Xu School is also called "Xujia Yeyi" or "Xu School" for short. One of the famous painting schools in China is also one of the two major schools of flower-and-bird painting in the Five Dynasties. The representative painter is Xu Xi of Southern Tang Dynasty. Xu is a native of Jinling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province). Although he is dressed in cloth in the south of the Yangtze River, he is noble and unconstrained, with many rivers and lakes. His paintings of wild bamboos, birds, fish, plants, insects and beasts are all wonderful. The flowers, trees, birds and birds are light in shape, simple and natural, fresh and elegant, and the original "ink-dropping method" is created. His works pay attention to the outline of ink bones, light color and reveal a chic style, so later generations call it "Xu Xiye Yi". Xu's pen and ink skills had a great influence on later generations. By the time Xu Chongsi, the grandson of Xu Xi, came out, the reputation of Xu Xi Painting School was growing. After Zhang Zhong, Wang Ruoshui, Shen Zhou, Chen Daofu, Wen Zhiming, Xu Wei and others in the Ming Dynasty, they developed into a set of ink-and-wash freehand flower-and-bird paintings, which competed with the flower-and-bird painting school in Huang Quan and influenced the flower-and-bird painting circles in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties for more than a thousand years.
the southern and northern sects' Collection of Paintings on Taiwan and Taiwan says: "There are two schools of Zen, the southern and northern sects, which were divided in the Tang Dynasty; There are two paintings in the north and south, also in the Tang Dynasty, but their people are not in the north and south ears. The Northern Sect, Li Sixun and his son painted landscapes, which spread to Zhao Gan, Zhao Boju, (Zhao) Bo Zi of the Song Dynasty, and even Ma (Yuan) and Xia (Gui) generations; King Mosha (Wei) of the South Sect began to use the method of shading and changing the hook, which was passed down as Zhang Yun, Jing (Hao), Guan (Tong), Dong (Yuan), Ju (Ran), Guo Zhongshu, Mi Jia and his son (Bi, You Ren). As another saying goes, "The literati's paintings began in Wang Youcheng (Victoria), and then Dong Yuan, Ju Ran, Li Cheng and Fan Kuan were the younger sons. Ruoma, Xia, Li Tang and Liu Songnian were also the school of General Li, not my Cao." Dong Qichang, a painter and calligrapher in the Ming Dynasty, divided the famous landscape painters from the Tang Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty into two factions, which is not consistent with the historical facts of the evolution of landscape painters, and has the meaning of worshipping "South" and belittling "North". What Chen Jiru said in Ming Dynasty is particularly obvious: "Li Pai is thin and lacks morale; Wang Paixu and Xiao San. " At that time, Chen Jiru and Dong Qichang were both called "Dong Chen", which had a good reputation in the painting circle. Therefore, the painting circles in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties echoed each other and had a great influence, forming the view that "Nanzong" was the "orthodoxy".
the northern landscape painting school "Kuozhu Qingfeng Map" is one of the Chinese painting schools of the northern landscape painting school. At the beginning of Song Dynasty, it was divided into northern faction and Jiangnan faction. The Northern Landscape Painting School came into being during the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty, and its masters were Guan Tong, Li Cheng and Fan Kuan. Guan Tong (born and died ominously) was a painter of the Back Beam in the Five Dynasties. He was born in Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province) and studied under Jing Hao. In his later years, he had a reputation for being blue. Good at writing about the situation of closing the river. The pen is simple and strong, and the scenery is less meaningful. He is good at writing about the cold forest in autumn mountains, the wild crossing in forests, the secluded people and scholars, and the mountain post in the fishing market, which is called "Guan Jia Shan Shui". Li Cheng (about 919 ~ 967), a painter in the early Song Dynasty of the Five Dynasties, was a native of Yingqiu (Linzi, Shandong Province, which means Changle). He studied under Jing Hao and Guan Tong at the beginning, and then lived in seclusion in the mountains, learning from nature. He often painted snow-capped cold forests, mostly for the northern scenery, with little outline and little rubbing, and his backbone was self-sufficient. Fan Kuan (? ~ 126), a painter in the Northern Song Dynasty, was born in Huayuan (now Yaoxian County, Shaanxi Province). He was a beginner of Li Cheng, and after following the method of Jing Hao, he felt that "instead of learning from others, he did not learn from nature" and finally "made his own way". The next pen is strong and old, "all of them write about the trend of Qin Long's military pull, and the big picture and wide mountain are pressing." Guo Ruoxu's "Pictorial Notes" said: Only Li Cheng from Yingqiu, Guan Tong from Chang 'an and Fan Kuan from Huayuan were fascinated by their wisdom, so they were above the class, and the three schools won the bid for a hundred generations. "And he said," the weather is bleak, the smoke forest is clear and open, the fine front stands out, and the subtle ink method is the system of the camp hill; The stone body is firm, the miscellaneous wood is lush, the pavilion is quaint, and the character is leisurely. The peaks are thick, the potential is strong, the pens are even, and the people and houses are all qualitative. Fan's work is also. " It shows that the painting styles of Li, Guan and Fan are very popular in Qi and Lu, affecting Guan and Shaanxi areas, and they are really the masters of the northern landscape painting school.
the southern landscape painting school is also called "Jiangnan landscape painting school". One of Chinese painting schools. At the beginning of Song Dynasty, it was divided into northern faction and Jiangnan faction. The Southern Landscape Painting School came into being between the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty. The masters were Dong Yuan and Ju Ran. Dong Yuan (? ~ 926) was a painter of the Southern Tang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties, whose name was Shu Da and Zhong Ling (now northwest of Jinxian, Jiangxi). Li Jingchao, the Chinese leader, was then the deputy envoy of Houyuan (namely Beiyuan), so he was called Dong Beiyuan. He is good at drawing figures, cows, tigers and dragons, especially landscapes, and writing about the scenery of the south of the Yangtze River. The picture does not see mountains and mountains, but mountains and rivers with dark peaks, dense forests and clouds, which shows a plain and innocent interest. Composition methods and pen and ink techniques are also innovative in shaping Jiangnan scenery. It is quite different from the landscape painting in the north. Ju Ran (born and died ominously) was a painter in the early Song Dynasty of the Five Dynasties and was born in Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu). When he died in the Southern Tang Dynasty, he became a monk in Kaiyuan Temple in Kaifeng. Master of landscape painting, Dong Yuan, is also good at painting misty weather and Jiangnan scenery with high mountains and rivers. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo's "A Talk on Mengxi" said: "Dong Yuan, who works in the autumn haze, writes more about the true mountains in the south of the Yangtze River, not because of the strange atmosphere; Ju Ran, the founder of Jianye, described Dong Fa in a wonderful way. " Mi Fei's History of Painting also said: "Dong Yuan is plain and naive, and there is no such thing in Tang Dynasty." This school takes Dong Yuan and Ju Ran as its grandmasters, and is called "Dong Ju" in the world. Mi Fei and his son "Mi Pai Yunshan" painted the scenery around Jingkou, showing the new look of this school. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Fachang (muxi) and Ruofen (Yujian) all belonged to the southern painting system and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty.
Huzhou Bamboo School is one of the schools of Chinese painting. This school takes bamboo as the object of expression, represented by Song Wentong and Su Shi, especially Wentong's painting of bamboo. Ming Lianru once wrote Huzhou Bamboo School, stating that there were as many as 25 painters from the Northern Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty. Wen Tong was once a satrap in Huzhou (now Xing Wu, Zhejiang), so he was named. In Yuan Dynasty, Zhang Tuizhi believed that Mozi began in Li Longji, Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, and Wu Daozi, Wang Wei, Li Ang and Xiao Yue were also good at painting bamboo. Bai Juyi once wrote Painting Bamboo Rest to praise Xiao. As Wentong made great progress in bamboo art, Wen painted bamboo all his life. "Picture Knowledge" said: "Good at painting ink bamboo, rich in natural and unrestrained posture." Su Shi said that he painted bamboo "in his chest", and he was bamboo-based, and bamboo came from me. Su Shi is also a bamboo, claiming to "send Huzhou". However, he also said that "bamboo and stone have their own style of being old and vigorous, and they are called the ancestor of Huzhou Bamboo School in painting history. Painting bamboo became a common practice in Yuan Dynasty. After Yuan Dynasty, Li Yan, Zhen Wu, Ke Jiusi, etc. Zhen Wu, a native of Yuan Dynasty, collected biographies of painters in Song and Yuan Dynasties who learned to write and paint bamboo techniques, and compiled a book "Bamboo School in Wenhuzhou" with 25 people.
Changzhou School of Painting "Flowers and Stones Wandering Goose" Changzhou School of Painting is also called "Piling School" and "Wujin School". One of Chinese painting schools. Changzhou (now Jiangsu) was named Piling and Wujin in ancient times, so it is also called "Piling School" and "Wujin School". This school wins by painting flowers and grass insects. The painted flowers are directly painted in color without ink lines. The boneless method described by Xu Chongsi and Zhao Chang in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty. Since the Song Dynasty, Changzhou School of Painting has attracted many painters. Beginning in the Northern Song Dynasty, the Piling monk, Juning, seems to belong to the Zen forest and ink opera. In the Southern Song Dynasty and the early Yuan Dynasty, Yu Qingyan and Yu Wudao were famous for painting lotus flowers. Sun Long was good at painting colorful flowers and birds in Ming Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, Yu Guang in Tang Dynasty was famous for "Tang Lotus" and Yun Shouping's "Yun Peony". By the early Qing Dynasty, Changzhou flowers had reached their peak. Yun and Tang Shiyuan are from the surname. Yun Shouping said, "Yu and Tang Pishi (Yu Guang Zhi) thought about sketching. Every time they talked about Huang Quan's being too beautiful, Zhao Chang didn't take off his portrayal, and Xu Xi had no way to get it, but it was almost difficult to get it." Yun and Tang's flower sketching was ethereal, which was the successor of Xu Chongsi's boneless method. All the above painters are from Piling and belong to this school.
one of the schools of Chinese painting in Mi Pai. Refers to the paintings painted by Mi Fei and Mi Youren in Song Dynasty. In the history of painting, it is called "rice", "millet" or "Ermi". Mi Fei's painting of landscapes changed from Dongyuan, breaking through the traditional techniques of goukuo and fringing, using ink and ink to dye more, and not asking for meticulous work. He said that "the letter is written, and the trees and stones are covered with smoke, which seems to be enough." His son Mi Youren (174 ~ 1153), with the character Hui, was a lazy and clumsy old man in his later years. He was a bachelor in the Academy of Painting. His landscape painting developed Mi Fei's technique, "slightly changed what others did, and became a family law". He used ink and wash to write clouds and trees, advocating simplicity and innocence, and he used a brush to write grass, calling himself "ink play". "Ermi" lives in Xiangyang and Zhenjiang, and is particularly intoxicated with the natural scenery of Xiao and Xiang and Jin and Jiao Mountains. Therefore, most of the' Ermi' landscape paintings are based on Yunshan, rain Ji and smoke, which are set off by ink and wash, and the "falling eggplant method" with horizontal points of the pen is used to express the misty rain and clouds, confusion and fantasy, which is known as "Midian Landscape" and "Mi's Yunshan" in the world and belongs to the freehand brushwork of ink and wash. Muxi in the Southern Song Dynasty, Gao Kegong and Fang Congyi in the Yuan Dynasty all learned from them, which had a great influence on later generations. He also said that it was created by Mi Fei, and it was inherited and developed by his son Mi Youren.
Songjiang School is also called Songjiang Painting School. One of Chinese painting schools. The floorboard of the three landscape painting schools in Songjiang prefecture (now Shanghai) in the late Ming Dynasty. First, headed by Zhao Zuo, it is called "Susong Painting School"; Second, headed by Shen Shichong, it is called "Cloud Painting School"; The third is Gu Zhengyi and his sons and nephews, who are called "Huating School of Painting". Among them, "Susong School" and "Yunjian School" both originated from Song Xu, Zhao Zuo and Song Maojin studied with Song Xu, and Shen Shichong studied with Song Maojin and Zhao Zuo. Except Song Xu, these painters are all from Songjiang Prefecture. Styles influence each other, so it is called "Songjiang School". Although this school is located in Songjiang, it is actually a continuation of Wu Pai, pushing the creation of literati painting to a peak. Its actual leader is Dong Qichang. Influenced by the theory of landscape painting, this school highlights its style in the Southern Song Dynasty, and is well-known in the painting world for its gentleness, elegance, reservation and emphasis on pen and ink interest. In the Ming and Tang Dynasties, Zhi Qiyun said, "Suzhou painting theory, Songjiang painting theory pen." (A Brief Talk on Painting) Songjiang School replaced Wumen School at the peak of its development, and was regarded as authentic in the painting circles in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties.
Zhejiang School is also called "Zhejiang Painting School". One of Chinese painting schools. Dai Jin, a major painter in the early Ming Dynasty, pioneered it. Dai Jin (1388 ~ 1462), the word Wenjin, was named Jing 'an and Yuquan Mountain. Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) people. Painting was greatly influenced by Li Tang and Ma Yuan, adopting the physique of the Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy. He is good at landscapes, figures, flowers and feathers, and his painting skills are very high. He is popular for a while, and there are many scholars, gradually forming the "Zhejiang School". Wei Wu (1459 ~ 158), a post-Jiangxia (now Wuchang, Hubei) native, learned to wear clothes and became more bold. Many people followed his painting style and formed the "Jiangxia School", a tributary of Zhejiang School. Famous painters of Zhejiang School and Jiangxia School include Zhang Lu, Jiang Sansong, Xie Shuchen and Lan Ying. After the middle of Ming Dynasty, Wu Pai rose and dominated the painting world. By the end of Ming Dynasty, "Zhejiang School" no longer appeared in painting circles.
Huangshan School is also called "Huangshan Painting School". One of Chinese painting schools. In the early Qing Dynasty, the Mei family in Xuancheng (now Anhui) was the direct line. They are Mei Qing, Mei Yuzhong, Mei Geng, Mei Fu, and Shi Tao who lives in Xuancheng. Shi Tao, whose legal name was Yuanji, was fond of mountains and rivers in his early years. He visited Lushan Mountain and Huangshan Mountain many times and spent ten years in Xuancheng, interacting with Mei Shi and Dai Benxiao. These painters, who both learned from nature and the ancients, influenced each other and were famous for painting Huangshan Mountain, so they were called "Huangshan School". Xin 'an Painting School is mainly based on Huangshan, so some people claim to be classified as Huangshan Painting School, but its style is different from that of "Huangshan Painting School", just as Zhejiang and Cheng Sui have their own characteristics, so some people classify it as "Huangshan Painting School", which is really wrong.
Yushan School is also called "Yushan Painting School". One of Chinese painting schools. Wang Yi, a landscape painter in the Qing Dynasty, studied under Wang Jian and Wang Shimin successively, carefully copied famous works of past dynasties, and took famous artists from France, Song and Yuan Dynasties. He always learned painting skills from his bosom friend Yun Shouping. The sage Xuanye (Emperor Kangxi) once ordered him to preside over the drawing of the giant structure of Southern Tour Map, and gave the book "Landscape qinghui" four words, which gained a good reputation, so the painting was famous among Kangxi. His main students are Yang Jin, Gu Yun and Jin Xuejian. Wang Yi is a native of Changshu, Jiangsu Province, and there is Yushan in Changshu, which is known as the "Yushan Painting School". Its worship of the ancients had a great influence on landscape painting in Qing Dynasty.
Wu sect is also called "wu school". One of Chinese painting schools. In the Ming Dynasty, Shen Zhou and his student Wen Zhiming advocated the Northern Song Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty in painting landscapes, which was different from the style of "Zhejiang School" in the Southern Song Dynasty. It prevailed in the mid-Ming Dynasty and attracted many scholars. Famous ones are Wen Boren, Wen Jia, Chen Daofu, Lu Zhi, Qian Yi, etc. They are all from Suzhou government, and Suzhou is nicknamed "Wumen", so it is called. Wumen Sect occupied an important position in the painting circle at that time.
Lingnan School Chen Shuren's "Spring Breeze of Willow Dancing" Lingnan School is also called "Lingnan Painting School". One of Chinese painting schools. Guangdong is located in the south of Wuling. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there have been more than a thousand painters here. Lin Liang, a famous painter in Ming Dynasty, initiated the painting style in Lingnan area. He is good at drawing flowers, fruits and feathers, and his coloring is simple and delicate. He often uses ink and wash as a smoke wave, and the geese are quiet and graceful. Its brushwork of ink, birds and trees and stones is simple and unrestrained, vigorous and flying, with cursive script-like and flexible ink color. He inherited the Southern Song Dynasty School of Courtyard Painting and started another school of freehand brushwork, which was the representative of Courtyard Flower-and-Bird Painting in Ming Dynasty and the pioneer of Lingnan Painting School in modern times. Gao Yan and Chen Rui were the followers of the law, and Li Jian and Li Kui were the successors. During the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, there were Su Liupeng and Su Changchun who were good figures, and in the late Qing Dynasty, there were Juchao and Ju Lian brothers who learned from Yun Shouping and were good at flowers, birds, insects and fish. Modern Panyu people Gao Jianfu, Gao Qifeng and Chen Shuren all studied under Ju Lian in their early years. After that, the Gao brothers and Chen studied in Japan, studied painting skills, introduced western painting techniques, and wrote about the scenery in southern China. On the basis of applying traditional Chinese painting techniques, combining Japanese southern painting with western painting, and paying attention to sketching, it has created a painting style with bright colors, full moisture, soft and even smudge. In particular, the Nanling School of New China, which is rich in local colors, is also called "eclectic school" and "New China painting school" because it takes the advantages of Chinese and Western painting and integrates literati painting and craftsman painting. His Gao brothers and Chen Shuren are called "the outstanding figures of Lingnan", which have a great influence on the painting in Guangzhou.
Cao Buxing, Gu Kaizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Lu Tanwei in the Southern Song Dynasty and Zhang Sengyou in the Southern Liang Dynasty. Cao Buxing is good at drawing tigers, horses, dragons and Buddhist figures, and makes huge portraits. He is quick-witted and quick-handed. Imitating Buddha statues has the reputation of "the ancestor of Buddha paintings". He is ingenious in painting, portraits, animals and landscapes. Its brushwork is fine and exquisite, vigorous and continuous, such as spring silkworm spinning, full of rhythm. Lu Tanwei is good at drawing portraits, and he can also draw landscapes and plants. His figures are "showing bones and clear images" and "making people feel amazed at the gods", and his brushwork is continuous and even more forceful. His name is "dense body", and Zhang Sengyou is very good at drawing dragons. There is a legend among the people that "if you draw dragons, they will fly away". Created a more plump model, painting "the dead maid-in-waiting, with a short and bright face". Zhang Huaiguan commented on the paintings of the Six Dynasties in the Tang Dynasty: "Zhang (monk) gets his flesh, Lu (exploration) gets his bones, and Gu (Kaizhi) gets his spirit." Paintings of the Six Dynasties are rare, especially Cao Buxing. The paintings of the Six Dynasties initiated the painting style of Sui and Tang Dynasties, which had a great influence on Yan Liben and Wu Daozi.
Li Tang, Liu Songnian, Ma Yuan and Xia Gui, four landscape painters in Southern Song Dynasty, are also called "Li Liu Ma Xia". Four paintings belong to the grand and simple one.