Freud - his person, his events, and his books

Date 2005-01-13 22:43:00 | Article topic: Sexologist

< p>A person who is undoubtedly favored by his mother will have a feeling of conqueror throughout his life.

It is a kind of successful self-confidence, and this self-confidence often leads to real success.

1. The life of Freud

A person who is undoubtedly loved by his mother will have a feeling of conqueror throughout his life.

He is a conqueror. A kind of successful self-confidence, and this self-confidence often leads to real success.

Original text: Freud, Collected Works, Hogarth Press, London, 1952, Xol. IV, P.367

Excerpt from: Freud's Mission, by Fromm, Translated by Meng Xiangsen, Buffalo Press 19918, p.18

On May 6, 1985, Sigmund Freud was in Freiberg in Moravia, Austria-Hungary. Now Czechoslavia) was born into a Jewish family. Freud's ancestors, like all Jews, had no fixed residence:

...I have reason to believe that my father's family has settled on the Rhine River (near Cologne) for a long time, but because In the 14th and 5th centuries, the Jews were persecuted and they fled eastward; in the 19th century, they moved back to German Austria from Lithuania via Galicia.

(Excerpted from Freud’s biography, translated by Liao Yunfan, Xinchao Wenku 18, p. 8)

Freud’s father was engaged in the woolen fabric trade, and the business was not very good. Good; his mother, Amalia Ray Floyd, is a devout Jew, smart, kind, and thrifty. In addition, Floyd had two half-brothers, two younger brothers and five younger sisters; there were 12 people in the family.

Due to business failure and evading military service in 1860, Jacob Freud and his family came to Vienna. Freud was only four years old at the time. Before the age of ten, Freud received his education at home. His mother cared for him and loved him very much. He had excellent intelligence since he was a child, and his parents did their best to train him. Although the family was not rich, he was He had his own gas lamp in the bedroom; although his mother loved the piano, at his insistence, he moved his sister's piano away to avoid disturbing his studies; therefore, no one in the family received any music education.

Freud’s father was a very strict man, but he was honest, simple, kind-hearted, helpful, optimistic, confident, and strong. Freud described his father as an optimist like Micawber in Dickens's novel "David Copperfield". Freud had inherited his father's qualities. When he was seven years old, his father asked Freud to read the Bible, which shows his strict education and religious devotion to his son. The fact that he was able to read the Bible at the age of seven also shows Freud's superior intelligence.

In 1865, nine-year-old Freud was admitted to a college a year early. During his schooling, he showed his intelligence. He ranked among the best for seven consecutive years and received special treatment. He never had to Take the class test. Perhaps it was the Talmud knowledge education given to him by his father, or perhaps it was the fact that Jews were always in an oppressed position. When Freud was in college, his ambition was to study law and engage in social activities. In addition to the prescribed homework, he also read a large number of extracurricular readings, covering a wide range of topics, especially literature, which Freud loved very much; he most respected Greek stories, Shakespeare and Goethe. In his later articles, he wrote a lot The content involving this aspect is not unrelated to the foundation laid in middle school.

In a speech on the eve of graduation, Professor Karl Brewer recited Goethe's essay "On Nature" (Note 1), which made Freud give up his long-cherished wish to engage in legal work. "Decided to become a medical student." The influence of this essay on Freud cannot be verified, but he mentioned in his autobiography: "I am driven by a kind of curiosity, and this curiosity is more about concern for human beings, and Not for other things". An essay on nature made Freud care about human beings instead of nature, which shows his unique way of thinking.

In 1873, Freud was admitted to the Medical College of the University of Vienna with excellent results. In college, Freud, as usual, dabbled in a wide range of topics, listening to all lectures and reading all books. No one knew where he was going to learn, not even himself. In fact, Freud had a very unhappy time when he first entered college:

When I first entered college in 1873, I felt extremely disappointed, especially when I discovered that because I was a Jew, everyone Expect me to feel inferior or feel like a foreigner who doesn't belong.

…In addition, in my first year of college, I discovered that due to the characteristics and limitations of my talents, I was destined to fail in the scientific fields that I was originally passionate about, so I understood the devil in "Faust" The true meaning of Mephistopheles' warning: "It is in vain to search extensively for science; each man can learn only what he can learn." (Faust, Part 1) . )

(Excerpt from Freud’s Autobiography, Xinchao Library 18, p. 9)

In his sophomore year of college, Freud once again showed his intelligence. Participated in a series of research activities, achieved excellent results, and was selected as one of the first batch of intern students to go to the Animal Experiment Station in Trieste. In the experimental station, Freud conducted a paper on the gonad structure of eels and achieved important results; his paper was read by Professor Kraus at a meeting of the Academy of Sciences and published in the "Journal" of the Academy of Sciences. This time The results increased Freud's confidence.

In 1876, Freud entered Brooke's Institute of Physiology as a research assistant. In Freud's words: "I found a home and full satisfaction, and at the same time I also found someone who should be respected and can be respected." A person who is regarded as a role model. "Ernst Brücke, Freud's role model, was one of the founders of the Berlin Physical Society. Since entering this institute, Freud's passion for scientific truth has been ignited. Brooke was Freud's lifelong teacher. Twenty years later, when he was already famous all over the world, he also said to his student E. Jones:

He is a conscious and ignorant person. The tired laborer...is a man who has no idea how to play tricks and make changes. When looking at students, he only looks at talent. He taught and protected his students like a father, and he required more than just knowledge from his students. But he respects students' personal opinions and encourages them to let go and do their original work, even if their opinions are different, thus benefiting every talented student.

(Excerpted from Freud, written by Chen Xiaowen, Dongda Books, p.7)

Brook appointed Freud to specialize in nervous system histology, although this is not very Although it suited his taste, he continued to study it seriously, and in 1877 he presented his first research result, "The Form and Structure of the Gonads of Eels." Brooke thought that this report was very satisfactory for a novice and recommended it be published in the Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences. In 1878, Freud used the nerve cell staining technique with gold-chlorine compounds to study the ganglion cells in the spinal cord of the lamprey and the nerve cells of the cricket cricket, and discovered structures similar to what we call neurons today. His discovery was highly praised by Brooke, who believed that it was "far beyond the level of a novice" and recommended it to the Journal of the Academy of Sciences again.

In 1881, Freud received his "late" doctoral degree in medicine. Due to his difficult financial situation, he accepted Brooke's suggestion and left the Institute of Physiology to work as a physician at the Vienna General Hospital. A clinical assistant physician (aspirant). According to biographers, economic factors were not the main reason why Freud gave up the study of physiology. The main reason was his fiancée, Martha Bernays.

Freud’s fiancée Martha was elegant and beautiful in appearance, but Freud focused on inner beauty. In a letter to Martha, he wrote: "Don't forget that "beauty" can only last a few years, but we have to live together for a lifetime; once the glory of youth is in the past, the only thing that is beautiful is It is the kindness and understanding shown in your heart that is what makes you better than others.” Martha's family was a prominent Jewish family. On June 17, 1882, despite the opposition of her family, Martha and Floyd had a private life-long marriage. Until they got married on September 14, 1886, Floyd suffered gained the reputation of "charlatan".

In 1884, Freud found cocaine from the Merck Chemical Company whose function had not yet been understood, and studied its physiological effects. The desire to become famous and start a family made Freud invest in this research. With great enthusiasm and energy, we have indeed made great progress. During this period, he was also preparing to clarify that the anesthetic effect of cocaine and the anesthetic efficacy of local surgery needed to be further confirmed. These results should have been written into the paper, but he could not wait any longer, so he hurriedly completed the paper and wrote it down. The unfinished experiment was handed over to his friend, the ophthalmologist Koenigstein. In September 1884, Freud returned from his meeting with Martha and found that Karl Kohler had preemptively read out the results of cocaine anesthesia. He lost an opportunity to become famous and his family was ruined. In addition, because many people became addicted to cocaine, which became a major problem in society, Freud's paper gave him the reputation of a "charlatan".

During this period, Freud had been interning at the Vienna General Hospital. Due to his outstanding work, he was promoted to a resident internist and expanded his research topics to the human central nervous system, thus integrating medicine. Start studying neurological diseases. In the spring of 1885, due to his histological and clinical papers, Freud was appointed as a lecturer in neuropathology, and on the recommendation of Brooke, he received a considerable bonus. In the autumn of that year, he finally became a professor of neuropathology. student at the Salpêtrière Medical School.

At the beginning of his further studies, Schacau did not notice this foreign student from Austria. Freud just studied in obscurity until Schacau expressed his hope that someone would translate his recent lectures into German. After Freud's self-recommendation was accepted, he began to associate with Shakau and participated in all activities of the clinic. Freud's study was mainly in the study of hysteria. Schacco demonstrated the true symptoms and regularity of hysteria and demonstrated the frequent occurrence of male hysteria. (Note 2)

In September 1886, Freud married Martha and continued to work as a physician at the Vienna General Hospital. Between 1886 and 1891, in order to establish his credibility in the treatment of neurosis and protect his material life, Freud did not engage in any research work until 1895 when he co-authored "On Hysteria" with Breuer. Research".

Breuer was an old friend of Freud’s who met at the Bruker Institute. He was one of the most respected family doctors in Vienna and had experience in academic research. The book mainly contains Breuer's research results, emphasizing the significance of emotional life and the importance of distinguishing unconscious mental activities from conscious mental activities. However, it does not discuss much about sexual desire. In the medical records provided by Freud, Sexual factors play a certain role, but the degree of attention paid to sexual desire and the degree of attention paid to other emotional stimuli are basically equal. Freud believed that the theory this study was trying to establish was still very imperfect and did not touch on the underlying causes. root cause of the disease process. In the process of practicing medicine, Freud realized from accumulated experience that the role behind neurotic phenomena is often a sexual instinct, which may be a sexual conflict at the time, or the influence of early sexual experiences. .

Although hypnosis and catharsis play a role in the treatment of neurosis, they have great limitations. First, the patient's "transference" phenomenon, and second, the patient will have periodic relapses and cannot Treat the root cause. In this regard, Freud discovered that deep hypnosis should be used to trace the source of the patient's painful attacks. Therefore, he put forward the view of "repression theory" and used the theory of repression for diagnosis and treatment, exposing repression and allowing patients to replace it with judgmental actions. Freud called it "psychoanalysis". When exploring the causes behind neurosis, Freud traced it back to childhood experiences, believed that people have an "Oedipus complex" and an "Electra complex", and proposed the central concept of "libido".

Because he used sexual issues as the cornerstone of his theory, people were shocked when he heard about it. His relatives and friends broke off all relations with him, and patients did not dare to seek medical treatment. One day in 1897, Freud’s outpatient diary Only remember three people, two are free and one is himself. The pressure of reality forced Freud to make a choice, but he still decided to move on. During this period, Freud kept himself within healthy limits of self-analysis and became interested in dream interpretation. He found that when patients engage in self-association. There are always some narratives about dreams, and it is also found that the patient's hallucinations have some similarities with his dreams. On July 24, 1895, through a complete analysis of his dream, Freud confirmed that "dreams are the fulfillment of wishes." This dream is known as "Irma's injection."

Between 1895 and 1987, Freud analyzed a large number of dreams, drew a series of conclusions, and achieved significant results, so he planned to write a book "The Interpretation of Dreams". In September 1899, the book was handed over to the publishing house for printing and released in November. However, there were very few people interested in it, and the academic community was almost resistant to it. In 1900, Freud changed the title of the book to "On Dreams", retaining the principles of the original work, but making it more simplified and popular. This time it attracted the attention of the British and Russians. In 1913, "The Interpretation of Dreams" began to be published as a book. The book was translated into his own language. The book was translated into many languages ??and spread far and wide. The German version was reprinted 9 times by Freud himself.

1902 was an important year for Freud. In that year, the "Wednesday Psychological Society" was founded, which was the germ of the psychoanalytic movement. In 1908, it was renamed the "Vienna Psychoanalytic Society". Since then, Freud's medical care has improved day by day, and patients from various countries in Central and Europe have come to seek medical treatment. In 1904, Freud published one of his most popular books, "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life", but as a result, he broke off with his good friend Fliess. But by this time, he was no longer alone. He already had his own life. In 1906, Jung joined the group, which made him even more powerful. Since Jung was an Aryan and a Protestant, his group got rid of the name of "Jewish racial science" and became "international" in nature. . Since then, Freud's reputation has grown and his number of disciples has increased. In 1908, 42 scholars from 6 countries held the first International Congress of Psychoanalysis in Salzburg and decided to establish the "Central Journal of Psychoanalysis". ", and soon founded the journal "Imago", trying to apply psychoanalysis to psychological science.

In 1909, Freud was invited to give lectures at Clark University in Massachusetts. In the United States, he received equal treatment and due respect, which boosted his spirits. He recalled: < /p>

...In Europe, I felt that everyone seemed to look down on me; but here, I found that the best people treated me as an equal.

..., I seem to have realized an incredible daydream. Psychoanalysis is no longer a product of fantasy, it has become a valuable part of reality.

(Excerpted from Freud, written by Chen Xiaowen, Dongda Books, p.22)

Between 1911 and 1913, two separatist movements occurred in psychoanalysis. The two were Freud's right-hand assistants - Adler and Jung. The main reason for the split was a conflict of views. Jung opposed the theory of sexual desire and the Oedipus complex; Adler completely denied the importance of sexual desire. Meaning, it is believed that the main cause of mental illness is the unsatisfied power and desire of people, as well as a sense of inferiority. In 1911, Adler formed the Free Psychoanalytic Society and founded individual psychology; in 1914, Jung established analytical psychology. For this reason, at Jones's suggestion, the "Committee to Defend Freud" was established to defend the theory of psychoanalysis. In fact, these two splits not only did not harm the psychoanalytic movement, but made it stronger and more prestigious.

In view of these two splits, Freud carried out organizational readjustments. In 1920, he organized his loyal following of psychoanalysts into a secret core group, and using his own ring as a model, he minted six more and issued them to Rank, Sachs, Abraham, Eddingen, Ferranzi, Jones and six other people, the ring is an Egyptian gemstone, engraved with the head of an old man. They correspond with each other and meet every two years, with additional meetings as necessary. However, this did not prevent new divisions, and Ranke left the organization in 1926, and in 1929, Ferranzi was expelled for his "pansexualist ethics."

Since 1912, Freud has applied psychoanalysis to the fields of aesthetics, religion, mythology, cultural origins, etc., and has successively published "Totem and Taboo", "Michelangelo's Moses", " Current Views on War and Death," "Collective Psychology and the Analysis of the Self," "The Future of Fantasy," "Why There is War," "Moses and Monotheism," and other works. Psychoanalysis has now become a social trend of thought. It is no longer a matter of expertise. Freud also established his status as a great thinker, winning the Goethe Prize for Literature in 1930 and being elected as an honorary member of the Royal Society in 1935.

The Nazis invaded Austria in 1938. With the intervention of US President Roosevelt, and with the help of students and friends, Freud was finally able to leave Austria. However, his daughter was arrested by the Nazis, and his sisters also Unable to escape, his four sisters were later murdered by the Nazis. Freud, who arrived safely in London, received unprecedented courtesy. All walks of life expressed their welcome to him. Letters of condolence and telegrams continued, and they could be delivered to him with only "London, Freud". The King of England personally Freud came to visit, and celebrities also came to visit him. What made him excited was that the Royal Society sent him a precious commemorative album that had been passed down from generation to generation since its founding in 1660, and asked him to sign it. Freud finally died in his lifetime. Seeing his name alongside Darwin realized the ideal he had always dreamed of.

In 1939, Freud's condition became increasingly serious. The palate cancer he had suffered from in 1923 had not been cured despite 33 operations. On September 21, 1939, Freud requested The doctor fulfilled his promise of terminal euthanasia and, with her daughter's consent, passed away on September 23, 1939.

...I am not really a scientist, an observer, an experimenter, or a thinker. I am just a "Conquistador" with the temperament of a conqueror - an adventurer. If you want If you barely translate this word, it means a person who has the curiosity, courage, and indomitable spirit of an adventurer.

(Excerpted from Freud’s biography, translated by Liao Yunfan, Xinchao Library 18, p. 201)

2. Instinct theory

Darwin is the origin of living things And purpose found an explanation: instinct. People have many special instincts of their own, and the variety of the human world is largely due to human instincts. Freud revealed the true meaning of instincts in this way:

Human life depends on instincts, and death depends on them. It’s also due to instinct

(Section: Self-Dream, Freud, written by Wang Lei and published by Hanyang, p37)

(1) What is instinct?

Freud believed that behavior is a dynamic system, and the process should be focused on. Behavior requires motivation, so the concept of energy can be used to explain human behavior. He regarded human beings as a complex energy system that must abide by the law of energy conservation, so he used "psychological energy" to explain human behavior, that is, the state of neurophysiological excitement derived from the body.

When instinct causes the body to be excited, it contains a lot of psychological energy and causes psychological tension. Therefore, it will follow the balance laws of physics and seek the release of energy to relieve tension and calm excitement. It is the law of rise and fall of psychological energy.

Instinct always seeks expression, and the result of expression is to be calmed. This process of going from something to nothing, something to nothing, is a kind of reduction. In a broader sense, human birth is a process of creation from nothing, which needs to be balanced and subtracted. The destination of this balance is "death", and the balance between life and death is the greatest restoration.

Instinct has four major characteristics, namely "originality" - the origin of instinct is due to the state or needs of the body; "purpose" - the purpose of instinct is to reduce excitement and tension; "objectivity" "-Instinctive activities must be directed to certain people, things, things in the environment, or special parts of one's own body; "Dynamics"-the energy brought by needs and satisfying needs, providing energy for behavior.

Libido... is a kind of power, instinct... which is to use this power to accomplish its purpose.

~Freud - Introduction to Psychoanalysis

Freud observed the sucking behavior of infants and believed based on the principle of pleasure that the continued venting of experience must be due to the gains gained from it. Pleasure, this instinctive force that drives behavior is Libido - which means "the power of sexual desire and behavior". That is to say, the energy of sexual activities comes from Libido, driving people to seek pleasure. Libido already exists before birth. , it comes into play immediately after birth.

Freud's concept of instinct comes from biology and physics, which makes his view of instinct emphasize primitiveness and animality. However, when extending instinct and using the concept of "self-instinct", The content of socialization has been injected into the instinct. The so-called self-instinct means that people have the ability to regulate their own behavior so that it does not violate social taboos and moral principles. And it can realize the instinct of primitive impulse desire and pleasure, that is, the self-discipline expression of the reality of human society.

(2) Subconsciousness

During his treatment, Freud discovered that many of the hysterical patients he came into contact with were unable to realize some of their own emotional experiences, and were unresponsive to some of their past experiences. The experience cannot be recalled. If the patient can recall the experience and talk about it through hypnosis, the patient will feel relaxed and the disease will be cured. Obviously, it is not that people have forgotten some of their memories, but that they are unable to access these contents and are unable to realize their existence.

Based on this phenomenon, Freud deduced that outside of consciousness, there must be another part of a person, called the "subconscious", which accumulates all kinds of traumatic and incomprehensible things. The emotional experience of acceptance. When the role of human volition is reduced, weakened or inhibited (such as coma, taking drugs, drunkenness, dreaming, etc.), the human mind is active in another state and in another form. This is Subliminal content.

Regarding the relationship between consciousness and subconsciousness, Freud once gave a metaphor: the subconscious mind is like a big house, and closely connected with it is the small house of consciousness. There is a door between the two rooms. There is a gatekeeper standing, responsible for checking the contents passing between the two houses. When unconscious impulses and desires rush to the door, the gatekeeper will block them back. These contents are suppressed and must be resisted. These impulses of repressed content. People live in the interaction between the two; people are influenced and driven by the subconscious, while the conscious mind has to struggle and resist. If such a conflict is not resolved well, it will lead to neurosis.

Freud attaches great importance to the subconscious mind and believes that consciousness is only the visible part of the subconscious mind. He believes that the mind is like an iceberg. The small part above the water is consciousness, while the part immersed in the water is It is the subconscious mind, which accounts for most of the structure of the mind. The subconscious contains all kinds of primitive impulses and instincts of people. Because they are incompatible with social norms and norms, they are suppressed into the subconscious. Simply put, the subconscious is the refuge of instinctive impulses.

(3) Sexual desire and civilization

... In addition to their original functions, the organs of the body also have sexual meaning, and if sex requires too much of them If it is strong, the original function will be restricted.

~Freud - Introduction to Psychoanalysis

In Freud's era, "sex" was certainly inappropriate, but he did not agree with this view and believed that Sex is an instinct, a "happy impulse" and a "source of pleasure", and it extends the meaning of sex to many other human behaviors - "Most compulsive actions are masturbation in a different form, and masturbation is visible It is the only basic movement for various sexual fantasies." This is why others criticize Freud for being "pansexual."

The reason why Freud attached great importance to sex was because he believed that the root cause of neurosis was the result of repressed sexual desire. Therefore, sex became the basis for his explanation of normal and abnormal behaviors and the basis for his treatment of patients. Freud's era was deeply influenced by the Victorian rule. It was an era where even thinking about sex was sinful. Therefore, he attributed the cause of sexual perversion to the repression of civilization; because sex is instinctive, primitive, and uncivilized. , but society regards sex as "improper" and forces people to leave sex and behave in a "moral" way, causing pressure from two aspects. Therefore, people will become abnormal; sex will seek transformation in a disguised and pretentious way, and there will be various sexual perversions.

(4) Death Instinct

Freud simplified and classified all instincts into two categories: life and death. At first, Freud did not establish the concept of death instinct, but after experiencing the First World War, he could not explain the motivations of human beings' cruel killings, so he concluded that there must be an innate desire to die in human nature.

Since people have the instinct to live and attack, when they attack in order to survive, they are actually accepting death. Just like animals attacking each other, one of the two sides must eventually face it. Death, in other words, the victim of the attack may be the other party, or he may be himself. In order to survive, he must face death during the attack. In an abstract sense, no matter who is the victim, the essence is the same, they are all against each other. The trampling of life.

3. Content of personality

The id is the cry of the heart;

The superego is the reprimand of the brain;

The self is the mouth modification.

~The Interpreter of Dreams, written by Wang Lei, Shengyi Culture, p69

(1) I-Happy Id

The so-called Id refers to the original "I" of a person, a person who has not yet put on the cloak of civilization; that is, the biological self, the expression of pure animality. Freud believed that since the ego is biological, it is of course indispensable in a person's life and an eternal component of personality, because people cannot do without the satisfaction of biological needs.

So what is the role of the id? The answer is actually very simple. Since it is biological, of course it is to satisfy human biological needs, that is, biological impulses, to seek direct and immediate gratification without any conditions or disguises; the id acts in accordance with the "pleasure principle", Its function is to seek happiness and strive for the satisfaction of various carnal desires. Happiness is always needed, so the self cannot bear to be suppressed, nor will it disappear or weaken due to suppression. It will only change directions and objects to indirectly satisfy needs.

(2) Superego - Conscience and Ideal (superego)

Our civilization is responsible for our suffering. If we abandon it and return to the original situation, we will be happier.

~Freud - Civilization and dissatisfaction with civilization

In a civilized society, the self will not be so free and easy, and civilization will reshape it in its own way Man, this is the law of civilization, replacing instinctive primitiveness and happiness with solemnity and majesty.

Conscience is a taboo strengthened by society in various ways to suppress and restrain instincts. When people gradually internalize these dogmas, they establish ethical and moral norms in their consciousness, and behave in accordance with the regulations of society. , even ideologically according to the regulations of society. Simply put, to acquire conscience is to develop a "sense of right and wrong," which is a set of criteria for judging right and wrong, good and evil, to monitor oneself and interpret the external environment. actually. The acquisition of conscience is the spiritual replica of social norms, and this result is obtained at the cost of self-repression.

In addition to the establishment of conscience, people will also establish a set of self-ideals, that is, expectations for themselves. Since it is an ideal, there will of course be a gap between it and reality. Therefore, self-ideal has become people's new social life goal. When people get closer to these ideal goals, they will become farther and farther away from themselves, and the price is Losing one's true nature and suppressing one's instincts so that one cannot obtain his or her own satisfaction.

Freud believed that conscience and self-ideal constitute the superego in personality, which is to transcend the individual's original ontology and pursue the purification of the soul. The superego is mainly established in childhood and is influenced by parents (Note 3). Through long-term family life, people turn the social morality of their parents and ancestors into their own. The superego thus established is full of rules and regulations and forces people to abide by them; once violated, guilt will occur and even a strong sense of guilt.

(3) Self-Reality Compromise (ego)

Everyone needs happiness. The happiness Freud refers to is the original happiness obtained by satisfying instincts, not ordinary happiness. The meaning of happiness, and physical happiness and spiritual nobility are two different things that are never compatible. Therefore, within the personality, there must be a fierce conflict between the superego and the id. Such a conflict is definitely not what people want to face. Therefore, Freud believed that personality has a third structure - the self.

According to Freud's point of view, if people only live in the world of the id, society will be full of dangers; if people only live in the world of the superego, society will be full of emptiness, so there is "Self" is needed to adjust both parties so that there can still be some happiness in an unhappy world.

The ego is the adjuster and lubricant of personality. It can discern the impulses of the ego with vigilance, understand the requirements of the superego, and sensitively seek ways to satisfy the ego in reality. This is just like a person's knee joint, which regulates the movement of the calf and thigh. However, just as knee joint problems are prone to occur, once the self-adjusting function decreases or fails, neurological symptoms will occur.

4. Sexual perversion

For the satisfaction of sexual needs, Freud proposed two terms, namely: "sexual object" - a person who exudes sexual attraction People, things; and "sexual aim" - the goal towards which sexual impulses strive.

(1) Variation of sexual objects

It is said that the single-sex ancients were cut into two halves - men and women, through love, struggled to merge again. Therefore, when the man's sex When the object is not a woman, people will be surprised. Freud called such people "sexual perversions" and believed that the number was never too small.

1. Sexual perversion (meaning homosexuality)

There are three types of sexual perversion: one is completely perverted, and its sexual object must always be the same sex; They are amphibious perverts, and some people become perverts occasionally, mostly because normal sexual objects are out of reach or imitated.

For sexual inversion, Freud gave the reason why it is not "degeneration" (Note 4), because except for sexual behavior, other parts of sexual inversion are the same as ordinary people. Not only are their abilities intact, but they have achieved a high degree of mental development and moral cultivation. In ancient civilizations, sexual inversions often had great significance, and were also very popular among primitive peoples and barbarians.

As for the causes of sexual perversions, Freud believed that only in the first extreme case, it can be assumed that sexual perversions are congenital, but some sexual perversions appear outside childhood or adulthood. Influences (same-sex relationships, wartime partners, prison terms, celibate life...) can also lead to the fixation of sexual inversions. Therefore, whether it is innate or learned, it cannot alone explain everything.

(Note 5)

It is generally believed that the sexual objects of sexual inverts are opposite to those of ordinary people. Male perverts are like women. Freud believed that this is not entirely correct. Many male perverts He behaves like a great husband without showing much