The so-called signature is to reflect your name on the writing object through writing. Generally speaking, a signature represents the writer's approval or commitment to a certain behavior or event. It is not only a guarantee of social credibility, but also a commitment to assume corresponding legal obligations. In a job-related crime case or civil dispute, the identification of signatures and handwriting often determines the direction of the investigation or the nature of the case, as well as the outcome of the civil litigation. Because of this, the identification of signatures and handwriting has become one of the most important identifications for evidence authentication in job-related crime cases and civil disputes. In recent years, when procuratorial organs investigate duty-related crime cases and courts handle civil dispute cases, signatures and handwriting are mainly reflected in leaders’ signatures and approval documents, various reimbursement vouchers, withdrawal receipts, salary (fund) payment, contracts (contracts), receipts, etc. In terms of receipts, collars, IOUs, IOUs, etc., the identification of signatures and handwriting accounts for an increasing proportion of the entire document inspection work, and is showing an upward trend year by year. 1. Several common thorny problems in signature handwriting identification (1) The signature handwriting has few words and few features. The number of characters in the signature's handwriting is often small. Signatures in Chinese characters usually have two or three characters, and the few signatures are only one character. Since the number of words is small, there are not many opportunities to repeat a word, and there are no vocabulary, phonetic, or grammatical features, the amount of information the handwriting itself reflects on the writing habits of the writer is limited or insufficient, and it is difficult to grasp the regular writing habits characteristics, which increases the difficulty of inspection. Difficulty. The reflection of writing characteristics is not obvious, and the essence of handwriting characteristics is difficult to grasp. This is the most basic feature of signature handwriting identification. Document inspectors can only look for and select features among the few words. (2) The signature handwriting is varied. There are many factors that lead to changes in signature handwriting. How to grasp the stability and particularity of signature handwriting through the objective phenomenon of "change" is a difficulty in signature handwriting identification. Different times, places, different writing tools, different carriers, backing materials, different psychological and physiological conditions, etc. may cause inconsistencies in the form of signature handwriting. (3) Signature handwriting is easy to be imitated and forged. In job-related crime cases and civil disputes, one party is very likely to forge the other party's signature due to profit motivation. Moreover, because the number of signatures is small, it provides convenient conditions for imitators and forgers, and it is difficult to expose flaws. At the same time, changes in the signature handwriting itself are easily confused with changes in handwriting caused by imitation or forgery, and it is difficult to distinguish between normal changes in the signature and changes caused by imitation or forgery. 2. Methods and essentials for signature and handwriting identification (1) Grasp the changes in handwriting and determine whether the handwriting of the signature being inspected is normal. As far as signature and handwriting identification is concerned, we should start from the suspicion of possible imitation and forgery, and then use the elimination method to eliminate them one by one. (1) Eliminate imitation through feature comparison. Due to the "preaching" of various media, real imitators and forgers have "avoided" the obvious traces of imitation in the traditional sense, such as the bending and shaking of handwriting, jerky handwriting, fast and slow writing, stopping and starting again, etc. Abnormal signs are mostly imitated through repeated practice, and some have reached the point where they are almost "real". So it is not enough to just use the traditional imitation handwriting characteristics to judge whether it is "abnormal". The method of comparing the characteristics of the test materials and samples is used. Judgment is a better method, that is, to compare the characteristics of test materials and samples respectively. Handwriting has reproducible characteristics, but this reproducible characteristic is dynamic. Writing habits are like an axis. The handwriting characteristics of each writing will not absolutely coincide with this axis, but will oscillate back and forth around this axis, forming a kind of "Dynamic identity". Imitation of handwriting is different. In order to achieve "reality", the imitator will deliberately practice mechanically repeatedly with reference to a certain "model", resulting in a "dead identity" or "perfect match" between the characteristics of the imitating handwriting and the imitated handwriting. If the signature being inspected forms a "dynamic identity" with the characteristics of the sample, it can be judged that the signature being inspected is a normal handwriting; if the signature being inspected is "deadly identical" or "completely consistent" with the characteristics of the sample, it can be basically judged that the signature being inspected is a normal handwriting. The signature may be an imitation of handwriting. (2) Understand the case in detail and eliminate possible imitation. This is another effective way to rule out imitation. There is a causal connection between everything. Through detailed understanding and analysis of the case, we can see whether the suspect has the conditions to imitate: first, whether he can "contact" the imitated handwriting; second, whether he has the ability to imitate. No "ability" to imitate. If there are no imitation conditions, it can be judged as normal handwriting. (2) Analyze the characteristics in depth and detail to turn less into more. Correctly judging whether the signature under inspection is normal and whether it is imitated has laid a good foundation for making correct judgments and conclusions. On this basis, the author believes that starting from the following aspects can better avoid misdetection and misdetection: (1) Use enough features. In view of the characteristics of signatures with few handwriting and few features, document inspection personnel should fully explore every handwriting feature and conduct a comprehensive and multi-level analysis of each feature. In particular, they should not easily give up on “inconspicuous” and “unlike” signatures. The subtle characteristics of "characteristics" and their reasonable use can make the amount of information and characteristics that can reflect the writing habits of the writer change from less to more, from small to large. (2) Pay attention to the overall style of signature handwriting and the application of writing level characteristics. The signature handwriting is a relatively fixed "writing combination" of the writer. It is a relatively independent organism with its own characteristics and stability. The overall style and writing level characteristics are precisely the external manifestations of the essential characteristics of the handwriting and are the key to each signer. The embodiment of the "god" of handwriting.

Although the signature has few handwriting and few features, which are difficult to analyze and grasp, the overall style, writing level and writing characteristics are relatively easy to grasp. (3) Correctly use the pen strength and pen mark characteristics. The characteristics of writing force are the distribution characteristics of a writer's force during the writing process, which are intuitively reflected as the light, heavy, slow, quick, lifting, winding, pressing, rising, stopping, pausing, and frustration of the writing process. It reflects the essential characteristics of the writer's writing habits. Where the “essence” lies. The characteristics of pen marks are produced in the starting and closing strokes of handwriting. They are manifested in the specific morphological characteristics of ink. The characteristics of pen marks formed by each person's writing activities are different. Therefore, the correct use of pen force and pen mark characteristics is an effective guarantee for drawing accurate conclusions. (4) Make comprehensive judgments carefully and objectively. On the basis of comprehensive and multi-level excavation of signature handwriting, careful analysis and study of the reasons for the formation of similarities and differences, and exploration of regularity and stability characteristics can ensure the scientific nature of the identification conclusion. 3. Several issues that should be paid attention to when appraising signature handwriting (1) Pay attention to the comparability of comparison samples. The degree of sample comparability often determines the success of identification. The comparability here requires that the signature sample should be as consistent as possible with the time of formation, writing tools, and reflected form of the examination materials. Conditional cases should be collected in the same writing environment as the examination materials, and should be consistent with the psychological and physiological conditions of the writer. Consistent sample. (2) Ensure the number of comparison samples. Since there are few handwriting words in signatures, the reproducibility of features is low, there are many factors that change due to external influences, and the amount of information reflecting the writing habits of the writer is limited, it is necessary to collect sufficient sample materials to confirm the characteristics of the inspection materials and make up for the shortcomings of the inspection materials. . On this basis, through repeated and detailed analysis and research, the essential characteristics that can reflect the writing habits of the two can be found. (3) It is not appropriate to use copies for imitation signature handwriting inspection. In view of the limited number of features that can be used for signature handwriting, certain details and distortion will be lost during the reproduction process such as photography and copying, which will cause greater difficulties in identification and even misjudgment. Therefore, in principle, only originals can be used to test imitated signature handwriting, and copies should not be used to ensure that correct conclusions can be drawn. (4) Adhere to comprehensive comparative analysis. Comparison and judgment of features cannot be carried out mechanically in a scattered and piecemeal manner. Instead, various features of the same character should be compared one by one in a systematic and orderly manner and analyzed comprehensively to prevent the organic connection of similar features from being cut off. (5) Learn more about the case.

(Author’s unit: Yibin City Procuratorate, Yibin County Procuratorate, Sichuan Province)