When the Ptolemaic Dynasty began to rule Egypt, all land in Egypt nominally belonged to the king, but the royal family could grant it, such as to temples, private individuals, military personnel, etc. The main land management system in the kingdom is the tenancy system. Free farmers are the main producers. They sign contracts with landowners and guarantee that they will not leave the land from sowing to harvesting. The contract has a mandatory element. If the term is to be continuously extended, the tenants need to make various guarantees, etc. Greek and Macedonian military immigrants often rent their land to Egyptian farmers. In addition, farmers could lease land from the royal family, and could also rent seeds, production tools, farm animals, and sometimes even residences. The types of crops grown in the fields were determined by the government and strictly controlled by local officials.

However, the Ptolemaic government has many and heavy miscellaneous assets, such as land, houses, gardens, poultry, livestock, slaves, heads, property inheritance, sales and transactions, checkpoint transportation, various items, various All activities are taxable. Except for land taxes, which are paid in kind, most of these taxes are paid in currency. The kingdom sometimes implements a tax package system for simplicity. Many farmers could not bear the heavy taxes and fled. Or they could take refuge in the temple and become "hieroi" (hieroi) or slaves of the temple to enjoy many tax-free privileges, but they needed to provide various labor services for the temple. Otherwise, these farmers who cannot pay government taxes will become state-owned slaves temporarily or long-term. These state-owned slaves mainly perform various labor services for the government, such as building dams, opening canals, etc., and sometimes also engage in agricultural labor. Many farmers were temporarily slaves to the state because they could not pay taxes. Some scholars believe that these state slaves may not have lost their personal freedom. In addition, slavery was prevalent in the Ptolemaic Kingdom. In addition to state-owned slaves and temple slaves who were unable to pay state taxes, it also included private slaves.

Ptolemy’s government adopted a rather extreme state monopoly system, and the scope of the monopoly was quite broad. The state monopolized not only mining, salt, wine, spices, glass, pottery, etc., but also foreign trade, banks and other businesses. Activities are also within the scope of state control. This system is not limited to Egypt, but also applies to other territories in the kingdom. The strict tax system and strict monopoly allowed the Ptolemaic Kingdom to collect as much wealth as possible.

The Ptolemaic Dynasty provided various facilities to enhance commercial competitiveness, encourage people to engage in trade and improve production quality. The government improved the business environment by building ports, roads, and rebuilding canals from the Nile to the Red Sea. Expeditions were even sent to develop new trade markets, which made Egyptian trade very prosperous and the commodities were quite diverse, including Arabic spices, Iberian silver, Indian gold, and even Chinese silk, which can be seen in the market of Alexandria. , allowing the government and businessmen to benefit a lot.