For this reason, in the early Northern Song Dynasty, all orders directly issued by the emperor were required to be repeated by China officials or the Privy Council. "The official, the Privy Council, and the Third Division will play the decree and will reply on the same day." Record of the Seventh Instrument in Song Dynasty 19: "On December 18th of the first year of Chunhua, Emperor Taizong summoned Chinese and foreign courtiers to write a letter and asked the Privy Council for an order. Used for customization "; Another example is that on December 4, the second year of Xining, "hundreds of civil and military officials and civil servants were summoned to submit their official duties and sent to the Privy Council for approval." There is no need to approve the performance, and it is directly sent to all localities for scheduling. "In the process of re-reading China's book, the emperor's request can also be rejected. Rulong Edition (189) records Ding Mao in the first month of spring in the fourth year of Renzong Jiayu (1059):
Take Zhoujia in Anding County as the beauty. Since Wencheng's death, there have been ten lucky people in the harem, called Shigu. Zhou, Dong Shi and Wencheng's sister are all involved. Both Zhou and Dong promoted themselves by giving birth to emperors and daughters, seeking to be moved and changed, and wrote a letter to Zhongshu to save their promise. Chinese books are repeated because they have no names. All that is required is hand-instruction.
This shows that the emperor's orders can't be legal official orders without the participation of Zhongshu. As far as the departments through which government affairs flow are concerned, basically all government affairs have to go through various forms of books. This makes Zhongshumen play an important role with the emperor in government affairs. From the perspective of power, the emperor and Zhongshumen share the decision-making power and handling power of government affairs. The emperor can draft documents through the internal system, and his opinions formed in the process of handling government affairs will appear in the form of documents. This is the embodiment that the emperor has the power to decide and handle government affairs. However, documents in the form of letters and letters made the emperor's orders legal. This is also the embodiment of the government's right to handle affairs and make decisions.
By issuing imperial edicts and imperial edicts at the same time, we can have a clearer understanding of the different division of labor and functions of China scholars and emperors in handling government affairs. We call the above-mentioned documents drafted in the name of the emperor a unified and universal document. At present, we can't fully understand the signing format of ownership documents. However, judging from the situation in the Tang Dynasty, there are roughly two signing formats for such instruments. One is the signature format. The other is to make the signature of the book. In the Tang Dynasty, the difference between the two formats mainly lies in the different titles of the provinces under the door. The preserved documents of the Northern Song Dynasty that we see now belong to the first kind, that is, teleological documents. This is the same as the Tang Dynasty. But the difference is that this kind of confession needs to be issued together with the funeral documents. This situation was not common in the Tang Dynasty. But it generally began to appear in the Five Dynasties. Here, I will focus on the situation of voluntary confession. I hope that from this kind of documents, we can see the position of Zhongshumen and Emperor in the operation of documents, and the relationship between this and the handling mechanism of the whole central government. Many materials preserved in the Collected Works of Song People today can prove that this situation was widespread in the early Northern Song Dynasty. Notes in the Book of Offering Peace, Volume 23, Xie Chuyou's Supplementary Table: "I said: On the 20th of this month, I transferred the coffin from Tianxiong Army to Hebei South Road, and liguan, the deputy envoy, sent it to the concert hall, handed it over to the official and ordered it together." For another example, Xie Jiajie's printed form "Blame Ji Ya" (volume 10) said: "I entered the concert hall today and gave it to the official to call. I want Ente to honor the ministers, Dr. Dazhong and 500 families in the food city. " Another example is Wen Zhuang Collection, Volume 5, History of the Ministry of Punishment: I said: "On the 21st of this month, Class Three borrowed Zhang Shouzhen to go to Zhangzhou to give orders to the ministers and officials, and specially awarded the history of the Ministry of Punishment to keep abreast of Qingzhou's military affairs, and also gave instructions to the instructions." Materials like this are common in literary collections in the early Northern Song Dynasty. At the same time, comparing the Tang Dynasty and Yuan Feng after the system reform, it is found that only in this period can such a large number of funeral orders be issued together with official notices. On the 23rd of four years (108 1), the detailed official system institute, which was responsible for formulating the new official system of Yuanfeng at that time, had explained the types of official documents published in the early Northern Song Dynasty. "The DPRK gave a confession to a qualified official. Those who were not qualified, regardless of their posts, were given to Huang Die under the book door." The "yellow die" mentioned here should include "die". This shows that in the early Northern Song Dynasty, when appointing and dispatching, you don't need to complain, you just need to report it under Zhongshumen. At the same time as the official confession, a report will be issued at the same time. Judging from the situation in Zagreb, these letters can also be sent together with Zagreb. In the fourth year of Xianzong Xianping (100 1), he went to the hospital in August, saying, "Those who learn Chinese books, who follow them, often go to the hospital in a short time. Every time the hospital urges the president, he can't get down. Those who steal or forget, those who have different desires from now on, will be investigated and punished according to the mistakes in the text. " Judging from the process of document circulation, the drafting of imperial edicts in the Northern Song Dynasty was completed by internal system or external system. The general process of drafting the document "Song Shu Compilation" quoted from Historical Records of the Two Dynasties (the imperial edict was made by Hanlin Bachelor);
Where the state-owned big sacrifice, late leakage, the son of heaven royal inner east gate small hall, sent in waits to call the bachelor to give, secret order, to the end, the bachelor returned to the hospital, in waits to lock the courtyard door, not allowed to enter and leave. The night leaks out, the writing system enters, and it is late to understand hemp. Ge men quoted Han Shu, which was read by Scheeren. In addition to granting the imperial seal, the son of heaven did not declare his bachelor's degree in the small hall, but sent his servant to the bachelor's college with the imperial seal and locked the gate. As for the pardon, the official in the book was sent to the hospital, and the internal servant locked the hospital.
In addition, there are materials that show that other imperial edicts have a similar process. For example, Song Yaohui recorded the system in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty. "When foreign countries were generous, China was familiar with books, and he paid a bachelor's degree after painting, and the next sunset was numb." In several cases mentioned in the materials, except for such important government affairs, the emperor came forward and directly told the internal system the contents of the system in the form of empowerment. This content may come from the emperor's own arbitrariness, or it may be decided by the emperor and the prime minister through consultation. In a similar situation, the emperor criticized important courtiers, and also wrote letters to the academy in person, drafting documents such as criticism and defense. In other cases, except sacrifice, it is necessary to draw up a mature form or prefix in the Han Dynasty, and draft an imperial edict of the internal system with the permission of the emperor. It can be seen that the contents of the imperial edict need to be drafted in Chinese books. Moreover, Chinese books need to draw up imperial edicts. Approved by the emperor (picturesque), drafted by the internal system.
The situation is slightly different for the external system belonging to the hospital where Scheeren is located. "Song Yao will record draft":
China's book is in the west of Tang Chao, which is for the government hall. It belongs to a person who gives up his life and promises his life full-time. If he is short, he will be informed by other officials or sent directly to the hospital. The college is located in the southwest of Zhongshu, with six staff members, and the bachelor is in charge of internal and external systems. China calligraphers not only worship in the imperial court, but also accept the prefix in the courtyard. In addition to worship, there are people who are called by the prime minister to accept prefixes.
It can be seen that the documents drafted by the external system are also drafted by the Chinese book. After the draft imperial edict comes out, it needs to be reported to the emperor for approval. In the process of drafting imperial edicts, both internal and external systems reflected the role of Zhongshumen and emperor. It is also in this process that a funeral order or script will be drawn up under the door of Zhongshu. Therefore, its position in the imperial edict is expressed in the form of imperial edicts and letters. "Long Edition" (volume 180) recorded the two years of Hehe in July (1055), and Liu Chang, the governor of Wuyin, said:
Reading the story, it is unique to transfer officials and demote them. The year before last, Wu Zhongfu was dismissed for saying something. At that time, Cai Xiang became a grass system with a prefix. He was ashamed of being in power and simply demoted with letters, which was quite different from the story. However, some companies dare not invent. Recently, the straight bachelor in Longtuge resigned, but he was reinstated, so he became familiar with it and became a recent example. For a while, this was not a political system. If you want to change the order in the future, you must follow the story and share the words. It is not appropriate to simply drop the letters and keep the old method. Discouraged. Imperial edict: in the future, you will be responsible for demoting the official and lifting it according to the plot.
This material shows that China's book needs to draw up a report or letter while giving an internal or external prefix. The imperial edict was drawn up, and the work of pseudo-titles in the three provinces was done under the Chinese Book Gate. "History of the Song Dynasty" Volume 284 "Biography of Song Qi" Note: "Every word is made and sent to the cabinet for reading, and the bachelor's school receives it, and the Chinese book is sent to three provinces. Officials told the court to use the seal, but it was inside. " Another newspaper, Old Times Continuation, said: "Those who surrender the imperial edict will be sent from the bachelor's college to the Jingshitang, listed as three provincial titles, and the official will tell the college to use the seal before entering."
Above, from the drafting process of rescue documents, we explained the operational basis of the release of imperial edicts and imperial edicts together, as well as the division of labor between Zhongshumen and the emperor in government affairs.
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We can know for sure that if this confession document is to be established, the department officials who need to sign it include those who know about patents, those who try the provincial government, those who try the provincial government, those who try the official department and those who try the court. This process can also be effectively confirmed from other materials. "Official Discipline" Volume 9:
Five-year history of Dazhong Xiangfu: After official annotation, it was mailed to the hospital by the official, and the application was sent to Cao Nan for reference. Book quotation is limited to two days, interpretation is limited to one day, door storage is one day, and door storage is two days. Then it was reduced to a Chinese book. Chinese books are limited to two days, but they are sent to the province. Exempt the money to the provincial undertaker for one day, and send it to the warehouse for one day. A library issued a document number and sent it to Nancao, the format department, and the official court for five days. Cao Nan gave Lizi 15 days. The deadline for formal prosecution is five days.
"Official Discipline" Volume 9:
(Tiansheng) Eight years: From now on, every time the Civil Affairs Department transfers notes, contacts, exchanges, moves, notes, waits and changes, it is limited to one day to pass through the hospital, three days to write books and send Huang Jia to inspect, but one day to send officials and the same day to go to the province. The book is limited to five days in this province. When it is published, it will be handed over to the provincial government one day, handed over to the contractor of the provincial government the next day, and sent to the warehouse in two days. /kloc-more than 0/0 people, give the customs officer a library for seven days, give the official calendar for seven days, and report to the official. ...
The above two materials illustrate the circulation process of confession. In these processes, the department that really plays a key role in the establishment of documents and needs to sign is the department we mentioned above. From the material point of view, Liu Neiquan will send the results to Scheeren Institute for drafting documents in the form of closed documents after completing the annotation of candidates. Then send it to the emperor for approval, then throw it under the door of Zhongshu, and then go to the door to save it. The previous process was not reflected in the confession itself, and the emperor also agreed that it would not be actually seen in the confession received by the defendant and copied by other departments, but should be in the actual original. As for the function of the book gate, we will analyze it in detail in combination with the imperial edict. Next, the document reflects the actual process of "people from provincial sects going to Beijing Province". However, after the provinces received people, they did not go through civil servants, but reported directly to the official court through the official court. Therefore, we speculate that because civil servants play an important role in the documents before entry, it may be that provinces or other departments sign here on behalf of civil servants.
At the same time, we can see that in the signature of this confession, we did not see the signature under the Chinese book door. If such an imperial edict can be written as a single line, it is not necessary to sign it under the door of Zhongshu, then we can say that the departments that signed it and the emperor * * * have the right to decide. However, Zhongshumen did not play a key role in the establishment of documents. But the situation is just the opposite. As far as the function of documents is concerned, confession is not necessary. History of the New Five Dynasties (Volume V) and Biography of Liu Yue (A Record of Tang Mingzong);
(Liu Yue) is an official assistant minister. In the story, the civil and military officials of the official department confessed one after another, and they all lost the money of bamboo sticks and gave them high quality, but the poor could not lose money, and often quit without confession. The Five Dynasties Rebellion, because of its vulgarity, the inferior officials had nothing to confess, but the Chinese book recorded their words and made them a success. Jian Yue said, "Let it be, praise it, or admonish it, but the official neither confessed nor knew his fate. It was not Wang Yan who told him." Please give it everything. "Therefore, all the officials have confessions, and since the number yue.
Some scholars emphasize that this passage illustrates the necessity of confession and its position in people's minds. But in fact, this material just shows that confession is not decisive in the appointment process. He just acts as an honorary certificate to let the official "know why he was ordered." What really matters is the funeral. From the analysis of the above three confessions, it can be seen that in the process of operation, this kind of confession documents need to go through the Zhongshumen, be reviewed by Zhongshumen and then sent to the province. Under the Chinese book door, a report or sub-document will be issued within the time when the document stays to match the issuance of this confession. Only with such letters or seals can confessions passed by emperors and ministers have real legal effect. This strongly illustrates the important position of Zhongshumen in government affairs. This important position is not only reflected in the coordination of reports and confessions. From more materials, we can see that in the appointment of temporary dispatch and some special circumstances, the report is the basic necessary document, but the confession may not be needed. The suggested example of Wu Zhongfu cited above is just to illustrate this point, because Cai Xiang sealed the prefix and used the example of official demotion in China's book list. Although this is against the regulations, the fact that such a clear situation can happen shows that the power of Chinese books can do this. It was precisely because there were many imperial edicts or Zazi's appointment and dismissal of temples at that time that Zhongshumen could take advantage of such a system gap. From another point of view, even under Zhongshumen, the power can be exercised only by imperial edicts, and the imperial edicts themselves must be approved by the emperor (see below), which shows that although Zhongshumen will play a decisive role in this process, the functions of Zhongshumen can only be exercised on the basis of the emperor's permission. Shumen and Emperor are two decisive points in the operation of official documents, and their peers make decisions on government affairs. They cooperate with each other, and in the system, neither party is allowed to get rid of the other, command government affairs alone, and enjoy the decision-making power of government affairs alone. At the same time, although in the process of document operation, civil servants, official courts and other units need to sign the document. However, their signature is not a necessary condition for the confession to become a statement. So this kind of sign reflects that these departments have the right to do things, not to decide. From this point, we can also see the hierarchical relationship reflected in the process of dealing with government affairs. That is, Zhongshumen and the emperor are inseparable in daily government affairs. They are the same level. For some general government affairs, the emperor and his colleagues in Zhongshumen exercised decision-making power, and Zhongshumen partially exercised the right to handle government affairs by planning and promulgating government decrees. For important government affairs, the emperor can also directly exercise the right to handle government affairs and make suggestions himself. Although other central government departments and local departments can report government affairs directly to the emperor, they are at another level in dealing with government affairs. They are exercising the right to handle government affairs. On the one hand, this right is reflected in reporting its opinions, on the other hand, it will handle government affairs according to the orders of the emperor and Zhongshumen.
In order to explain this situation more deeply, let's look at another situation, that is, the imperial edict and Zazi command government affairs alone. In stone carving materials and other documents, we see many separate miscellaneous words or decrees. From the content point of view, this single offline Zazi or Duie includes two types. One is that Zhongshumen does not participate in opinions, but directly transcribes the performance of officials or departments and the emperor's reply. The other kind not only transcribes, but also adds some explanations of China's Book Gate. Formally, the imperial edict will say, "I obey you (such as power) and I will allow it." The words "so dead". And Zaqi will also write "Imperial edict: Yun Yun". Take so-and-so to allow this person. "This reflects that both the imperial edict and Zagreb must obey the emperor's orders.
At the same time, we also see that these decrees were not issued according to the above-mentioned decrees. In this case, the function of issuing a CD containing the emperor's letters separately under the door of Zhongshu is actually the function of pressing. Some scholars have investigated the use of the words "vexed" and "cumbersome" in the early Song Dynasty, and found that "vexed" was often called "cumbersome" in the Song Dynasty. This shows that in fact, the role played by the imperial edict is the role of the imperial edict. That is, the so-called "imperial edict, Zazi, approval form, and the recipients of Chinese books all know their names." Note 68 of the first official book collection of the Song Dynasty: "The list of questions in the national book gate is called the Chinese book, and the printing house is called the Chinese book gate." In fact, etiquette here refers to etiquette. Because of this, the imperial edict under the door of Zhongshu can be issued without imperial edict. Only by understanding this can we understand why the surrender of the Emperor of the Song Dynasty is not a legally binding task. The reason for this is that it was not forwarded and signed under Zhongshumen, and it did not go through the institutions under Zhongshumen during the operation. Although the Prime Minister did not participate in any processing in the forwarding of Zhongshumen, he only played a role in forwarding. However, this kind of forwarding without handling opinions actually gave the emperor's instructions legal effect.
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After the courtiers handed the script to the emperor, if they needed the emperor's order, they would write "at your command." The emperor saw it and will reply later. Then, send this reply to Zhongshumen. Under the door of Zhongshu, notes with approval will be copied, and the Prime Minister will put the words down and make an imperial decree. Then distribute it to specific local governments.
We can also look at the exercise of this function from the internal institutional setup under the Chinese Book School. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the post-Tang official system under the Zhongshu Gate included:
His official history includes off-duty officials, officials, officials, books and officials. Its official home is a daily institution. There are eight officials behind the house, and the old system chose the official behind the house. You can only enjoy the fish if you go to the fifth room to pick up some. In the first year of He Zhi, the imperial edict mentioned the five-room business to Zhongshu. From now on, although I have no background, I will listen to Pei. Seven people are responsible, ten people are responsible, fourteen people are responsible, and twenty people are responsible. Master five rooms respectively. Confucius room. Second, officials' rooms, third, family rooms, fourth, soldiers' ceremonies and fifth, torture rooms. Make trouble again and cancel the second room. Its ambassador is the first person along the hall and the fifth hospital, and the second person is the deputy. There are nine officials. There are seven hall officials, eleven provincial officials and five officials. There are 22 driving officers.
There are five rooms in the hall under the door of Zhongshu. There is also an official, a principal, a clerk, a master book and an official in each room. These five rooms are collectively called institutions. From the name point of view, these five rooms are the main operating institutions that handle the imperial edicts and make the imperial edicts and Zazi under the Chinese calligraphy door. At the beginning of the northern song dynasty, under the door of Zhongshu, "house by house, official by house, one person bears the responsibility of criticizing the sacred words and making the grass;" One person is responsible for checking the written form and entering it; One person is responsible for reading and printing. "There are two clerks and three officials. This setting changed in the fourth year of Chunhua (993). At that time, it was difficult for the officials behind the house to coordinate with each other, so each house gave a member of the five-room hall, and the other five houses gave a member of the official behind the house. At the same time, the clerk, the main book and the official are added, which belong to each room. At the same time, Yuxian is usually responsible. At the same time, there is also a matter of taking orders along the Fifth Hospital. These adjustments gradually improved the official system under the Chinese Book School. However, its terms of reference still include those of the early Song Dynasty. Among them, "approving the sacred words and vowing to save the grass" refers to writing the written opinions approved by the emperor in the form of letters or letters, and then signing the oath by the prime minister and appointing them through the hospital and other units. Without such treatment, the simple approval of the emperor can only be regarded as mowing grass, but it cannot be a legally binding decree.
In addition, from the existing miscellaneous items, we can also see how the daily government affairs are handled. "Long Edition" volume 245, Ning six years on the 5th, quoted from "Xuan He seven years on April 21st (1 125) directory" cited Ning six years miscellaneous words:
On May 26, 2006, Xining wrote a script in the middle of the book, which stipulated the interests of the banker in detail. The quasi-Chinese part says: Designate bankers' interests by imperial edict, and listen to them first. Today, we will specify one of the following sections in detail. According to Xu Zhong, a pedestrian, there are 26 households in the butcher shop, and they have to pay 600 yuan a year, not to mention meat. Today, according to the pedestrians, the next item 13 households was decided, and 400 items were handed in. In December of one year, beggars were sent every month, and each household paid 200 articles. Thirteen households, * * * pay 200 pence. In December of one year, they ask for money every month, and each household always pays 290 pence. The right to serve the imperial edict: the interests of each family should be carefully considered, and the three divisions should listen to each other. Zaf elaborated on the interests of each household. Allow this.
This letter was sent by several banks to the shareholders' office of Detailed Bank. Through the analysis of this paper, we can see the handling process of this government affairs. Through the imperial edict issued by Zhongshumen, the emperor stipulated the interests of each household and asked them to specify their interests. This imperial edict was not sent directly to the coherence office, but was made into miscellaneous words under the door of Zhongshu, which contained the contents of the imperial edict. Determine the firm in detail, implement it according to the imperial edict, and report it directly to the emperor after making handling opinions. After the emperor's instructions, it was sent to Zhongshumen, made into miscellaneous characters, and sent to the main office and Shisan. This process is basically similar to the process we observed in the study of Death of the Family. It can be seen that the imperial edict of the emperor should be transmitted through the form of Zazi under the door of Zhongshu. Although courtiers and ministers can report government affairs directly to the emperor, the emperor is not allowed to directly approve personal opinions and let the ministers directly implement them. That's why some companies still need to make the same mistakes under the door of Zhongshu after receiving the surrender of the emperor.
Judging from the official document signing system, the reason for this problem is that under the three-province system in the Tang Dynasty, the general imperial letters signed by the governors of Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province and then signed by the emperor's imperial paintings have legal effect, so they can be published in the form of government documents. However, before the Yuanfeng Reform in the Northern Song Dynasty, the original system attached to the three-province system could not operate independently because the three-province system no longer existed. Therefore, the emperor's imperial edict is published in Chinese books in the form of imperial edict or Zazi, or accompanied by imperial edict and Zazi. On the one hand, with the emergence of internal and external systems, the emperor has the right to independently draft documents. On the other hand, this kind of drafting right can only become a document with real legal effect if it passes through the door of Chinese calligraphy. After receiving the official reply and other letters, Zhongshumen either forwards them directly or adds some orders before issuing them to ensure the implementation of the letters. Only the imperial edict issued by the imperial edict or miscellaneous words under the Chinese Book Gate can really have legal effect.
In addition, we also see that the central and local departments can receive directly as receiving units of Zazi or Duie. In other words, these central and local departments are under the direct command of Zhongshu and the emperor. In this way, the hierarchical relationship of government affairs operation in the early Northern Song Dynasty can be roughly summarized. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, Zhongshumen and Emperor were two important departments to handle government affairs. In the process of dealing with government affairs, they work together and depend on each other. They all have the right to decide and handle government affairs. And exercise this power separately because of the importance of government affairs. But as far as the decision-making power of government affairs is concerned, in the early Northern Song Dynasty, it was stipulated in the system that both the monarch and the emperor needed to share the decision-making power. However, the departments under Zhongshumen and outside the emperor, whether central or local, all belong to the same level in the face of Zhongshumen and the emperor. This level has some rights to handle government affairs. Therefore, we can say that from the hierarchical mechanism of official document operation, its stratification is mainly divided into two levels, that is, the emperor and the Chinese book belong to one level, and other ministers belong to another level.