People are people other than the Eight Banners. In the Qing Dynasty, people with the Eight Banners were called Qi people, while those without the Eight Banners were called Min people, mostly Han people. At that time, it was "the flag people don't pay property, and the Han people don't marry." The land belongs to the flag bearer, and the people can only rent land for planting. Even if the people open up land for themselves, they should admit that the flag bearer is the land owner and invite others to rent it. Land can only be sold in the flag house, and people are not allowed to buy land.
The so-called horse racing occupation of wasteland refers to the preferential treatment given to flag-bearers by the court when the people moved to the customs in the Qing Dynasty, which means that they can occupy the land at will. At that time, there were few people outside the customs, and the flag-bearer rode around a large wasteland and announced that the land was his. At that time, the local government did not have a special department to manage the land, so whoever developed the land would belong to it. And the people don't have this privilege, so the people who go through the customs to open up wasteland must recognize the flag bearer as the land east. Since the pioneers must recognize the eastern soil, who doesn't find a rich and powerful flag bearer to recognize it! The aforementioned Guan, Zhao, Fu, Yan and others are all government officials. Naturally, more and more people recognize the land in the east, resulting in more and more land.
Recognizing the landlord is tantamount to starting from scratch for the flag bearer, so some rich people in the flag bearer sent four people to pull the landlord, introduce how the landlord was generous and kind to the newcomers, and mobilize them to recognize the landlord. Recognizing the landlord is like recognizing relatives with four boxes of gifts. The landlord presented four boxes of gifts to the landlord and met him. Didong can just ask the person in charge to write down his name. Generally, rent is free for three years before land reclamation, and a document is written with the landlord for three years, which is the title deed. Its format is roughly as follows:
The land of the signatory is. }
The troublemaker said yes, both families are willing to sign the contract certificate.
The land reclaimed by land reclamation households is Sidong in the direction of ×× years. ........
Xx barrels (or stones) cross three colors every year.
Finally, the landlord, landlord, middleman, guarantor, introducer, neighbor and ghostwriter signed and signed. The boundaries between east, west, south and north are not only written in words, but sometimes illustrated by pictures. The "closing positions according to three colors" written in the deed refers to three kinds of grain: sorghum, millet and soybean. The signature is not printed with the index finger of the right hand, nor with the thumb of the ancient hand, foot or wife, but with a brush to draw a cross under his name, just like Xiong Youlan in Kunqu Opera "Fifteen Passes" drew a cross with a brush.
After the title deed is written, fold it up and cut it from the middle with scissors, one on each side to prevent unilateral forgery; There are also two copies, two of which are opposite to each other, and the date is ××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××
Land rent gives preferential treatment to land reclamation households, generally three to five buckets per year. Tenancy will be gradually increased every three to five years, but it will generally increase to one stone (ten buckets are one stone, and each bucket is about 40 kilograms of grain) to five buckets and one stone, and the top field will increase to two stones. During the Spring Festival, the landlord sometimes gives Dongdong pigs, white striped chickens and white striped ducks. ...
In addition to the outdoor areas in the east of the flag recognized by the people, there are landlords who recruit people to rent, that is, the cultivated land in the east is rented to the people, but there is no land rent concession. Generally, each piece of land is about one stone and five to two stones (at most one stone and seven or eight stones, but no more than two stones).
In the Qing dynasty, it was recognized that the landlord status of Qidong and Qizhaomin Temple was the same, but it was different in the early years of the Republic of China. Admit that the landlords in Qidong have half the land rights, sell land in Qidong, buy land at half the price of available land, and the landlords who recruit Qi Zhaomin Power do not enjoy half-price treatment.
In the early years of the Republic of China, in order to find out whether people recognized the half-price right of land in Qi Dong or Zhaoqimindian, several Acheng counties went to court with the Beijing National Government, some won and some lost. The key lies in whether there is the word "farmer" on the title deed. Juyuan Racecourse Store Laomajia is a pioneer in Qidong. Because of the word "pioneer" on the deed, I won the lawsuit in Beijing.
In addition, there are people who "cast slaves", that is, people who fled from Shanhaiguan to Shanhaiguan, who are willing to change their surnames and change their surnames to Didong. Didong can give him land and allow him to reclaim land freely, and they don't need to pay rent, but their ancestors must be slaves, work for Didong, or manage things, or run outside, or be responsible for housework and sacrifice. Although their ancestors were slaves, they could get more benefits economically than landlords who recognized the flag and levied people on the east, because they were equal to the flag. After several generations, some "slave-owning" families have become big flag-bearers, with a land of more than 100 meters, and they have prestige and status among the flag-bearers. For example, at the end of the Qing Dynasty, Acheng × Banner had a big family whose ancestors were "slaves". Because I am old, I have mastered the right to preserve my family tree. Out of jealousy, people with the same surname took care of Lenggen. When offering sacrifices to ask for genealogy, it caused quite a storm. After that, the whole family said, apologized, and it was settled. It can be seen that a few of the big flag-bearers are "domestic slaves".