The details are as follows:

1. Chinese etiquette?

Chinese etiquette and rituals. In ancient China, there was a theory of the Five Rituals. Sacrifice is auspicious rituals, weddings are wedding rituals, guests are guests, military affairs are military rituals, and funerals are unlucky rituals. Folklore circles believe that etiquette includes four kinds of life etiquette: birth, crown, marriage and funeral. In fact, etiquette can be divided into two major categories: politics and life. The political category includes sacrifices to heaven, earth, ancestral temples, sacrifices to ancestors and saints, local drinking ceremonies to honor teachers, meeting ceremonies, military ceremonies, etc. Life categories include Five Sacrifice, Gaozi Sacrifice, Nuo Ceremony, Birth Ceremony, Crown Ceremony, Food Etiquette, Gift Etiquette, etc. ?

2. The origin of etiquette

According to Xunzi, there are "three foundations", namely, "the foundation of heaven and earth", "the ancestors are the foundation of humankind", and "the king and teacher govern it" Book" . Among etiquette, funeral ceremonies were the earliest. For the deceased, the funeral ceremony is to appease their ghosts, while for the living, it is a ritual that honors the elder and the younger, and fulfills filial piety and upholds human ethics. In the process of establishing and implementing etiquette, China’s patriarchal system was born (see Chinese Patriarchal System). The essence of etiquette is the way to govern people and is a derivative of the belief in ghosts and gods. People believe that all things are controlled by invisible ghosts and gods. Performing etiquette is to please the ghosts and gods and seek blessings. Therefore, etiquette originates from the belief in ghosts and gods, and is also a special manifestation of the belief in ghosts and gods. The emergence of the "Three Rites" ("Rites", "Book of Rites", and "Zhou Rites") marks the mature stage of etiquette development. During the Song Dynasty, etiquette was integrated with feudal ethics and moral teachings, that is, etiquette and etiquette were mixed, and became one of the effective tools for implementing etiquette. Etiquette serves the purpose of persuading virtue, and red tape is used to its fullest extent. It was not until modern times that etiquette was truly reformed. Both the etiquette of the country's political life and the etiquette of people's lives have changed into the new content of atheism, thus becoming modern civilized etiquette. ?

3. Ancient political etiquette?

①Sacrifice to heaven.

The heaven-sacrifice that began in the Zhou Dynasty is also called the Suburban Sacrifice. It is held on the southern outskirts of the capital on the day of the winter solstice. The ancients first paid attention to the worship of entities, and the worship of heaven was also reflected in the worship of the moon and the worship of the stars. All these specific worships, after reaching a certain amount, are abstracted into the worship of heaven. People in the Zhou Dynasty worshiped heaven, which developed from the worship of "emperors" in the Yin Dynasty. The supreme ruler was the emperor, and the power of the king was granted by God. Sacrifice to heaven served the supreme ruler. Therefore, the popularity of worshiping heaven did not end until the Qing Dynasty.

②Sacrifice to the ground.

The summer solstice is the day of worshiping the earth, and the etiquette is roughly the same as that of worshiping the sky. In the Han Dynasty, the God of Earth was called Earth Mother, saying that she was the goddess who blessed mankind and was also called the God of Society. The earliest sacrifice to the ground was a blood sacrifice. After the Han Dynasty, the belief in Feng Shui that it was not appropriate to break ground became prevalent. The etiquette of offering sacrifices to the land also included offering sacrifices to mountains and rivers, to the gods of earth, gods of grains, and crops.

③Sacrifice in the ancestral temple.

The ancestral temple system is the product of ancestor worship. The ancestral temple is the residence built by people for the souls of the dead in the mortal world. The emperor's ancestral temple system is seven temples for the emperor, five temples for the princes, three temples for the officials, and one temple for the scholars. Common people are not allowed to build temples. The location of the ancestral temple is that the emperor and princes are located on the left side of the gate. The doctor sleeps on the left side of the temple and on the right side of the temple. For common people, there are ancestral shrines next to the kitchen hall in their dormitories. During the sacrifice, divination is also required to select the corpse. The corpse is usually served by grandchildren and children. The main deity in the temple is a wooden rectangular parallelepiped, which is placed only for sacrifices. The sacrifices cannot be called by their names. When offering sacrifices, nine prayers are performed, including "Ji Shou", "Dun Shou", "Empty Shou", "Zhen Shou", "Ji Shou", "Ok Shou", "Qi Shou", "Praise Prayer" and "Supreme Prayer". Sacrifices in ancestral temples also include sacrifices to ancestors of the past emperors. According to the "Book of Rites·Quli", sacrifices are made to all ancestors who have made meritorious service to the people, such as Emperor Ku, Yao, Shun, Yu, Huangdi, King Wen, and King Wu. Since the Han Dynasty, cemeteries and temples have been built to worship ancestors. Taizu of the Ming Dynasty initiated the establishment of temples for emperors of all dynasties in Kyoto. During the Jiajing period, a temple for emperors of all dynasties was built in Fuchengmen, Beijing, to worship the thirty-six emperors of the past.

④ Sacrifice to the ancestors.

After the Han and Wei dynasties, Zhou Gong was regarded as the first sage and Confucius was the first teacher; in the Tang Dynasty, Confucius was regarded as the first sage and Yan Hui was the first teacher. After the Tang and Song dynasties, the "Shi Mian" ceremony (a ritual of recommending food and drink, with music but no corpse) has been used as a scholarly ceremony and as a ceremony for worshiping Confucius.

During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, memorial ceremonies were held twice a year in the spring and autumn, and temples of Confucius and Yan were also set up in various counties and schools. In the Ming Dynasty, Confucius was called "the most holy teacher". In the Qing Dynasty, there was a Confucius Temple in Shengjing (Shenyang, Liaoning Province). After Beijing was established as the capital, the Imperial Academy of the Capital was used as the Imperial Academy and a Confucian Temple was established. Confucius called him "the most holy master of literature and propaganda in Dacheng". Qufu's temple system, sacrificial vessels, musical instruments and etiquette are based on Beijing Taixue. The rural drinking ceremony is the product of offering sacrifices to ancestors and saints. ⑤Meeting ceremony. When subordinates pay respects to their superiors, they should bow to each other. Officials should bow to each other, and princes, marquises, and consorts should bow twice when they meet each other. The subordinates who live in the west bow first, and the superiors who live in the east respond. When common people meet each other, they salute according to their elders and younger ones. Do four bows when you are outside, and bow when you are near. ⑥Military salute. Including conquest, taxation, hunting, construction, etc. ?

4. Ancient life etiquette?

①Birth ceremony. From a woman's request for a child when she is not pregnant to the baby's first birthday, all rituals revolve around the theme of longevity. The sacrifice of Gaozi is the etiquette of begging for children. At this time, an altar was set up in the southern suburbs, and all the concubines and concubines participated. During the Han and Wei dynasties, there were sacrifices to Gaozi. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the etiquette for the sacrifice of Gaozi was formulated. In the Jin Dynasty, Gaozi was used to worship the Qing Emperor. A wooden square platform was built in the north of Yong'an Gate in the east of the imperial city, with a statue of Gaozi under the platform. In the Qing Dynasty, there was no Gaohu sacrifice, but there was a "rope-changing" ceremony with the same meaning. Birth ceremonies have tended to favor boys over girls since ancient times. Birth ceremonies also include "three dynasties", "full moon", "hundred days", "one year old", etc. Sanchao is when a baby receives gifts from all aspects on the third day after his birth. The baby's hair is shaved when the baby is one month old. On the 100th day, the uncle's recognition and naming ceremony are performed. When the child is one year old, the Zhuzhou ritual is performed to predict the child's life destiny and career success. ?

② Coming of age ceremony. Also called the crowning ceremony, it is the crowning ceremony for men who have entered the ranks of adults. The crown ceremony evolved from the initiation ceremony that young men and women participated in when they matured, which was popular in clan society. The Han Dynasty followed the Zhou Dynasty's crown ceremony system. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Jia Guan began to be accompanied by music. The crown ceremony was practiced in the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties, but was abolished in the Qing Dynasty. Many ethnic minority areas in China still retain ancient rites of passage, such as tooth extraction, tooth dyeing, wearing skirts, pants, and hair buns. ?

③Food etiquette of eating swallows. The banquet is held in the Imperial Ancestral Temple, where the guests are served with food. The emphasis is on the etiquette rather than on the food. Yan is the banquet, and the Yan ceremony is held in the palace, where the guests of honor can drink as much as they want. Yanli has a profound influence on the formation of Chinese food culture. Festival banquets form festival food etiquette in Chinese folk food customs. Yuanxiao is eaten on the 15th day of the first lunar month, cold rice and cold food are eaten on the Qingming Festival, rice dumplings and realgar wine are served on the Dragon Boat Festival in May, mooncakes on the Mid-Autumn Festival, Laba porridge, dumplings on New Year's Eve, etc. are all part of the festival rituals. Eating specific foods on specific festivals is also a dietary etiquette. The seating arrangements at the banquet, the order in which dishes are served, and the etiquette of drinking and toasting all also have requirements on men and women, superiority and inferiority, elder-younger relationships, and taboos in praying and praying in social customs. ?

④ Guest courtesy. It is mainly a courtesy to guests. There are hierarchical differences in gift-giving etiquette when interacting with guests. When a gentleman meets his guest, he will treat the host as a pheasant; when a lower-level official meets, he will treat a goose as a zhi; when an upper-level official meets a senior official, he will treat a lamb as a zhi. ?

⑤Five sacrifices. Refers to the sacrificial door, household, well, stove, and middle room (middle room). In the Zhou Dynasty, households were worshiped in spring, stoves in summer, Zhongliu in June, doors in autumn, and wells in winter. During the Han and Wei dynasties, five sacrifices were performed according to the seasons. In the third month of Mengdong, there was a "La Wu Sacrifice", with a total of one sacrifice. In the Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, the theory of "seven sacrifices to the emperor" was adopted, including worshiping Siming (little god in the palace), Zhongliu, Guomen, Guoxing, Taili (wild ghost), Hu, and Zao. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Five Sacrifices were still held. After the Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, the special sacrifices at the door, door, middle, and well were stopped, and the stove was only worshiped on the 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month, which coincided with the folk legend of the Kitchen God who spoke to the sky on the 24th day of the twelfth lunar month. The stories are consistent, and the national sacrificial ceremony adopts folk forms. ?

⑥ Nuo instrument. It originated in prehistory and became popular in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. The Nuo ritual of the Zhou Dynasty was to expel evil spirits and drive away epidemics throughout the four seasons. Zhou people believed that the movement of nature was closely connected with the good and bad luck of human affairs. The seasons change, cold and heat change, plagues spread, and ghosts take advantage of the situation to cause trouble, so it is necessary to perform Nuo at the right time to drive away evil. The main god in Nuo rituals is Fang Xiangshi. During the Han Dynasty, twelve beasts matching Fang Xiangshi appeared in Nuo rituals. The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties followed the Han system, and entertainment elements were added to the Nuo ritual. The roles of Fang Xiangshi and the twelve mythical beasts were played by musicians. The Tujia Nuo ceremony in Guizhou that still remains is the most complete and typical. ?