Prussia shocked the world with "Lord of War" in those days, and now Germany is world-famous for its precise industry and fine attitude. For more than a hundred years since modern times, if we want to find a typical example in the world, then Germany deserves it.
In this regard, if you want to know why Germany can be so "dazzling" in modern times, you have to look for answers from history; If we say the origin of the German nation, we have to start with a war between Prussia and Denmark.
In fact, if we look at the world over 150 years ago, we can't find a country called "Germany" through the whole world map. Why? It turned out that Germany was not unified at that time. In the region where Germany is located today, there are many countries, large and small. Although their nationals all speak the same language-German, they are independent of each other politically, diplomatically and militarily.
The state of mutual independence provides convenience for European powers such as Britain, France and Russia to interfere in German regional affairs. For a long time, this has become an obstacle for the German nation to achieve self-reliance, all-round development and the pursuit of regional discourse power. Although people of insight in Germany began to discuss the prospect of German reunification from a very early time, by the beginning of the19th century, there was no solution to this problem in practice.
Although the situation is rather bleak, Germany is not completely devoid of innate conditions for promoting reunification. /kloc-in the 0/8th century, in the German-speaking area, two powerful countries with a little capital participated in the game of power politics, one was Prussia and the other was Austria. From the end of 18 to the beginning of 19, Prussia and Austria made many alliances with Britain and Russia in response to the war storm caused by the French Revolution. After seven anti-French wars of different scales, they finally subdued the belligerent France and made it afraid to wage war in Europe for a long time.
In the most wartime, France did leave some scars on Germany, including Prussia and Austria, but in fact, the ruling of the French occupiers in Germany also brought an opportunity to promote German reunification, the most notable of which was to arouse the national consciousness of the local people in several small German-speaking countries, making them more inclined to urge their rulers to move closer to Prussia and Austria. With the growth of Bang Wei's expectation for Germany and Austria, the most realistic and core problem in German reunification-no dominant force-has not been solved.
In view of the fact that the interference of foreign forces is the biggest obstacle to German reunification, when Germany and Austria are determined to promote reunification, there will inevitably be conflicts with some countries. Which country will be the first to be beaten in the process of German reunification? That is of course a weak country. Looking around the countries involved in German political affairs at that time, Denmark, which borders Germany to the north, was undoubtedly the best target.
During the first Schleswig War from 1848 to 185 1, the German nation in South Schleswig and Kholshtein was suppressed because of its opposition to the Danish government, which made the anti-Danish sentiment of the Germans constantly rise. Throughout the1850s and the early1860s, the situation in Schleswig and Horgostein was as turbulent as ever, which provided Prussia with a "sense of mission" and firm belief in implementing a new round of intervention, which was defeated in previous wars.
If the diplomatic situation during the first Schleswig War was favorable to Denmark, it was not so after entering the1860s.
1856, Russia, which was actively involved in the first Schleswig War, was defeated in the Crimean War against Britain and France and was forced to interrupt its involvement in Central and Western European affairs. At this time, Britain and France are focusing on overseas colonization and have no time to return to Denmark to help. At this time, Austria, which has a delicate relationship with Prussia and has always wanted to compete with Prussia for the dominance of German affairs, chose to abandon prejudice this time and carry the German national flag against Denmark with Prussia; Sweden, Denmark's northern neighbor, has always been regarded as the "big brother". Although its king called for assistance to Denmark, the parliament did not agree to send troops, which undoubtedly isolated Denmark.
1863 In September, Denmark issued a new constitution, which listed such a provision to stimulate German national sentiment: Schleswig is an inalienable part of Danish territory. The following month, in order to express their dissatisfaction with the Constitution, two small states in Germany, Saxony and Hanover, with the support of two strong states, sent 12000 troops to Holstein to exert military pressure on Denmark.
It rained all night, and just as the two armies of Saskatchewan and Han threatened Denmark, King Frederick VII of Denmark died. Christian Ⅸ of the Gruxburgs succeeded Frederick VII to the throne. Before he became king, he joined the army against the Germans during the first Schleswig War.
Because of this history, the Germans did not sincerely think that Christian Ⅸ's accession to the throne would help improve the relations between Denmark and the German states. In addition, Christian Ⅸ's accession to the throne brought the new constitution into effect, which further aggravated the German hostility towards Denmark. According to the London Protocol signed by Denmark, Austria, Britain, France, Russia, Denmark and Frederick VII of Sweden in 1852, the King of Denmark at that time enjoyed the sovereignty over Schleswig, Holstein and Fort Lauenburg in his own name. However, since Frederick VII in Denmark has no children, this means that after his death, Denmark will usher in a dynasty change. After the regime change, the Danish monarch could not inherit the sovereignty over Si Tong, Holland and Laos because he was not related to Frederick VII by blood.
Therefore, the Danish government announced the annexation of Schleswig in the form of legislation, which caused widespread dissatisfaction among Germans. Among them, the governments of Prussia and Austria lodged diplomatic protests with Denmark on the grounds that Denmark's move did not conform to the spirit of the London Agreement 1852. Since ancient times, Danes have regarded this area of Schleswig as the core birthplace of ancient Denmark. The ruins of Hedby, the capital of the Viking era, and the ruins of Dane wilk fortifications in the south of Schleswig all prove Denmark's ownership of this area. The Danish government said that it is unacceptable for Germans to make irresponsible remarks on Schleswig.
Because of the dispute between Schleswig, Prussia and Austria immediately launched military mobilization to prepare for war against Denmark. On February 1864 1 day, Puao and Austria submitted a statement to the Danish government. On the same day, the Puao Coalition forces crossed the Kiel Canal and the Ida River and attacked Schleswig under the control of the Danish army.
The initial battle of Puao Coalition was quite smooth, but after April, because the Danish army retreated to fortifications such as Fort Duport and Fort Fredericia, Puao and Austrian troops had to face a tough battle that might cost a lot of staff. 18 In April, the Puao Coalition forces won a tough battle against Dubois at the cost of 120 1 casualties, which opened a gap for the subsequent progress of the war. On April 28th, in the face of the siege of the Austrian army for several days, the exhausted Danish army abandoned the fortress of Fredericia. At this point, the land war is basically over.
At sea, Denmark has stronger maritime combat power than the two countries, so Denmark once hoped that its navy could turn the tide. On May 9, the Danish navy launched an attack on the sailing Puao joint fleet composed of three warships in the waters south of Helgolan Island with superior forces. An Austrian warship was shot and caught fire, but after a fierce exchange of fire, the Danish fleet was forced to retreat, so from the result, there was no winner in this naval battle.
The war between Prussia, Austria and Denmark is another multilateral melee in Europe after the Crimean War. In view of the fact that the expansion of the war will shake the peace and stability under British rule (Pax Britannica), Britain decided to mediate and urge the warring parties to stop fighting at an early date. On May 12, under the mediation of Britain, representatives of Poland, Austria and Denmark sat down at the negotiating table and started armistice negotiations. At one time, the Danish side put forward several compromise plans, but because the two countries insisted that Denmark must unconditionally give up Schleswig and Horgos Stein, the negotiations ended without results.
To this end, the Puao Coalition forces resumed their offensive on June 26. This time, the focus of the two countries' attack is the Als Island in the southeast of jutland. /kloc-in July, 2000, Ulster Island fell, and the Danish side knew that it was unfavorable to fight again, so it proposed to accept the armistice conditions previously proposed by the two countries in full. Seeing that the set goal of the war had been achieved, and fearing that the expansion of the war would lead to interference from Britain, France, Russia or Sweden, Prussia and Austria decided to stop as soon as possible.
Seven years after the Prussian War, Prussia defeated Austria and France in succession in the war, and finally dominated the northern German Confederation, forming the scale of the "Second German Empire". And this has become the real reunification of Germany in history. Since then, the German Empire, led by several enlightenment masters, has gone to the road of becoming a powerful country, and even launched two world wars with one country in the first half of the 20th century, which is a remarkable journey of small countries' counterattack in history.
Unfortunately, the reunification achieved by relying on Wu Tong misled this nation, making them repay their former powerful neighbors by force again, causing wars everywhere and endless suffering. Nowadays, although the world order no longer always needs to communicate in the form of war, the sad memory of history always spurs our tragic side of the past. I only hope that the dawn of peace will shine on every corner of the world, so that people in the world can live in peace and tranquility.
References:
Similarities and differences between the two reunifications of Germany (Gao Mei and Zhou Lizhi)
German d? Nische Krieg 1864 "(Germany: Johann Nielsen)
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