Legendary lifelong education background
William shakespeare, a great playwright and poet in the English Renaissance, 1 1564 was born in Stratford, Varvik, central England on April 23rd. His father Jone Shakespeare is a grocer in wool, leather manufacturing and grain business. 1565, Shakespeare (1 1) served as the town civil administrator, and was elected as the mayor three years later. When Shakespeare was seven years old, he was sent to a local grammar school, where he studied for six years and mastered the basic skills and rich knowledge of writing. Besides, he also studied Latin and Greek. But because his father went bankrupt, he failed to graduate and embarked on the road of making a living alone. 1577 was picked up by my father from school, and I have to help my father do business for a while. He was an apprentice in a butcher shop, taught in a rural school and engaged in various other occupations, which made him gain a lot of social experience. We have every reason to believe that Shakespeare was extraordinary when he was a student. Legend has it that he worked as a teacher in the countryside when he was young. There are also rumors that he once poached in the land of a rich man named Thomas Lucy and a local administrator, but Lucy's housekeeper found him and he was beaten. Out of revenge, Shakespeare wrote a limerick satirizing the rich. It didn't take long for this poem to spread all over the country. Wherever the rich man goes, someone always laughs at him with this limerick. Thomas squire was very angry and prepared to find a way to punish Shakespeare. Shakespeare was forced to leave Strafford Town and take refuge in London.
Troupe experience
When Shakespeare lived in a small town in Strafford, he was already very familiar with theatrical performances. There are often some touring troupes performing in Strafford town. 1582, she married jacqueline hathaway, the daughter of a farmer. 1585, she had a son, Hamlet (named after Thomas Kyd's tragic hero Hamlet). 1586 or 1587 arrived in London, when drama was rapidly becoming popular. First, he worked as a groom and handyman in the theater, then joined the troupe, worked as an actor, director and screenwriter, and finally became a shareholder in the theater; He started writing around 1588, first adapting his predecessors' plays, and soon began to write independently. By the end of 1590, Shakespeare had become an actor and playwright in one of the top theatrical troupes in London, which was the "Home Secretary Sacrifice Troupe" run by James burbage. Later, Shakespeare proved to people that he was a down-to-earth and noble man. He became a shareholder in the troupe and soon won the respect and love of his colleagues. At that time, the theater was full of "university talents" with Oxford and Cambridge backgrounds. A famous playwright once wrote an article scornfully mocking Shakespeare, a "vulgar cloth" and a "nouveau riche crow", who dared to be compared with a "noble genius"! But Shakespeare later won the support and love of the audience, including college students' groups. The students performed some Shakespeare's plays at school after school, such as Hamlet and Wrong Comedy. 1597 Go back to your hometown to buy real estate and spend the last time of your life. Although he received a good basic education, he didn't go to college. 1598, the great scholar F. Mills listed Shakespeare's plays before the age of 35 in his treasure house of wisdom and praised his comedies and tragedies.
They are "unparalleled" and can be said to be the first-class opera poets in ancient times. But he never published his own play before his death. The success of writing made Shakespeare win the favor of Lord Southampton, who became his protector. In the early 1990s, Shakespeare dedicated his two long poems Venus and adonis and the Shame of Lucretius to the Lord, and wrote some sonnets for the Lord. With the help of the Lord, Shakespeare entered the aristocratic culture salon, giving him an opportunity to observe and understand the upper class, expanding his life vision and providing a rich source for his later creation. Since 1594, the troupe to which he belongs has been sheltered by the palace minister and is called "the palace minister troupe". 1596, he applied for the title of "gentleman" and the right to own the coat of arms in the name of his father, and bought considerable real estate in three times. 1603, James I succeeded to the throne, and his troupe was renamed "King Sacrifice Troupe". He and the actors in the troupe were appointed as attendants of the court. Therefore, in addition to frequent tours, the troupe often performs in the court, and Shakespeare's plays are famous in all walks of life. Shakespeare has lived in London for more than twenty years, while his wife has been living in Stratford. He retired and returned to his hometown of Stratford when he was close to his fate (about 16 12). 1665438+On April 23rd, 2006, Shakespeare died unfortunately around his 52nd birthday and was buried in Trinity Church. Leave a will before death.
Emotional problem
Shakespeare is a famous homosexual, and all his sonnets are written for his homosexuals. According to British media reports, a British recently
The collector of Shakespeare's former residence (19) reconfirmed his identity in a family oil painting. It turns out that this beautiful "woman" is none other than the legendary gay couple in Shakespeare's works-Henry Riotsley III, Earl of Southampton. Alec Cobb, who discovered this "amazing" oil painting and inherited all the art collections, said in an interview that he always thought that the person in the painting was a lady named Norton since he was a child, because the words Mrs. Norton were written on the back of the oil painting. But a few years ago, an accidental art collector told Cobb that he thought the people in the painting were not women, but men disguised as women. It was not until the beginning of this year that Cobb began to re-examine his true identity. The history of this painting can be traced back to the end of 16. The Earl of Southampton in the painting is painted with makeup, lipstick on his lips, exquisite earrings on his left ear and long hair hanging down to his chest, which looks very feminine. The National Trusteeship Association, the authoritative organization of British historical relics, has confirmed that the painting is authentic. This painting was completed from 1590 to 1593, when Shakespeare was living in the house of Earl III of Southampton. Although Shakespeare, a great literary master, married Anna Hathaway, his true sexual orientation has always been a controversial topic in literary critics. The legend that the Earl of Southampton is gay has a long history, and his relationship with Shakespeare is even more confusing. The count once hosted Shakespeare in his apartment, and Shakespeare's famous sonnets were dedicated to a handsome young man who was "as beautiful as a woman". However, some people think that the first ten capitals of the sonnet are advocating the family line and cannot be understood as being written for a boyfriend. Many historians have verified that the admiration in Shakespeare's poems is probably aimed at this handsome boyfriend who is easy to pretend to be a woman. 16 16 Shakespeare died on his 52nd birthday and was buried in Trinity Church. The day he died was the same as the day he was born. Leave a will before death. His two portraits, which are said to be reliable, are busts in the church and portraits of Droshute. His handwriting has six signatures and a three-page manuscript of Sir Thomas More. At present, it has not been determined which troupe Shakespeare's early plays were written for. The title page of Titus Antelo Knicks published by 1594 shows that this work has been performed by three different troupes. After the Black Death raged from 1592 to 1593, Shakespeare's plays were performed by his own drama company in theaters and curtain theaters on the north bank of the Thames. Londoners gathered there to watch the first part of Henry IV. When there was a dispute between the troupe and the landlord of the theater, they demolished the original theater and built the Globe Theatre with wood, which was the first theater built by actors for actors, located on the south bank of the Thames. The Globe Theatre opened in the autumn of 1599, and Julius Caesar was the first drama to be performed. Most of the successful works after Shakespeare 1599 were created for the Globe Theatre, including Hamlet, Othello and King Lear. 1603, the court ministers' troupe was renamed the king's troupe, and the troupe established a special relationship with the new king James I. Although the performance records were incomplete, it was from 1 604165438+10/to1605. After 1608, they performed at the indoor Black Friar Theatre in winter and at the Globe Theatre in summer. The indoor theater is full of Jamestown I style and beautifully decorated, which is convenient for Shakespeare to introduce more exquisite stage equipment. For example, in cymbeline, "Jupiter rode down an eagle in the thunder and threw a thunderbolt; Ghosts kneel. " The actors of Shakespeare Company include the famous richard burbage, William Kemp, Henry Condell and John Hemmings. Burbage played the leading role in the premieres of many Shakespeare plays, including Richard III, Hamlet, Othello and King Lear. William Kemp, a famous comedian, plays the servant Peter in Romeo and Juliet and Daubry in other roles. /kloc-At the end of 0/6th century, he was replaced by Robert Amin, who played the role of a jester in Happy Everyone and King Lear. 16 13, the writer Henry Wharton thought that Henry VIII "described many spectacular ceremony scenes". However, on June 29th, when the play was staged at the Globe Theatre, the cannon lit the roof and the theatre was burned down, which was a rare and accurately recorded event in Shakespeare's drama era. During the period from 1593 to 1594, Shakespeare published two narrative poems with the theme of sex: Venus and adonis and Lucretius's Chastity, which he dedicated to the Earl of Southampton, henry wriothesley. In Venus and adonis, naive adonis refused Venus' sexual demands, while in Lux Lost her virginity, Lux, a chaste wife, was raped by lecherous tarquin. Influenced by Ovid's Metamorphosis, this poem shows the crime and moral confusion arising from desire. These two poems were so popular that they were reprinted many times during Shakespeare's lifetime. The third narrative poem, Complaining about Lovers, tells the story of a young woman who regrets being seduced by her suitors. Included in Sonnets, the first edition published in 1609. Most scholars now accept the view that The Lover's Complaints was written for Shakespeare. Critics believe that the excellent quality of this poem was damaged by the heavy result. Phoenix and turtledove mourn the death of the legendary immortal bird and loyal turtledove. 1599 The Enthusiastic Pilgrim included two early poems: 14, Op. 138, Op. 144. 1609, Shakespeare published Sonnets, which is his last non-dramatic work. Scholars can't confirm the completion time of each of 154 sonnets, but there is evidence that Shakespeare wrote these sonnets for a private reader throughout his creative career. Earlier, two unauthorized sonnets appeared in "Enthusiastic Pilgrim" published by 1599. Francis Mills, an English writer, once mentioned "the sweet sonnets circulated among close friends" in 1598. A few analysts believe that the published works are based on Shakespeare's intentional arrangement. It seems that he has planned two opposite series: one is about a dark-skinned married woman's uncontrollable desire; The other is about the pure love of a white youth. It is not clear whether these characters represent real people or the "I" in the poems represents Shakespeare himself, although william wordsworth, a British poet, thinks that "Shakespeare opened his heart" in these sonnets. The version of 1609 is dedicated to a "Mr. W.H.", and the dedication calls him the "only begetter" of these poems. Whether this dedication was written by Shakespeare himself or added by the publisher Thomas Thorpe remains a mystery. Thorpe's initials appear at the end of the dedication page. Despite a lot of academic research, it is still unknown who Mr. W. H. is, or even whether Shakespeare authorized the publication of this book. Critics praised sonnets for profoundly reflecting the essence of love, sex, reproduction, death and time. In the creative stage, Shakespeare wrote thirty-seven plays (thirty-eight, if you add two aristocratic relatives written with Fletcher), two narrative poems Venus and adonis, The Shame of Lucretius and one hundred and fifty-four sonnets in more than 20 years. His plays are mostly based on historical records, novels, folklore and old plays, which reflect the historical reality of the transition from feudal society to capitalist society and publicize the humanitarian thought and human nature view of the emerging bourgeoisie. On the one hand, he borrowed extensively from ancient drama, English medieval drama and emerging culture and art in Europe, on the other hand, he deeply observed life, understood society and grasped the pulse of the times, which enabled Shakespeare to create many vivid characters and paint a broad and colorful picture of social life, and was famous for his blending of sadness and joy, poetic and picturesque, unity in contradiction and change, philosophy of life and critical spirit.
Four tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth and King Lear. The four tragedies do not include Romeo and Juliet. Other tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, Titus Antelo Knicks, Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra (Cleopatra), Ko Leoline Nas, the besieged city of Troy, Timon in Athens, etc.
Four comedies: The Merchant of Venice, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Everybody is Happy and Twelfth Night.
Other comedies: Wrong Comedy, All is well with a good ending, Much ado about nothing, tit for tat, The Tempest, The Taming of the Shrew, Merry Wives of Windsor, Love in vain, Two Gentlemen of Verona, Prince Pelex of Tyre, cymbeline and Winter. Some people even list much ado about nothing as tragicomedy (drama) among the four major comedies.
historical play
Henry IV, Henry V, Henry VI, Henry VIII, King John, Richard II and Richard III.