At the end of 19, the first expressionist movement appeared, which mixed the influence of symbolism and modern style. The avant-garde painters are Monk in Norway, Schell in Belgium and Emile in Germany. Nold, they express their subjectivism through some romantic and tragic themes.
The main base of expressionism in the 20th century is Germany, which is determined by the social reality in Germany and influenced by Nietzsche's subjective idealism philosophy, Freud's psychoanalysis theory and Steiner's mysticism.
Norwegian painter Edward? Monk was a pioneer of expressionist art in the 20th century. 1892 invited to participate in the exhibition of Berlin Artists Association. His works caused a fierce response in Germany because of their peculiar images, and the exhibition was closed only one week later. To this end, the liberals headed by Lieberman withdrew from the Artists Association and established the Berlin Separatist School. This action greatly encouraged Monk, who settled in Germany from then on until 1908. This 16 year is an important stage in the development of Monk's art, and it is also a period when his art reaches maturity. Under the control of melancholy and panic, he expressed his miserable life with distorted linear schema. His paintings had a decisive influence on German expressionist art, and he became the spiritual leader of "Bridge School" painters. 1890 began to create the most important series of works in life, Life Group Painting. This set of paintings has a wide range of themes, with the basic theme of eulogizing "life, love and death", revealing the worries and fears of human beings at the end of the century by means of symbols and metaphors. 1893 Monk's oil painting "Scream" is the strongest and most wonderful painting in this group, and it is also one of his important representative works. In this painting, Monk depicts a deformed and screaming figure with extremely exaggerated brushstrokes, showing the extreme loneliness and depression of human beings and the fear in front of the infinite universe to the fullest. 1890, Monk devoted himself to creating his large-scale Life Group Picture. He called this group of paintings "a poem about life, love and death." The oil painting Dance of Life, painted on 1899- 1900, is the core of this large group painting. In the oil painting "Dance of Life", the painter depicts a group of people dancing drunk on the grass by the river. Three female images occupy the main position in the picture. They symbolize three different stages of women's career. The one on the left wearing a white skirt is a virgin, and her rosy cheeks are smiling like flowers in full bloom. The white color of its long skirt symbolizes the purity of girls. In contrast, it is the image of a woman on the right. She folded her hands and looked lonely. Her long black dress symbolizes her inner gloom and sadness. Belgian painter Jamsensel (1860— 1949) is usually classified as an early expressionist painter. In his paintings, he always depicts human comedies or tragedies, carnival scenes, masked men, clowns and so on. The characters in his paintings are stiff and haggard, and the images are grotesque and scary. He portrayed the humble nature of human beings with a pungent style. His peculiar and detached painting style is unique in Expressionism painting. Siegel's most famous work is his "Christ came to Brussels in 1889". This painting depicts a huge Belgian market and a grand carnival parade centered on Christ. The whole painting has a grand scene, chaotic composition and rich colors. In the original red, green and yellow, we see noisy crowds, happy faces and flags fluttering in the wind. In the middle background, shining Christ rides a thin donkey and raises his hand to greet the crowd. In front of him were a group of musicians wearing domes, playing horns and drumming. Although they look pious and solemn, their pale faces, stiff postures and numb expressions just reveal their inner indifference. In the center of the foreground, the fat red nose cardinal is obviously the conductor of this carnival team. He looked up at the sky and laughed heartily, as if proud of his success in directing this carnival farce. The picture is full of strange and absurd images, some are bloody and some are monsters. With its unique exaggeration and pungent satire, the painter injected his unrestrained magical fantasy into this religious theme. In fact, what he shows here is a vivid picture of human beings. For the paranoid Schell, the society he lives in is false and unreal, and it is a "devil's carnival", and everyone in the society is a group of scary masks full of threats. This is an absurd and magnificent work. With a soft and lyrical style, the painter let the gray light shine through the dazzling light yellow and scarlet gap, making the whole painting full of charm. Although the colors in the painting are not harmonious enough, they have a certain concentration, brilliance and elegance, showing the characteristics of Dutch folk painting. Because of the grotesque content of this painting, it was rejected by the radical "Twenty-member Painting Association" on 1888, and the painter himself was expelled from the association.
Emile. Nold (1867-1956) is a pioneer of German expressionist art, and his art typically embodies the artistic tendency of German expressionism to pursue "inner impulse". His paintings pay attention to emotional expression, with strong colors, simple shapes and strong dynamic characters. The dramatic religious climax scene described by his radical brushwork is full of mystery and symbol, permeated with medieval fanaticism. In creation, Nold thinks that "there is no fixed artistic standard. Artists should create according to their own nature and instinct. " Many of his works fully embody the artistic pursuit of expressing "inner needs". According to Herbert? According to Reid, this so-called "inner need" is "silent insight, indescribable intuition, basic emotions and everything that constitutes a" spiritual life. " Among Nold's works, the most interesting ones are those paintings with religious themes, with strong composition, bold brushwork and filled with excited and fanatical religious emotions. The most remarkable thing is the thick and dazzling colors in the painting. Nold puts colors in front of notes to show those "harmonious and contradictory sounds and chords" on the screen. In his view, color has independent value, which is an important visual expression factor of "internal demand". He once showed some strange visual effects in his paintings with strong contrasting colors, which made the picture full of strong and fiery emotional colors. The Last Supper written by Nold in 1909 fully embodies his painting style. This painting shows an ancient religious theme. At the center of this painting is the portrait of Christ, surrounded by his disciples. All the images are tightly packed in this illusory positive space. These images were distorted or exaggerated by the painter. One by one like a skeleton and a mask, haunting and chilling. In this painting, the hair of Christ and the red color of the characters' clothes flash like torches in the shadow of the background, while the yellow-green color of the characters' faces contrasts with it. The agitation and fanaticism of red, and the depression and gloom of yellow and green set off each other, thus strengthening the uneasiness and ominous feeling of the picture. The feeling of impending disaster is almost unbearable here. In this painting, the painter expressed the emotion of color to a certain extreme. Nold expressed this religious painting spiritually in mysterious and symbolic ways, which rekindled the ecstasy of early Christians here.
Kirchner (1880- 1938) is a German expressionist painter and the core figure of the Bridge Society. /Kloc-0 was born in Aschaffenburg, West Germany in 880, and/Kloc-0 died in Davos in 838. He studied architecture at Dresden Institute of Technology and painting at Munich Academy of Fine Arts. 1905, Kirchner and several friends (Heckel, Schmidt-Roslof and others) founded the Bridge Club. Among the young painters in this institution, Kirchner is the most talented and sensitive one. As early as his youth, he began to carefully study the late Gothic art in Germany. The artistic style of "German Gothic sharp and intermittent modeling, emphasizing frank intuition and strong feelings" has had a far-reaching impact on his life's creation. In painting, Kirchner pursues simple modeling and bright colors, and through the simple treatment of shapes and colors, he achieves the unique decorative plane effect of his pictures, which is different from the artistic influence of Fauvism, especially Matisse. Closely related to ... However, the meaning conveyed by Kirchner's works is completely different from the leisure and comfort of Matisse's art. Kirchner's art is full of heavy and painful spirit and Munch pessimism. Perhaps because of his poor health and introverted personality, his works often reveal some morbid anxiety and depression, with some neurotic tendencies. He often realizes his pursuit of symbolism and expressiveness by distorting shape, color and space. In his paintings, he fully reveals the psychological conflict of the characters and constantly conveys the pain caused by this conflict to the viewer.
Kirchner's oil painting Street painted in 1903 fully shows his painting style. This painting depicts a group of men and women walking in the street. Walking in front are two fashionable girls, and their bodies are somewhat complacent. The man looking at the window on the right is well dressed and very gentlemanly. The background is bustling pedestrians, which makes the whole picture full of the crowded and prosperous atmosphere unique to metropolis. While sketching the instantaneous posture of the characters, the painter also painted a layer of ethereal feeling on the screen. The characters in the painting, the seductive woman and the hesitant man are all highly generalized, just masked bodies. They are like ghosts, involuntarily, erratic, like wandering in a dream world. In this painting, the artist outlined the figure with bold and concise lines and slightly trembling strokes. He effectively combined the cubist composition with the color of Fauvism, and infiltrated some Gothic deformation, thus giving the picture a strong feeling.
Erich? Heckel is a German expressionist artist. He was born in D'Aubert, Saks on 1883. He studied architecture at Dresden Institute of Technology, and became an artist mainly by self-study. 1905, he founded the Bridge Club together with Kirchner, Schmidt-Rotraf and others. Influenced by Monk, Van Gogh and others, he pursues the expression of "inner needs" in art, but compared with his peers, he seems to maintain a rigorous, calm and introverted style. Most of his works show tragic themes. Images of patients, clowns, loners, etc. These are sufferings, which make his picture full of pain, sadness and anxiety. He used square or angular shapes, which seems to be influenced by cubism. But unlike cubism, he is not out of structural needs, but to convey some strong feelings and reveal the complex psychology of the characters. The characters in his works look haggard and depressed, as if they were desperate because of the pressure of long-term life or painful torture. A large number of lines and dim colors enhance the expressive force of his works.
Two Men at the Table is a masterpiece written by Heckel in 19 12, which depicts the dramatic scene of two men talking at the table. In this compressed indoor space, the man on the right leaned forward and said something. The man on the left frowned and looked sad, obviously suffering from some kind of torture. This worried and gaunt character image is a typical image in many works of Heckel, which reminds us of those characters in paintings such as Two Brothers and Sisters. There is a picture of Christ's crucifixion hanging on the wall in the background, which seems to imply the tragic theme of this picture. The expressions and background atmosphere of the characters in the painting make people involuntarily associate with the novel brothers karamazov by Russian writer Tomaszky. It can be said that this painting is almost a literary illustration of this novel.
1920, Heckel turned to landscape painting. Although the shock of its artistic language has weakened, the crystal blocks in the landscape exude quite charming charm. Geometric outlines outline simple landscapes and naked women. Although the color is naturalistic, it has been exaggerated and shows extraordinary effects. Like his partners, in 1937, his art was also accused by the Nazis as "decadent" and more than 700 works were confiscated. In this predicament, he was forced to move to Carinthia, Austria. After World War II, he taught at the Karlsruhe Academy of Fine Arts in West Germany. 1963 held retrospective exhibitions in Munich, Berlin and Stuttgart.
Among the founders of Bridge Club, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff (1884- 1976) is the youngest. 1884 was born in Rotruff and studied at Dresden Institute of Technology in his early years. He met the members of the Bridge Society in Dresden, and together with them, he formed this small artist society, which became the pioneer of German expressionism. In Josh's paintings, his works represent a rough and unrestrained expressionist style. He was influenced by the works of Monk, Van Gogh and others in painting, and was also inspired by black art and cubist art, thus forming his own bold and extensive style. His oil paintings, similar to printmaking style, are ingenious in composition, concise in shape, thick and bright in color, and careless and extensive in brushwork. His bold use of color is mainly influenced by Nold. As early as 1906, he painted with Nold. In his pictures, the three colors of crimson, yellow-brown and dark green are often juxtaposed, which set off and collide with each other with their own strong concentration and lightness, resulting in a vibrant picture effect in the disharmony conflict. Among Josh's painters, his color intensity is second only to that of Nold. He used colors and lines to truly show people's mental outlook and psychological characteristics on the canvas, revealed the intricate relationship between people, and even gave nature a unique personality.
Schmidt-Rotroff's self-portrait of a single pair of glasses in 19 10 fully embodies his extensive and concise painting style. The painter wears a turtleneck green sweater, a beard and a pair of glasses in his painting, and he is arrogant and complacent. From this, we can see the personality characteristics of this expressionist painter. To some extent, this painting also faithfully reflects the personality characteristics of the bridge painter. In this painting, the characters are arranged on an abstract background, and the purple curtain spreads to both sides, leaving a yellow "hole" in the center of the painting. The color of this painting is strong and bright. Different colors are juxtaposed and collide with each other in strong contrast, resulting in a sense of disharmony. The rough brushwork in the painting not only reflects the agitation of expressionism, but also shows the intentional denial of all stylized traditional painting norms. Although Schmidt-Roslof is not an abstract painter, among bridge painters, his pursuit of abstract structure may go furthest, which is especially obvious in some later works (such as The Moon Rises).
Many of Kandinsky's paintings are titled with music, such as Improvisation and Lyrics. There are as many as 35 works with the theme of "improvisation", all of which are numbered one by one. These works were realistic at first, but later they became more simple and abstract. In the end, there are only a few main lines left in the painting, and the description of objective content is completely abandoned. Kandinsky believes that painting and music are interlinked. He often describes painting in musical terms. He once vividly compared the creation of artists with the performance of music. He once described his early paintings depicting dusk in Moscow as symphonies in poetic language.
Paul. Paul klee (1879- 1940) was born in Switzerland. His violinist created an artistic world full of individuality and fantasy, which made him indisputably one of the most outstanding modernist artists. His works seem childish, but in fact they are profound and unique. Form is an important aspect full of magic in Klee's works. He used points, lines and surfaces to construct various symbolic shapes, which freely extended and changed on the screen and collided unexpectedly, arousing some incredible shock. Some images are very cute, such as swimming fish, monster's face, red balloon ... as if from the hands of children. Some images are highly correlated with plankton and microorganisms under the microscope. They are arranged, combined, changed and repeated, showing the artist's whimsy. Color is another magic of Klee's works. They are so closely combined with form. Sometimes, the dark background sets off bright and loud red and yellow; Sometimes it is a gradual superposition like a color sample; Sometimes, color blocks and color lines are divided and fought in a small range; Sometimes, in a chessboard-like grid, between the brightest and darkest poles, colors and chromaticity are pushed forward and backward very cleverly ... Klee's breathtaking pictures often remind us of music involuntarily. Indeed, his profound musical accomplishment naturally made him borrow some musical forms to paint. The rhythm, rhythm, gradual change, repetition and unfolding consistent with music appear repeatedly in his paintings, bringing unspeakable beauty and rich forms to the audience.
Emile. Nold (1867-1956) is a pioneer of German expressionist art, and his art typically embodies the artistic tendency of German expressionism to pursue "inner impulse". His paintings pay attention to emotional expression, with strong colors, simple shapes and strong dynamic characters. The dramatic religious climax scene described by his radical brushwork is full of mystery and symbol, permeated with medieval fanaticism.
Nold was born in Nold, Schleswig, formerly known as Emil? Hansen. From 65438 to 0904, he changed the name of his hometown and signed the painting. I started as a sketch teacher and began to specialize in oil painting from 1898. I have a special liking for impressionist painting style. He painted by impressionism, and the picture was bright and intense, showing some magical light sense and tension. 1906, Nold joined the bridge club at the invitation of Schmidt. However, his withdrawn personality made him leave the club after more than a year and indulge in his unique expressionist art world full of religious fantasies. In creation, Nold thinks that "there is no fixed artistic standard. Artists should create according to their own nature and instinct. " Many of his works fully embody the artistic pursuit of expressing "inner needs". These paintings are strong in composition, bold in brushwork and filled with excited and fanatical religious emotions. The most remarkable thing is the thick and dazzling colors in the painting. Nold puts colors in front of notes to show those "harmonious and contradictory sounds and chords" on the screen. In his view, color has independent value, which is an important visual expression factor of "internal demand". He once showed some strange visual effects in his paintings with strong contrasting colors, which made the picture full of strong and fiery emotional colors.
The Last Supper written by Nold in 1909 fully embodies his painting style. This painting shows an ancient religious theme. At the center of this painting is the portrait of Christ, surrounded by his disciples. All the images are tightly packed in this illusory positive space. These images were distorted or exaggerated by the painter. One by one like a skeleton and a mask, haunting and chilling. In this painting, the hair of Christ and the red color of the characters' clothes flash like torches in the shadow of the background, while the yellow-green color of the characters' faces contrasts with it. The agitation and fanaticism of red, and the depression and gloom of yellow and green set off each other, thus strengthening the uneasiness and ominous feeling of the picture. The feeling of impending disaster is almost unbearable here. In this painting, the painter expressed the emotion of color to a certain extreme. Nold expressed this religious painting spiritually in mysterious and symbolic ways, which rekindled the ecstasy of early Christians here.
The original intention in the painting shows some influences of the Belgian painter Schell. This can't help but remind people of the characters in the Thanksgiving Parade painted by Schell. In fact, Nold's interest in primitive art has a long history. His meeting with ensor in 19 1 1 further strengthened this interest. 19 13 years, he was invited to take part in an expedition in the south Pacific, where he stayed for several months to paint, and devoted himself to studying the life customs of the aborigines, striving to pursue the origin of nature and feeling the primitive simplicity and magic. 1927, his large-scale retrospective exhibition was held in Dresden and a collection of commemorative works was published.
Kirchner (1880- 1938) is a German expressionist painter and the core figure of the Bridge Society. 1905, Kirchner and several friends (Heckel, Schmidt-Roslof and others) founded the Bridge Club. Among the young painters in this institution, Kirchner is the most talented and sensitive one. As early as his youth, he began to carefully study the late Gothic art in Germany. The artistic style of "German Gothic sharp and intermittent modeling, emphasizing frank intuition and strong feelings" has had a far-reaching impact on his life's creation. In painting, Kirchner pursues simple modeling and bright colors, and through the simple treatment of shapes and colors, he achieves the unique decorative plane effect of his pictures, which is different from the artistic influence of Fauvism, especially Matisse. However, the meaning conveyed by Kirchner's works is completely different from the leisure and comfort of Matisse's art. Kirchner's art is full of heavy and painful spirit and Munch pessimism. Perhaps because of his poor health and introverted personality, his works often reveal some morbid anxiety and depression, with some neurotic tendencies. He often realizes his pursuit of symbolism and expressiveness by distorting shape, color and space. In his paintings, he fully reveals the psychological conflict of the characters and constantly conveys the pain caused by this conflict to the viewer.
19 1 1 year, members of the bridge club moved from Dresden to Berlin. Since then, the metropolitan scene has become a new theme in their paintings. Kirchner's oil painting Street painted in 1903 fully shows his painting style. This painting depicts a group of men and women walking in the street. Walking in front are two fashionable girls, and their bodies are somewhat complacent. The man looking at the window on the right is well dressed and very gentlemanly. The background is bustling pedestrians, which makes the whole picture full of the crowded and prosperous atmosphere unique to metropolis. While sketching the instantaneous posture of the characters, the painter also painted a layer of ethereal feeling on the screen. The characters in the painting, the seductive woman and the hesitant man are all highly generalized, just masked bodies. They are like ghosts, involuntarily, erratic, like wandering in a dream world. In this painting, the artist outlined the figure with bold and concise lines and slightly trembling strokes. He effectively combined the cubist composition with the color of Fauvism, and infiltrated some Gothic deformation, thus giving the picture a strong feeling.
Erich? Heckel is a German expressionist artist. He was born in D'Aubert, Saks on 1883. He studied architecture at Dresden Institute of Technology, and became an artist mainly by self-study. 1905, he founded the Bridge Club together with Kirchner, Schmidt-Rotraf and others. Influenced by Monk, Van Gogh and others, he pursues the expression of "inner needs" in art, but compared with his peers, he seems to maintain a rigorous, calm and introverted style. Most of his works show tragic themes. Images of patients, clowns, loners, etc. These are sufferings, which make his picture full of pain, sadness and anxiety. He used square or angular shapes, which seems to be influenced by cubism. But unlike cubism, he is not out of structural needs, but to convey some strong feelings and reveal the complex psychology of the characters. The characters in his works look haggard and depressed, as if they were desperate because of the pressure of long-term life or painful torture. A large number of lines and dim colors enhance the expressive force of his works.
Two Men at the Table is a masterpiece written by Heckel in 19 12, which depicts the dramatic scene of two men talking at the table. In this compressed indoor space, the man on the right leaned forward and said something. The man on the left frowned and looked sad, obviously suffering from some kind of torture. This worried and gaunt character image is a typical image in many works of Heckel, which reminds us of those characters in paintings such as Two Brothers and Sisters. There is a picture of Christ's crucifixion hanging on the wall in the background, which seems to imply the tragic theme of this picture. The expressions and background atmosphere of the characters in the painting make people involuntarily associate with the novel brothers karamazov by Russian writer Tomaszky. It can be said that this painting is almost a literary illustration of this novel.
Among the founders of Bridge Club, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff (1884- 1976) is the youngest. 1884 was born in Rotruff and studied at Dresden Institute of Technology in his early years. He met the members of the Bridge Society in Dresden, and together with them, he formed this small artist society, which became the pioneer of German expressionism. In Josh's paintings, his works represent a rough and unrestrained expressionist style. He was influenced by the works of Monk, Van Gogh and others in painting, and was also inspired by black art and cubist art, thus forming his own bold and extensive style. His oil paintings, similar to printmaking style, are ingenious in composition, concise in shape, thick and bright in color, and careless and extensive in brushwork. His bold use of color is mainly influenced by Nold. As early as 1906, he painted with Nold. In his pictures, the three colors of crimson, yellow-brown and dark green are often juxtaposed, which set off and collide with each other with their own strong concentration and lightness, resulting in a vibrant picture effect in the disharmony conflict. Among Josh's painters, his color intensity is second only to that of Nold. He used colors and lines to truly show people's mental outlook and psychological characteristics on the canvas, revealed the intricate relationship between people, and even gave nature a unique personality.
Schmidt-Rotroff's self-portrait of a single pair of glasses in 19 10 fully embodies his extensive and concise painting style. The painter wears a turtleneck green sweater, a beard and a pair of glasses in his painting, and he is arrogant and complacent. From this, we can see the personality characteristics of this expressionist painter. To some extent, this painting also faithfully reflects the personality characteristics of the bridge painter. In this painting, the characters are arranged on an abstract background, and the purple curtain spreads to both sides, leaving a yellow "hole" in the center of the painting. The color of this painting is strong and bright. Different colors are juxtaposed and collide with each other in strong contrast, resulting in a sense of disharmony. The rough brushwork in the painting not only reflects the agitation of expressionism, but also shows the intentional denial of all stylized traditional painting norms. Although Schmidt-Roslof is not an abstract painter, among bridge painters, his pursuit of abstract structure may go furthest, which is especially obvious in some later works (such as The Moon Rises).
Many of Kandinsky's paintings are titled with music, such as Improvisation and Lyrics. There are as many as 35 works with the theme of "improvisation", all of which are numbered one by one. These works were realistic at first, but later they became more simple and abstract. In the end, there are only a few main lines left in the painting, and the description of objective content is completely abandoned. Kandinsky believes that painting and music are interlinked. He often describes painting in musical terms. He once vividly compared the artist's creation to the performance of music: "Colors are like keys, eyes are like hammers, the mind is like a piano with taut strings, and the artist is the hand playing the piano, deliberately pressing the keys to arouse the harmonious vibration of the mind." Kandinsky has a keen sense of music. He once described his early Twilight painting in Moscow as a symphony in poetic language.
Paul. Paul klee (1879- 1940) was born in Switzerland, but he spent most of his life in Germany. As the son of the music classroom, he received a good music education since childhood, but eventually he embarked on the road of art. Those hands who used to play the violin created an artistic world full of personality and fantasy, which made him indisputably among the most outstanding modernist artists. Form is an important aspect full of magic in Klee's works. He used points, lines and surfaces to construct various symbolic shapes, which freely extended and changed on the screen and collided unexpectedly, arousing some incredible shock. Some images are very cute, such as swimming fish, monster's face, red balloon ... as if from the hands of children. Some images are highly correlated with plankton and microorganisms under the microscope. They are arranged, combined, changed and repeated, showing the artist's whimsy. Color is another magic of Klee's works. They are so closely combined with form. Sometimes, the dark background sets off bright and loud red and yellow; Sometimes it is a gradual superposition like a color sample; Sometimes, color blocks and color lines are divided and fought in a small range; Sometimes, in a chessboard-like grid, between the brightest and darkest poles, colors and chromaticity are pushed forward and backward very cleverly ... Klee's breathtaking pictures often remind us of music involuntarily. Indeed, his profound musical accomplishment naturally made him borrow some musical forms to paint. The rhythm, rhythm, gradual change, repetition and unfolding consistent with music appear repeatedly in his paintings, bringing unspeakable beauty and rich forms to the audience.