/kloc-in the 0/4th century, there was no oil painting art in Europe. At first, wax and animal glue were used for painting. Because wax can only be dissolved by fire, it is called "hot painting". With the development of handicraft industry in the Middle Ages, painting technology was also improved, resulting in the "wet mural" technology. Later, it developed into "Tempura" painting, which was called pastel painting and egg powder painting. It was not until the end of14th century and the beginning of15th century that the Dutch painter Van Eyck discovered that linseed oil and walnut oil were an ideal blending agent after repeated experiments and comparisons. When painting with this oil, the strokes can be smooth, the paint can be dried for a moderate time on the screen, and it is easy to cover and decorate many times during painting, and it is easy to connect when painting, forming rich color levels and glossiness. After drying, the coating has strong adhesion, is not easy to peel off and fade, and has stable color. These advantages are the technical secrets that predecessors long for. As an ideal technology, this new method quickly spread all over the world and became an important painting in the modern world.
Oil painting is to use transparent vegetable oil to blend pigments, create artistic images on cloth, paper, wood and other materials, and express the author's thoughts, emotions and aesthetics in the forms of shape, line, light and shade, quality, space and color. Oil painting has a strong expressive force and artistic effect, rich color changes, transparent and thick hierarchical contrast, endless changes in brush strokes and its solid durability, which makes oil painting cover almost all painting schools.
How to appreciate an oil painting
Oil painting occupies an important position in western painting art, and almost every master of painting stands in the forest of art with his exquisite oil paintings. And these exquisite works, like bright stars in the long river of history, illuminate the course of human civilization.
How to appreciate oil painting? This is a simple and profound question.
First of all, we should have a general understanding of the development of oil painting. The origin of western painting can be traced back to prehistoric times in 30 thousand BC. But it began to have a great influence from the Italian Renaissance. During the Italian Renaissance, an important painting school was formed in Florence, the economic and cultural center, which is the Florence painting school. Under the guidance of bourgeois humanism, they applied the achievements of anatomy and perspective to painting, and changed the medieval plane decoration style into a painting method with concentrated perspective, bright and dark effects and three-dimensional expression, which was a great innovation. As a result, many famous painters have emerged. The greatest painter in the early Italian Renaissance was undoubtedly sandro botticelli. His works are poetic and full of interesting curves. His famous works include Spring and The Birth of Venus.
With the decline of Florence, talented apprentices trained in the workshops of ancient Florence painting school went to Rome one after another. Leonardo da vinci is the oldest of them, and his paintings focus on the inner spiritual world of the characters, with no clear outline. His brilliant and trembling atmosphere, vivid images of characters' expressions and the softness of characters' skin reproduced by smoothing method make him a master of art worship so far. Raphael can express the traditional theme completely and completely, and he describes every story to the point where it is difficult to make any changes. Michelangelo's outstanding painting image, eager to reach the level of power madness, fascinated the previous painters. Therefore, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael and Michelangelo are called "three outstanding figures" in the Renaissance.
The only city that developed its own style in this period was Venice. Giorgione, Titian and Tintorey created a Venetian painting style full of passion, joy and color, which is in sharp contrast with the rational painting of the three masters.
The great achievements and inventions of Italian artists during the Renaissance had a far-reaching impact on people north of the Alps. Diu Lei and Holbein Hans Jr. are the greatest German painters of this period. Like leonardo da vinci, Diu Lei has a keen interest in all aspects of the world, and the Germanic spirit is the central theme of his art.
El greco was the first world-class master of Spanish painting. His paintings are full of mysticism, which seems to indicate a certain impulse of change in European painting circles.
As the center of European painting, Italy has ruled Europe for hundreds of years. Academics is her last contribution to European painting. Bologna College, founded by Karachi Brothers, takes "absolute rationality" as its purpose and forms a complete art education system. Academic school is an absolute "classical style".
From the17th century, French painting began to rise and gradually became the leading force of European painting. Pu Sang became the greatest French painter in this period with his classical style. /kloc-At the beginning of the 8th century, a relaxed, sensual and enjoyable rococo style became the mainstream of painting, which had an important influence on painting in Europe. The main representative of this school is Boucher. With the arrival of the French Revolution, neoclassicism and romanticism began to rise. Neoclassicism is an effective form used by revolutionary governments to express their political ideals. With the deepening of the Great Revolution, the demand for contemporary themes is increasingly urgent, and the ancient themes that were originally dominant naturally gradually withdrew from the painting world. Realism began to appear in 1930s from 65438 to 2009, represented by Courbet and Miller, especially the lyric landscape painting by Sboro, which was fresh, poetic, romantic and unforgettable.
From 1860, European art began a very delicate period, and many new arts began to appear. Impressionism and post-impressionism in France were the most striking and decisive influences on the later development of western art, and the light and color of impressionism brought a fresh air to the painting world at that time. If we don't understand the general situation of western painting circles at that time, we can't understand why Impressionism had such a great influence, and we can't properly appreciate the rough brushwork of Impressionist painters. Post-impressionism produced Cezanne, Gauguin, Van Gogh and other famous artists, which had a far-reaching influence on Picasso, Dali and modern painting.
The development of western painting is a vast history, and it takes time to understand it deeply. Here, we just make a simple review of the development of western painting, hoping to help you appreciate it.
Secondly, I have a general understanding of the author himself. The work can be said to be a vivid autobiography of the author, a concrete expression of the author's attitude towards life and aesthetic value, that is, the so-called "painting as a person". Raphael was one of the three outstanding figures in the Renaissance. His father is a court painter. He has been in and out of the court since he was a child. This special background makes him highly sensitive to formal beauty. His Athens Academy represents almost all his humanistic thoughts. Western art historians believe that Raphael made the Renaissance art form get the most classic, thorough and perfect expression. David was born and raised in the most turbulent times in France. Influenced by his family, he was inclined to Rococo style at first and showed great enthusiasm for politics. His death of marat and Napoleon's coronation all show David's political orientation. Van Gogh, a well-known household name, experienced twists and turns, and his "Starry Moon Night" vividly showed the painter's inner madness; There are also some painters who put their love for their wives, children and families into their pens ... without knowing the author's life, it is difficult to understand his works correctly.
Third, have a basic understanding of the background of creation. We find that many famous books may be nothing special today; Many craftsmen copied the works of the master even more than the original works. But a master is a master and a craftsman is a craftsman, and there is a difference of 108,000 miles between them. Da Vinci was great because all the painters before him had rigid movements and rigid lines, but only Da Vinci humanized the characters, and his works had a soft atmosphere, which even later painters could not match. Miller and Courbet are both representatives of realism, and they have a deliberate description of farmers, because their time is the great French turmoil, and their description of farmers is the requirement of the times. But even so, their works on farmers are quite different, which is also determined by their different personalities and growing environment; Impressionist works are nothing special today, but at that time, the painting world was dominated by academic classics, and any works that did not meet the requirements of "salon" were rejected, and the western painting world was lifeless. It was the light and color of Impressionism that brought a fresh air to the painting world, touched people's active thinking and inspired many schools later. Seurat's innovation in painting skills also made him a master of modern painting ... without understanding the background of his works, he could not deeply understand the uniqueness and exquisiteness of his works.
Fourth, reading more books is the key process to improve the ability of appreciation. In art, beauty comes first. Without beauty, everything in the world will become withered and withered. Therefore, no matter how to understand a work, we must first be able to see its beauty, and it is indeed a difficult problem to grasp "beauty" when appreciating art, but it is precisely because of its infinity and richness that art will become extraordinarily full and charming. While improving one's artistic accomplishment, reading more works is a simple way to improve one's appreciation ability. Only by comparison can there be advantages and disadvantages. If you read more, you will naturally have some experiences of your own, just like a gourmet. If you eat too much, you will become a gourmet.
Appreciating a painting is a seemingly simple process. The knowledge possessed by the appreciator makes oil painting an elegant art. In the palace of art, beauty is the most important. As long as you see beauty in the painting, you will appreciate it. Appreciation is a matter of opinion, and the wise have different opinions. It is individual differences that make art flourish. So, look heartily and appreciate with all your eyes, as long as you find beauty. In fact, this is the most important thing.