Zhuge Liang (181-234), courtesy name Kongming and nickname Wolong. Zhuge Liang was born in an official's family in Langxieyangdu in the fourth year of Emperor Guanghe of the Han Dynasty (181). The Zhuge family is a prominent family in Langxie, and their ancestor Zhuge Feng once served as Sili Xiaowei (chief of the garrison of the capital) during the reign of Emperor Yuan of the Western Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang's father, Zhuge Gui, whose courtesy name was Jungong, served as the magistrate of Taishan County in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang lost his father in his early years. Together with his younger brother Zhuge Jun, he followed his uncle Zhuge Xuan, who was appointed as the prefect of Yuzhang by Yuan Shu, to Yuzhang. The Eastern Han Dynasty court sent Zhu Hao to replace Zhuge Xuan, so Zhuge Xuan went to join his old friend Liu Biao, the pastor of Jingzhou.
Zhuge Xuan died of illness, and Zhuge Liang and his siblings lost their livelihood, so they moved to Longzhong (20 miles west of today's Xiangyang County, some say the place of seclusion is Nanyang?), living in seclusion in the countryside, farming and making ends meet. In the fourth year of Jian'an (199), 19-year-old Zhuge Liang and his friends Xu Shu and others studied under Mr. Shuijing Sima Hui.
Zhuge Liang's reading was different from that of most people at that time. He did not stick to one chapter or one sentence, but looked at its general outline. He also liked to recite the ancient ballad "Liang Fu Yin". Through intensive study, he was not only familiar with astronomy and geography, but also proficient in tactics and military tactics. He has great ambitions and takes the world as his own responsibility. , Zhuge Liang also paid great attention to observing and analyzing the society at that time, and accumulated rich knowledge on governing the country and using troops.
In the twelfth year of Jian'an (207), when Zhuge Liang was 27 years old, Liu Bei "visited the thatched cottage three times", met with Zhuge Liang, and asked about the plan to unify the world. Zhuge Liang analyzed the situation at the time incisively and proposed to first capture Jing, Yi served as a base, reformed politics internally, united with Sun Quan externally, pacified the Yiyue in the south, and reconciled with the Rong in the west. Waiting for the opportunity, they sent troops from both directions to the north to unify the country's strategic thinking. This conversation is the famous "Longzhong Dui" . [Gulong Zhongshan, which is now thirteen kilometers west of Xiangyang, Hubei Province, was under the jurisdiction of Nanyang County at that time]
After hearing Zhuge Liang's incisive and thorough analysis, Liu Bei's thoughts suddenly became enlightened. He felt that Zhuge Liang's talent was rare, so he sincerely asked Zhuge Liang to come out and help him complete the great cause of reviving the Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang then came out to assist Liu Bei, forming a tripartite force among the Three Kingdoms. Zhuge Liang stepped in to assist Liu Bei in times of crisis and joined forces with Sun Yat-sen to fight against Cao Cao. Defeated Cao's army at Chibi and captured Jingzhou. In the 16th year of Jian'an, Yizhou was captured. Then he defeated Cao Jun and captured Hanzhong. In the twenty-sixth year, Liu Bei established the Shu Han regime in Chengdu, and Zhuge Liang was appointed prime minister to preside over the government. In three years (223 years), Liu Bei was critically ill and asked him to take care of his future affairs.
Liu Chan succeeded to the throne, and Zhuge Liang was named Marquis of Wuxiang and led Yizhou as pastoralist. Be diligent and prudent, handle all political affairs personally, strictly enforce rewards and punishments, alliance with Soochow, improve relations with all ethnic groups in the southwest, implement farming, and strengthen war preparations. In the fifth year of Jianxing (227 years), Shangshu (i.e., "Chu Shi Biao") was appointed by Liu Chan and led his army to station in Hanzhong. He made six northern expeditions to the Central Plains, mostly using food but without success. Twelve years later, he finally became ill due to overwork and died in the Wuzhangyuan Army. He left his funeral affairs to Jiang Wei.
Zhuge Liang was an outstanding statesman, thinker, and military strategist in Shu during the Three Kingdoms period. For thousands of years, Zhuge Liang has become the embodiment of wisdom, and his legendary stories have been recited by the world. Zhuge Liang's writings are included in the "Zhuge Family Collection Catalog" in the original biography of "Three Kingdoms", consisting of twenty-four chapters and one hundred and forty-four thousand one hundred and twelve words. Compiled by later generations, the "Collected Works of Marquis Zhuge Zhongwu" compiled by Zhang Shu of the Qing Dynasty is relatively complete. Zhuge Liang's main works in his life include: "The Former Teacher", "The Later Teacher", and "Longzhong Dui". Zhuge Liang was skilled in strategy, resourceful and decisive, and was good at ingenuity. He once innovated the "continuous crossbow", which could fire 10 arrows at the same time; he also made "wooden ox" and "flowing horse" to facilitate military transportation in the mountains; he also practiced the art of war and made the "eight formations". picture".
There are many memorial monuments to Zhuge Liang, dozens of them across the country. There is an endless stream of tourists.
The earliest Wuhou Temple in the country is in Mian County, Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province. Wuhou Temple in Mian County is the No. 1 Wuhou Temple in the world. Wuhou Temple in Mian County was built in the spring of the sixth year of Jingyao (AD 263). Zhuge Liang was the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty. He was named "Marquis of Wuxiang" during his lifetime (Wuxiang is in Wuxiang Town, Hanzhong City today). After his death, he was posthumously named "Marquis of Zhongwu" by Liu Chan. Therefore, historically, the temple was revered as "Wuxianghou". Hou Temple". Now the Wuhou Temple in Mian County is majestic and grand in scale. It has seven courtyards and more than 60 palaces. It is not only a place to pay homage to the sages, but also a place to visit cultural relics. What is even more significant is that the Wuhou Temple in Mian County is located at the former site of the "Xingyuan Prime Minister's Mansion" where Zhuge Liang went to Hanzhong to station troops for the Northern Expedition.
At present, in addition to Wuhou Temple in Chengdu and Wuhou Temple in Mian County, there are also Wuhou Temple in Nanyang, Wuhou Temple in Baidi City, Wuhou Temple in Baoshan, Yunnan, and Wuhou Temple in Qishan.
In addition, there are the Wuzhangyuan Zhuge Temple built before the Tang Dynasty, the Wuhou Palace (Puqi, Hubei) built in the Ming Dynasty, the Huangling Temple (Yichang, Hubei) built during the Jian'an period, etc. Zhuge Town in Lanxi, Zhejiang is named after the descendants of Zhuge Liang who have lived here for generations. The Prime Minister's Ancestral Hall was first built during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, more than 370 years ago. The Prime Minister's Ancestral Hall has fifty-two rooms of ancient buildings, including Zhuge Liang's tomb. In recent years, the Lanxi Prime Minister's Ancestral Hall has become increasingly famous and influential. It is a major historical site and a scenic spot in Lanxi.
Chronology of Zhuge Liang
Year A.D. Age Life and Deeds
Guanghe 4th year 181 0 years old Zhuge Liang was born in Langye Yangdu (now Yinan County, Shandong) ).
Zhongping 6 years 189 8 years old Zhuge Liang's biological mother Zhang passed away.
In the 3rd year of Chuping, 192, at the age of 11, Zhuge Liang's father Zhuge Si passed away.
In the first year of Xingping, 194, at the age of 13, Zhuge Liang, his younger brother Zhuge Jun and his younger sister were adopted by their uncle Zhuge Liangxuan. His older brother Zhuge Jin went to Jiangdong with his stepmother.
In the 2nd year of Chuping 195, at the age of 14, Zhuge Liang's uncle Zhuge Xuan was appointed as the governor of Yuzhang. He and his younger siblings went to Yuzhang (now Nanchang) with his uncle.
In the second year of Jian'an, 197, at the age of 16, Zhuge Xuan died of illness. Zhuge Liang and his siblings moved to Longzhong.
Jian'an 4th year 199 18 years old Zhuge Liang and his friend Xu Shu and others studied under Mr. Shui Jing Sima Hui.
Jian'an 12 years 207 26 years old Liu Bei visited the thatched cottage three times. Zhuge Liang told Liu Bei a plan to divide the world into three parts, which is the famous "thatched cottage pair". He immediately came out to assist Liu Bei.
Jian'an 13th year 208 27 years old Zhuge Liang persuaded Sun Quan to form an alliance with Liu Bei and participate in the Battle of Chibi and win.
In the 14th year of Jian'an, 209, at the age of 28, Zhuge Liang was appointed as the general of the army.
Jian'an 16 years 211 30 years old Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, and Zhao Yun guarded Jingzhou.
Jian'an 19th year 214 33 years old Zhuge Liang left Guan Yu to guard Jingzhou, and led troops with Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun to join forces with Liu Bei. Liu Bei entered Chengdu and took charge of Bashu. Zhuge Liang was appointed as the general of the Shu army's military division, the general of the left, and the chief minister of the government.
20th year of Jian'an 215 34 years old Zhuge Liang rectified the internal affairs of Bashu.
23rd year of Jian'an 218 37 years old Zhuge Liang stayed in Bashu to raise military supplies to supply Liu Bei who was fighting in Hanzhong.
In the first year of Shu Zhangwu, 221, at the age of 40, Liu Bei ascended the throne and established the Kingdom of Shu. Zhuge Liang was appointed prime minister.
In 223, the first year of Shu Jianxing, at the age of 42, Liu Bei entrusted Zhuge Liang to Baidi City.
Liu Chan made Zhuge Liang the Marquis of Wuxiang and led Yizhou as a pastoralist.
2 years after the founding of Shu, 224, 43 years old, Zhuge Liang adjusted the internal affairs of Bashu and stabilized the people who were in chaos due to Liu Bei's defeat.
3rd year of Shu Jianxing 225 44 years old Zhuge Liang led his army to the south and stabilized the four southern counties.
4 years after the founding of Shu, 226, 45 years old, Zhuge Liang prepared to attack Wei.
In the 5th year of the founding of Shu, 227, 46 years old, Zhuge Liang submitted the "List of Departures" to his former lord Liu Chan for the Northern Expedition.
In the 6th year of the founding of Shu, 228, 47 years old, Jieting was lost during the Northern Expedition. Zhuge Liang beheaded Ma Su with tears in his eyes, demoted himself to the right general, and acted as prime minister.
In the 7th year of the founding of Shu, 229, 48 years old, Zhuge Liang once again launched the northern expedition to capture Wudu and Yinping, and restored his position as prime minister.
In the 8th year of the founding of Shu, at the age of 230 and 49, Zhuge Liang made another northern expedition.
In the 9th year of the founding of Shu, 231, 50 years old, Zhuge Liang went north to attack Qishan, defeated Sima Zhongda, and defeated Wei general Zhang He.
In the 11th year of the founding of Shu, 233 52 years old, Zhuge Liang built a pavilion in Xiegu and gathered grain.
Zhuge Liang died of illness in Wuzhangyuan during the second Northern Expedition in 234, the 12th year of the founding of Shu.
Three Kingdoms: Biography of Zhuge Liang
Written by Chen Shou of Jin Dynasty, Zhuge Liang was named Kongming and was a native of Langxieyangdu. Han Si Li Xiaowei Zhuge Fenghou also. Father Gui, whose courtesy name was Jungong, was the capital of Taishan in the late Han Dynasty. Liang was orphaned early, and his father Xuan was appointed as the prefect of Yuzhang by Yuan Shu. Xuan general Liang and Liang's younger brother were all officials. The Han Dynasty elected Zhu Hao to replace Xuan. Xuansu had an old relationship with Liu Biao, the herdsman of Jingzhou, and relied on him. Xuan died, Liang worked hard to cultivate Long Mu, so as to write "Liang Fu Yin". He was eight feet tall. Every time he compared himself to Guan Zhong and Le Yi, no one at that time would agree with him.
However, Cui Zhouping of Boling and Xu Shu of Yingchuan and Yuanzhi were friendly to Liang, and they were said to be trustworthy.
At that time, the first master settled in Xinye. When Xu Shu saw the late master, he took charge of his weapon and said to the late master, "Zhuge Kongming is a crouching dragon. How can the general want to see him?" The late master said, "You are here with me." The concubine said, "This man can be here. See, you can't give in. The general should take care of it in vain. "Then the first master came to Liang and saw him three times. Yinpingren said: "The Han Dynasty collapsed, traitorous ministers stole their lives, and the Lord was covered in dust. I did not measure my virtue and my ability, and I wanted to believe in the greatness of heaven, but my wisdom was too short and shallow, so I used it rampantly. As of today. However, my ambition is still not over. What do you think of the plan?" Liang replied: "Since Dong Zhuo came, there have been countless heroes who have joined forces across the state. Compared with Yuan Shao, Cao Cao was a little famous and outnumbered. However, Cao Cao was able to defeat Shao. To use weakness to become strong is not only due to the timing of the day, but also due to human conspiracy. Today, Cao has millions of people, holding the emperor to command the princes. This sincerity cannot be competed with. Sun Quan has held Jiangdong for three generations, and the country is in danger and the people are in danger. Attachment, if the virtuous can be used for it, it can be used as reinforcement but cannot be exploited. Jingzhou controls Han and Mian in the north, benefits from the South China Sea, connects Wuhui in the east, and connects Ba and Shu in the west. This is a country that uses military force, but its master cannot defend it. The general is so talented that he doesn't care about it. Yizhou is a dangerous place with thousands of miles of fertile fields. It is the land of Tianfu. Liu Zhang is weak, Zhang Lu is in the north, the people are rich and the country is rich, but they don't know how to care. The general is a member of the emperor's family. He is loyal to the world, takes charge of heroes, and is thirsty for talents. If there are thorns and thorns across the road, he will protect the rocks and obstacles. He will unite with the Rong in the west and the Yiyue in the south. He will make friends with Sun Quan on the outside and Sun Quan on the inside. If there is a change in the world, I will order a general to lead the army of Jingzhou to Wan and Luo, and the general will lead the people of Yizhou out of Qinchuan. Is it sincere that the people will not eat pots of pulp to welcome the general? If this is the case, then the hegemony will be achieved and the Han Dynasty will be prosperous. "The First Master said: "Good!" So he and Liang Qinghao became close. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others were displeased, so the First Master explained: "The solitary one has a hole, just like a fish has water. I hope you will not say anything more." Yu and Fei stopped.
Liu Biao’s eldest son Qi was also very talented. I accepted the words of my second wife and loved the young son Cong, but I was displeased with Qi. Every time Qi wanted to work with Liang to find a way to stabilize himself, Liang always refused and failed to draw any plans with him. Qi then took Liang to visit the back garden, and went up to a high building. During the banquet, he asked people to go up the ladder, because he said to Liang: "Today, I can't go up to the sky, and I can't go down to the earth. The words that come out of my mouth come into my mouth." "Ear, can you say it?" Liang replied, "Don't you see that Shen Sheng is in danger inside, but Chong Er is in trouble outside?" Qi Yi realized, Yin Gui made a plan. After the death of Hui Huangzu, he came to the conclusion and became the prefect of Jiangxia. When the Russians came to report their troops, Cong heard that Duke Cao was coming to fight, so he sent an envoy to ask for his surrender. When the First Lord was in Fan Wenzhi, he led his troops to the south. Liang and Xu Shu followed together. Cao Gong pursued and defeated the concubine, and captured the concubine's mother. The concubine then pointed to his heart and said: "I originally wanted to fight with the general and those who seek hegemony in this small area. Now that I have lost my mother, the area is in chaos and will not be helpful. Please say goodbye from now on." Cao Gong.
When the First Lord arrived at Xiakou, he Liang said: "The situation is urgent. Please ask for help from General Sun." At that time, Quan supported his army in Chaisang, watching the success or failure. Liang said to Quan: "There is great chaos in the sea. General He raised troops to occupy Jiangdong, and Liu Yuzhou also took over the Han Dynasty to join forces with Cao Cao to fight for the world. Now that Cao Cao was in trouble, it was almost over, and Jingzhou was defeated. The hero had no use for his power, so Yuzhou fled here. The general will deal with it according to his ability: if the Wu and Yue people can compete with China, it is better to defeat them as soon as possible; if they can't do it, why not put on their armor and attack from the north? Hesitant plans will lead to disaster. " Quan said, "As you say, why doesn't Liu Yuzhou carry out the plan?" Liang said, "Tian Heng, a strong man in Qi, still upholds his righteousness. What's more, the royal family of Liu Yuzhou is extremely talented and admired by all the people. If things don't work out, it's God's fault. How can they be restored? " Quan Boran said: "I can't lift the entire Wu. , a hundred thousand people are under the control of others. I have decided! No one but Liu Yuzhou can resist this. After Yuzhou's new defeat, how can it be difficult?" Liang said: "Although the Yuzhou army was defeated by Changban, today's soldiers Guan Yu's navy had ten thousand soldiers, and Liu Qi and Jiangxia's warriors were no less than ten thousand. Cao Cao's troops were tired from afar, and they pursued Yuzhou with their light cavalry for more than three hundred miles in a day and night. This is called "the end of the strong slaves." Those who are unable to penetrate Lu's armor are therefore forbidden in the art of war, saying, "The general must be defeated." Moreover, the people in the north are not accustomed to water warfare; and the people of Jingzhou are not convinced by force. The general can command tens of thousands of strong generals and work together with Yuzhou to defeat Cao's army. If Cao's army is defeated, it will return to the north. In this way, the power of Jing and Wu will be strong, and the chance of success or failure lies in the formation of the tripod. Today. "Quan Dayue immediately sent Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, Lu Su and other 30,000 naval troops to follow Liang Yi and resist Duke Cao. Duke Cao was defeated at Chibi and led his army back to Ye.
The First Lord then took over the south of the Yangtze River and appointed Liang as the commander of the army. He was envoy to oversee the three counties of Lingling, Guiyang and Changsha, and transferred their taxes to strengthen the army.
In the 16th year of Jian'an, Liu Zhang, the herdsman of Yizhou, sent Fa Zheng to welcome the late lord and attack Zhang Lu. Liang and Guan Yu took control of Jingzhou. The First Lord attacked Zhang from Jiameng. Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others led their troops back to the river, divided them into prefectures and counties, and joined forces with the First Lord to surround Chengdu. When Chengdu was peaceful, Yi Liang was appointed as the military advisor general and assigned to the affairs of General Zuo's office. When the First Lord went out, Liang often guarded Chengdu and had enough food and troops. In the twenty-sixth year, the subordinates persuaded the late master to give him the title of honor, but the late master did not agree. Liang said: "In the past, Wu Han, Geng Gai and others first persuaded Shizu to ascend the throne. Shizu resigned. Four times before and after, Geng Chun advanced and said: 'The world The heroes are trembling, hoping for something. If they don't follow the proposal, the scholar-bureaucrats will go back to the Lord and have nothing to do. "The ancestors felt so deeply that they promised to do it. Now the Cao family has usurped the Han Dynasty, and the great king Liu family has no master." The Miao people were born in the early 19th century, and now they are on the throne. It is appropriate for the scholar-bureaucrats to follow the great king and work hard for a long time, and they also want to achieve great results. "The former master then ascended the throne, and Ce Liang became the prime minister and said: "I am in trouble. Do not create, flatter the general, work conscientiously, do not seek peace, think about the peace of the people, and be afraid of failure! Alas! "It's a holiday for the Prime Minister to minister. After Zhang Fei died, he became the captain of the Sili school.
In the spring of the third year of Zhangwu's reign, the late emperor died of illness in Yong'an. He summoned Liang to Chengdu, which was a later matter. He said to Liang: "Your talent is ten times that of Cao Pi. You will surely be able to secure the country and resolve major events. If your heir can assist you, , assist him; if he is not talented, you can take it yourself." Liang cried and said: "I dare to devote all my strength and loyalty to the chastity, and then die!" The first master also issued an edict and said: "You. Working with the prime minister, he is like his father. "In the first year of Jianxing, he was granted the title of Marquis of Wuxiang, and established a government to manage affairs. After a while, he also led Yizhou as a pastoralist. No matter how big or small the political affairs are, they are all determined by Liang. All the counties in the south were in rebellion. Liang Yixin suffered a great loss, so he could not increase his troops. Instead, he sent envoys to hire Wu, and because of the fraternity, he became the country's ruler.
In the spring of the third year, Liang led the army to march south, but the autumn was peaceful. With the military resources coming out, the country will be rich, and it will be necessary to organize the army and teach martial arts in preparation for large-scale campaigns. In the fifth year, he led his troops to the north and stationed in Hanzhong. When he was about to leave, he wrote: "The late emperor had not started half of his business, but the middle road collapsed. Today, Yizhou is exhausted. This is the autumn of life and death. However, the guards are unremitting. Internally, those who are loyal and lofty ideals forget themselves outside, because they want to repay the kindness of the late emperor to His Majesty. It is the road of loyalty and remonstrance. The palace and the palace are all integrated. It is not appropriate to have similar or different punishments. If there are those who commit crimes and are loyal and good, they should be punished and rewarded by the officials to show your Majesty's fairness. It is not appropriate. Partiality leads to internal and external differences. The ministers such as Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, etc. are all good and honest, and their ambitions are pure. Therefore, the former emperor simply dismissed the affairs of the palace and left them to his Majesty. If you consult him carefully and then put it into practice, you will surely be able to repair the gaps and benefit a lot. Governor. If you are ignorant of the affairs in the camp, you will be able to make things harmonious and prosperous. If you are close to virtuous ministers, you will stay away from villains. This is why the early Han Dynasty prospered; if you are close to villains, you will stay away from virtuous ministers. This is why the Han Dynasty was in decline. When the late emperor was still here, every time he discussed this matter with his ministers, he always sighed and hated Huan and Lingye. If you believe it, the Han Dynasty will prosper, and you can count the days and wait for it.
"I am a commoner, working hard in Nanyang, surviving in troubled times, and not seeking to be heard by the princes. The late emperor did not think that his ministers were despicable, and he was in vain. He paid close attention to his ministers in the thatched cottage three times. The counselors were grateful for the affairs of the world, so they allowed the late emperor to drive away. Later, when the army was overthrown, I was appointed to the position when the army was defeated, and I was ordered to be in danger. You have been here for twenty-one years. The late emperor was cautious in informing his ministers, so he sent his ministers important information when he was about to die. Since receiving the order, I have been lamenting all night, fearing that the entrustment would not be effective and would harm the late emperor's wisdom. Therefore, I crossed Lu in May and went deep into the barren area. Now that the south has been secured and the troops are sufficient, it is time to lead the three armies to the north to secure the central plains. The common people are exhausted and the slaves are dull, the traitors are eliminated, the Han Dynasty is restored, and the old capital is restored. The reason why this minister reports to the late emperor is to be loyal to His Majesty's duty.
"As for considering the profit and loss, I will use my loyal advice to defeat Youzhi, Yi and Yun. I hope that your majesty will entrust your ministers to bring the thieves back to life; if they fail to do so, you will be punished for their crimes." In the spirit of the late Emperor, [if there are no words to promote virtue,] blame You Zhi, Yi, Yun, etc. for their arrogance, so that they can be blamed. Your Majesty should also seek advice on what is good, pay attention to the elegant words, and follow the late Emperor's edict deeply. I am so grateful that I should stay away now. I am in tears and don't know what to say." Then he went and settled in Mianyang.
In the spring of the sixth year, he raised his voice and took eyebrows from Xiegu Road, making Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi suspicious of the army. Liang personally led the troops to attack Qishan, the troops were organized in order, rewards and punishments were austere, and the order was given to Chang Ming. The three counties of Nan'an, Tianshui, and Yong'an rebelled against Wei Yingliang, and Guanzhong was shaken. Emperor Wei Ming went to Chang'an in the west and ordered Zhang Tai to reject Liang. Liang sent Ma Su to supervise the troops in front and fought with Tai at the street pavilion. Su violated the bright moral standards and acted inappropriately, which was greatly defeated by Zhang Tai. Liang took out more than a thousand families in Xi County and returned them to Hanzhong, killing them to thank the crowd. Shangshu said: "I have a weak talent and talk about theft but not the stronghold. I personally hold the yue to monitor the three armies. I can't teach the rules and regulations. I am afraid when things happen. Even if there are streets and pavilions that disobey orders, and Jigu is not disciplined, all the faults are to blame." The minister is appointed in a wrong way. The minister is ignorant of the people, and the affairs are too dark. "Spring and Autumn" says that the minister should demote himself to the third rank to supervise the blame. "So I appointed Liang as the right general and acted as prime minister. President as before.
In winter, Liang came back from Sanguan and surrounded Chencang. Cao Zhen refused, and Liang returned after running out of food. General Wang Shuang of Wei led his cavalry to chase Liang. Liang fought with Liang, defeated him, and killed both of them. In the seventh year, Liang sent Chen Shi to attack Wudu and Yinping. Guo Huai, the assassin of Yongzhou in Wei, led his troops to attack Shi. Liang went out to Jianwei, but Huai returned and the two counties were pacified. The imperial edict said: "The battle of Jieting was caused by Ma Su. The king made mistakes and devalued himself deeply. He violated the king's will and obeyed the guards. The year before last, the army was shining, and Wang Shuang was killed by Que. This year, Guo Huai was conquered. Escaped; surrendered the Di and Qiang, revived the two counties, and the power of the town was fierce. His merits were obvious. "Now that I have returned to you as prime minister, I will not resign you."
In the ninth year, Liang returned to Qishan, used wood and oxen to transport his troops, and withdrew his army after running out of food. He fought with Wei general Zhang Tai and shot him dead. In the spring of the twelfth year, Liang learned that the masses came out of Xiegu, transported by flowing horses, and settled in Wugong Wuzhangyuan to fight against Weinan with King Sima Xuan. Every time Liang suffered from food shortages and lacked ambition, he divided his troops into fields and established them as a basis for a long-term garrison. The cultivators are mixed among the residents of Weibin, but the people are in peace and the army is selfless. The stalemate lasted for more than a hundred days. In August of that year, he became seriously ill and died in the army at the age of fifty-four. When the army retreated, King Xuan went to his camp and said: "He is a genius in the world!"
Liang ordered to be buried in Dingjun Mountain in Hanzhong, because the mountain was a tomb and the tomb was large enough to accommodate the coffin. No utensils required. The imperial edict said: "The emperor is physically talented in both civil and military affairs. He is wise and sincere. He was entrusted by an orphan to support and support the alliance. He continued to prosper and was determined to pacify the chaos. He was in charge of the six divisions. He never failed to conquer, and he was impressive in martial arts and powerful. Huang, he will make great contributions to the Ji Han Dynasty, and participate in the great achievements of Yi and Zhou. How can he not pay tribute to him, and he will be mourned when he is ill? , so in the future of Guangzhao, I ordered Du Qiong, the general of Zuo Zhonglang, to give you the title of Marquis of Wuxiang. You have a soul and a soul. I am so honored!
At the beginning, Liang said: "There are 800 mulberry trees in Chengdu and 15 hectares of thin fields. The children will have enough food and clothing." As for the ministers who are away from home, they have no other arrangements. They carry food and clothing with them, and they all rely on the officials. If on the day of my death, I will not have any leftover silk inside or money outside, I will be able to disgrace Your Majesty. "And died, just as he said.
Brightness is better than ingenuity. The profit and loss of crossbows, wood, oxen and horses are all unexpected. He deduced the art of war, made eight Chen diagrams, and got the key points. Liangyan taught and played. It's so impressive that it can be divided into one episode.
In the spring of the sixth year of Jingyao's reign, an edict was issued to build a temple for Liang in Mianyang. Liang's brother was not allowed to collect wood or wood around Liang's tomb. The third is marching to the north, the fourth is calculating, the fifth is training, the sixth is comprehensive, the seventh is comprehensive, the eighth is miscellaneous, the ninth is miscellaneous, the tenth noble and the eleventh are soldiers, the twelfth is transport, the thirteenth is with Sun Quan Book No. 14 and Zhuge Jin Book No. 15 and Meng Da Book No. 16 Deposed Li Ping Seventeenth Legal Inspection, Eighteenth Legal Inspection, Nineteenth Military Order The 22nd Military Order, the 23rd Military Order, the 24th right and the 24th chapter, have one hundred and four thousand and one hundred and twelve words.
Chen Shou and others said: I am here. The author of the book, the Shizhong, led Zhongshujian and the Northern Houchen Xunxu, and the Zhongshu ordered Guan Neihouchen and Qiao to report: The envoys determined the story of Zhuge Liang, the Prime Minister of Shu. He said that shame and good deeds are left behind, and sincerity is the brightest virtue of the Jin Dynasty, and its benefits are boundless. Since ancient times, it has been unheard of to delete and duplicate them, and the titles of the chapters are as follows. . Liang was a man of rare talents and a powerful weapon. He was eight feet tall and had a very majestic appearance. He caused chaos in the late Han Dynasty and fled to Jingzhou with his uncle Xuan. He worked hard in the fields without seeking to be famous.
At that time, Liu Bei, the general of the left, thought that Liang was very talented, so he paid three visits to Liang in the thatched cottage. Liang Shen thought that Bei was majestic and outstanding, so he took off his belt and wrote about his sincerity and kindness. When Emperor Wu of the Wei Dynasty went south to conquer Jingzhou, Liu Cong raised the prefecture to hold hostages, but he was prepared to lose power and be outnumbered, with no place to stand. When Liang was twenty-seven years old, he devised a strange strategy and sent Sun Quan to ask for help from Wu Hui. Quan not only stayed and served, but also admired the beauty and elegance. He respected him very much, so he sent 30,000 troops to assist him. He was ready to fight Emperor Wu, defeat his army, and take advantage of the victory to achieve peace in the south of the Yangtze River. The reserve then took Yizhou to the west. Yizhou was established, and Liang was appointed as the military advisor general. Prepare to be honored with honorary titles, worship Liang as prime minister, and record ministerial affairs. When he was ready to die, his heir was young and weak, and he focused on everything, no matter how big or small. Therefore, we connected with Soochow outside and pacified South Vietnam internally. We implemented laws and regulations, organized the military and brigades, and kept the craftsmanship skills to the extreme. We were strict in science and education, and we must believe in rewards and punishments. No evil should be shown. If you do not pick up relics, your borders will not be invaded and weakened, and your demeanor will be awe-inspiring.
At this time, Liang Zhizhi's ambition is to advance, dragons and tigers are looking at him, including the four seas, and his retreat is across the border of the mausoleum, shaking the whole world. And when he thought he had no body, no one could cross the Central Plains and compete with the superior country. Therefore, he used his troops without restraint and repeatedly showed off his military power. However, a talented man is good at governing the army, a clever plan is a shortcoming, and he is better at managing the people than generals. However, the enemy we faced may have talented people, but due to the small numbers of people, their attack and defense were different. Therefore, even though they mobilized the army for many years, they were unable to defeat them. In the past, Xiao He recommended Han Xin and Guan Zhong promoted Prince Chengfu. They both considered their own strengths and could not take advantage of both. A bright weapon can govern politics, but it can also control and Xiao's Yapi. However, the famous generals at that time did not have Chengfu and Han Xin, so their achievements were delayed and their righteousness was not as good as evil? Destiny has its destiny and cannot be fought with intelligence.
In the spring of the second year of Qinglong, many bright commanders showed their martial arts skills and divided their troops into fields to form a base for a long-term garrison. When he died of illness in autumn, Li Shu thought about it and thought it was true. To this day, the people of Liang and Yi still hear the words in their ears from those who have consulted them. Although Gantang's chant about Zhao Gong and Zheng's song about Zichan are incomparable. Mencius once said: "If you use the way of leisure to make people work, you will not complain even if you work; if you use the way of life to kill people, you will not be angry even if you die." Believe it! Commentators may blame Liang for not being brilliant in his writing, but being too thoughtful and thoughtful about Ding Ning. I foolishly thought that Jiu Yao was a great virtuous person and the Duke of Zhou was a sage. After examining the ministers, I found that Jiu Yao was brief and elegant, and that the Duke of Zhou's edicts were troublesome and comprehensive. Why? Jiu Yao talked with Shun and Yu, and Duke Zhou swore an oath with his subordinates. Liang's words are all ordinary people, so his writings cannot reach far. However, the last words of his teachings are all based on historical facts, and his sincerity and sincerity are reflected in his writings, which are enough to understand the person's thoughts and principles, and they can be useful to the current world.
His Majesty Fu Wei followed the ancient saints without scruples, so even though the enemy country made slanderous remarks, he spoke freely without revising the taboos, so he understood the way of great passage. I would like to record and write down my works. The minister, Shoucheng, was frightened, and he paused. It was a capital crime. On the first day of the second month of the tenth year of Taishi, on the first day of Guisi, Chen Shou, the prime minister of the Marquis of Pingyang, came up.
Qiao's courtesy name is Bosong, the second son of Liang's brother Jin, and his real name is Zhongshen. Both Qiao and his brother Yuan Xun were famous at that time. Commentators believed that Qiao's talent was not as good as his brother's, but his nature and karma were beyond him. At the beginning, Liang had no children and asked Qiao to be his heir. Jin Qi Sun Quan sent Qiao to the west. Liang considered Qiao as his suitable son, so he changed his name to Yan. He was appointed Prince Consort Duwei and followed Liang to Hanzhong. He died in the sixth year of Jianxing (Yuan Dynasty) in the twenty-fifth year of the first year (Yuan). Zipan, who was promoted to General Yiwu of the marching army, also died early. Zhuge Ke saw that his descendants were all gone after being executed by Wu, but Liang had his own descendants, so he climbed far away and became Queen Jin again.
Think far ahead. In the twelfth year of Jianxing's reign, he showed off his martial arts skills and wrote to Jin Shu: "Zhan is now eight years old. He is smart and cute. I think he has matured too early, so he may not be a high-ranking official." Next year, he will be appointed as the Lieutenant General of Yulin. He has been repeatedly promoted to the rank of Colonel Shesheng, Shizhong, Shangshu Pushe, and the rank of Military Advisor General. He is a master of calligraphy and painting, and has a strong sense of consciousness. The people of Shu remember him brightly and love his talent and agility. Every time there was a good deed of good governance in the imperial court, even though it was not initiated by Zhan, the people would pass it on and tell each other, "This is what Marquis Ge did." This is because of its good reputation, but it is not true. In the fourth year of Jingyao's reign, he served as the general guarding the capital, and together with the general of the auxiliary state, Nanxiang Hou Dong Jue, he served as minister of book affairs. In the winter of the sixth year, General Deng Ai of Wei Zhengxi attacked Shu and entered from Yinping by Jinggu Road. Watch and supervise the troops to halt at Fu, defeat the advance, retreat, and stay at Mianzhu. Ai sent a letter to lure Zhan and said: "If he surrenders, he will definitely be the king of Langxie." Zhan was angry and killed Ai's envoy. Then he fought, was defeated, and died in battle at the age of thirty-seven. Everyone dispersed, and Ai Chang drove to Chengdu. Looking at the eldest son Shang, both of them disappeared. The second son Jing, Pan Zixian and others moved to Hedong in the first year of Xianxi.
Dong Jue was the official historian when the Prime Minister came to the throne. Liang called him: "Dong Lingshi is a good scholar. Whenever I speak to him, I think carefully and appropriately." He moved to Zhubo. After Liang's death, he moved to Shangshu Pushe and replaced Chen Zhi as Shangshu Ling. He moved to the general position and served as a general, and Fan Jian of Yiyang was appointed to Yan Dynasty. In the 14th year of Yanxi (2), he sent Wu as a school lieutenant. When Sun Quan was seriously ill, he did not see the construction. Quan asked Zhuge Ke: "How can Fan Jian be as good as Zong Yue?" Ke replied: "His talent and knowledge are not as good as his prediction, but his elegance is beyond him.
"Later, he served as a servant and guarded the secret order. When he was in charge of Zhan, Jue, and Jian Tong, Jiang Wei often went out on expeditions. The eunuch Huang Hao stole the handle of the machine, and the generals of the Xian Dynasty protected him, but he was unable to correct it. However, Jian Te did not agree with Hao. Good exchanges. In the spring of the next year after Shu was defeated, Jue and Jian both went to Kyoto and joined the army as prime ministers. In the autumn, they also served as regular servants of the Shu Dynasty.
The comment said: Zhuge Liang is also the prime minister. , care for the people, show rituals, make appointments for official positions, obey the authority, be sincere, and deliver justice; those who are loyal and beneficial will be rewarded even if they are hated; those who break the law and neglect will be punished, even if they are close; those who admit their crimes and lose love will be released, even if they are serious, and use clever rhetoric No matter how light the ornament is, he will be killed; good deeds will not be rewarded, and evil deeds will not be devalued; common affairs should be refined, stick to their roots, follow the name and responsibility, and be disdainful of hypocrisy; finally within the territory of the country, they will be feared but loved, and punished Although the government is severe but there is no resentment, it can be said that he is a good person who knows how to govern. However, he has failed to mobilize the public for many years, and it is not his strength to adapt to the situation. 椤!
Some of Zhuge Liang’s political achievements
1. Dujiangyan,
"Shui Jing Zhu Jiang Shui" records: "Zhuge Liang used this weir for farming during his northern expedition. This capital is the capital of the country, and it is protected by levying thousands and two hundred people. "There are weir officials". --- Zhuge Liang pioneered the weir officials.
The details of this decree are breathtaking, down to the date of the annual dredging work and the depth of the excavation. Zhuge Liang used it that year The stone scales maintained by dredging were not replaced by replica stainless steel scales until the 1980s, and the maintenance regulations established by Wu Hou are still implemented as they are today.
Second, the Wa people resisted the British;
p>As far back as 225 AD, the Kanamanjuan tribe of the Wa people living in the Calabash Kingdom signed an alliance with Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty, and submitted to the Shu Han court, vowing to guard the border and never rebel; for 1,700 years, the Wa people always followed In 1934, the British army attacked the Banhong and Banlao areas. The Wa people kept this covenant in mind. King Banlao rose up to resist, organized the Wa armed forces, and swore an oath to be loyal to their most respected "Azu Grandpa" - - Zhuge Liang. This is the famous "Banhong Incident";
3. The "Tea Ancestor" worshiped by six ethnic minorities
"Pu'er Prefecture Historical Sites" records: Old. It is said that Marquis Wu traveled through the six mountains, leaving bronze gongs in Youle, copper trowels in Mangzhi, iron bricks in Manzhu, wooden bangs in Yibang, horse pedals in Gedeng, and sacks in Mancai. Named after its mountain. "One of the six major tea mountains is called Kongming Mountain. The local people also call the tea tree "Kongming Tree" and respect Zhuge Liang as the "Ancestor of Tea." To this day, the villages of the Jinuo, Blang, Wa, Dai, Hani and Zhuang ethnic groups hold a gathering every year on Zhuge Liang's birthday, called the "Tea Ancestor Meeting", where they sing and dance while admiring the moon, setting off Kongming lanterns, and worshiping Zhuge Liang. .
Zhuge Liang’s position in the martial arts temples of the past dynasties
The martial arts temple appeared for the first time in Chinese history in the Tang Dynasty
1, "New Book of Tang - Rites and Music Five" Zai: "In the 19th year of Kaiyuan, the Taigong Shangfu Temple was built, and the Taigong was honored as King Wucheng. The ceremony was comparable to that of King Wenxuan, and the good generals of the past dynasties were served by ten wise men and elephants. The ten wise men of the Wuxing Temple are:
< p>Sun Wu of the Wu State and Sima Ranju of the Qi State in the Spring and Autumn Period; Wu Qi of the Wei State, Le Yi of the Yan State, and Bai Qi of the Qin State during the Warring States Period; Zhang Liang and Han Xin of the Western Han Dynasty; Zhuge Liang of the Shu Han Dynasty; and Li Jing and Li of the Tang Dynasty. Li Shiji, and Tai Gongwang was the chief worshiper of the Wu Temple. "2. In the third year of Emperor Dezong's founding in the Tang Dynasty, the imperial court issued an edict to the History Museum and listed 64 famous generals from ancient to modern times. Become a king or so. The 32 people on the left are: Yue Fan Li, Qi Sun Bin, Zhao Lianpo, Qin Wang Jian, Wei Qing, Sui and Han Qinhu, Guo Ziyi, etc.
3. Emperor Zhaozong of the Tang Dynasty granted Zhuge Liang the title of King Wuling and granted him a temple in Longzhong.
Song Dynasty:
In the Song Dynasty, Zhuge was worshiped as a loyal minister (given Yinghui Temple with "Renji"), and at the same time, Zhuge was worshiped as a famous general, whose status was second only to Zhang Liang, who ranks first alone, is still on an equal footing with Sun Wu, Han Xin, Li Jing and others.
"History of the Song Dynasty" Volume 105 "Book of Rites 8": In the fifth year of Xuanhe, the Ministry of Rites said: "The temple of King Wucheng will worship seventy-two generals." Therefore, Zhang Liang was appointed to the temple. . The Jin people followed the old system of the Tang Dynasty, but lowered the status of Guan Zhong and Han Xin, and eliminated Wang Meng and Murong Ke. Zhuge Liang's status as a famous general remained unchanged. Moreover, in the concept of "History of the Jin Dynasty", if anyone says the sentence "Zhuge Liang does not know how to fight", it proves that this person is "a big talker".
Zhuge Liang failed to achieve his goals in his early years and was not swayed by his ambitions, so he settled in a cottage in Xilong Zhongshan, Xiangyang City, and lived in seclusion to wait out his time.
In 207 AD, Liu Bei, who was thirsty for talents, visited the thatched cottage three times and asked Zhuge Liang for advice. Zhuge Liang analyzed the world situation incisively and proposed that the world should be unified into three parts, and that he should unite Wu to fight against Cao, also known as the "Longzhong Countermeasures". This is a correct political and military line proposed by Zhuge Liang for Liu Bei, and it is also Zhuge Liang's life-long action plan. From then on, Liu Bei's career took a turn for the better.