu Yuanzhang abolished the system of Zhongshu Sheng and the Prime Minister, and divided the power of Zhongshu Sheng and the Prime Minister into six ministries. The six ministers were directly responsible to the emperor for handling state affairs. In addition, there are some functional departments such as Dali Temple with judicial functions and the Metropolitan Procuratorate, which is equivalent to the current disciplinary inspection department.

At the local level, the Ming Dynasty established a chief minister in each province. There was one chief minister on the left and one on the right, who were the highest chief executives of the province; there was one chief minister who was responsible for judicial matters; The responsibility for military defense falls on the shoulders of the commander-in-chief. It can be said that the three divisions have clearly defined powers and responsibilities.

In the Qing Dynasty, the governor was in charge of the military and civil affairs of a province. His official rank is equivalent to the current provincial governor or provincial party secretary. It is famous for "touring the world, pacifying the army and caring for the people". In the Qing Dynasty, the grades of local officials were: governor, who also held the title of right censor of the capital procuratorate, the second rank, and added the title of Minister of the Ministry of War, from the first rank; governor, who also held the title of right deputy censor of the capital procuratorate, from the second rank, He was given the title of Minister of the Ministry of War and was promoted to the second rank. The official title of the governor-general was slightly higher than that of the governor. In the early period, the governor-general's power was far greater than that of the governor. For example, the governor-general of Liangjiang had jurisdiction over the three provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, and Jiangxi as a rule. However, in the later period, the governor-general of Anhui and Jiangxi no longer took orders from the governor.

Three divisions beat one animal

The answer is: tiger

Three divisions? [sānsī]

Word book

[sānsī]

1. Refers to the three public figures. "Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Chronicles of Emperor Shun": "The current governor and the selection of two thousand stones are assigned to the three divisions." Li Xian's note: "The three divisions are the three princes, namely Taiwei, Sikong and Situ." Jin Tao Qian's "Jin" According to "The Biography of Shi Mengfu Jun, the Commander of the General in the Expedition to the West": "Yuanming's father, Taichang Kui, asked Dan: 'If the king is here, should he be regarded as an official?' The answer is: 'I am a member of the third division.'" Tang Dynasty Zhang said in "He Li Fei's Shinto Stele Inscription": "Therefore, if you sit down and talk about teachings, your position will be compared to three divisions; if you move and have support, you will have six ranks of rituals." See "Three Gongs".

2. In the Tang Dynasty, the Yushi Dafu, Zhongshu and Menxia were the three departments in charge of punishment and prison. "New Book of Tang·Hundred Officials Three": "Anyone who has been wronged but has not complained will be questioned by the three divisions. The three divisions are called Yushi Dafu, Zhongshu, and Menxia."

3. Tang and Song Dynasties Yantie, Duzhi, and Hubu are the three departments responsible for financial management. "Zizhi Tongjian·Tang Zhaoxuan Emperor Tian_Three Years": "In March of Wuyin, Zhu Quanzhong was appointed as the envoy of the three departments of Yantie, Duzhi and Hubu. The name of the three departments began from this." "Xu Tong Zhi·Official Officials 4": "The three divisions started in the late Tang Dynasty, and the Five Dynasties attached great importance to their duties. In the Song Dynasty, they were exclusively responsible for finance and wealth, and they were all led by important ministers."

4. In the Song Dynasty, Guangzhou, Mingzhou, and Hangzhou established municipal shipping departments, which were mainly responsible for foreign trade, and were collectively referred to as the three departments. "History of the Song Dynasty·Food and Goods Chronicles Part II": "In the ninth year of Xining, Meng, the engineer of the Jixian Hall, dismissed the ships from Hangzhou and Mingzhou, and all the ships were subordinated to the Guangzhou First Division. He ordered Meng to discuss it in detail with the Third Division. "Fan Wenlan, Cai Meibiao and others, Chapter 2, Section 4, "General History of China": "In 1971, Emperor Taizong destroyed the Southern Han Dynasty and established a shipping department in Guangzhou and later established a shipping department in Hangzhou and Mingzhou. Si, together with Guangzhou, is known as the "Three Si", which is the main foreign trade port in the Northern Song Dynasty."

5. In the Ming Dynasty, each province had a command department, a chief administrative department, and an inspection department, which were responsible for military affairs, civil affairs, and justice. Collectively known as the Three Divisions. "History of the Ming Dynasty·Zhiguanzhiyi": "There are three peripheral departments: Du, Bu, and Yin, which are divided into Bingxing Qiangu, and their assessment is subject to the government department.

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