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"Exploration"

The story of Galileo

< p> From: Anonymous *** 2915 readers have read this article Release time: 2005-12-6

Galileo Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy in 1564, right next to the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa. His father was a bankrupt nobleman. When Galileo came to this world, his family was already very poor. At the age of 17, Galileo was admitted to the University of Pisa. In college, Galileo not only studied hard, but also liked to ask questions to his teachers. Even if it is some phenomena that people are familiar with and accustomed to, he will break the casserole and ask (grain) to the end to find out everything.

Staring at the ceiling

Once, he stood in the Catholic Church in Pisa, staring at the ceiling, motionless. What is he doing? It turned out that he was pressing the pulse of his left hand with his right hand and looking at the lamp swinging back and forth on the ceiling. He found that although the swing of the lamp became weaker and weaker, so that the distance of each swing gradually shortened, the time required for each swing was the same. So Galileo made a pendulum of appropriate length and measured the speed and uniformity of the pulse. From here, he found the law of the pendulum. The clock was made based on this law he discovered.

After he dropped out of school, he worked hard to study on his own.

The poverty of his family forced Galileo to leave college early. After dropping out of school, Galileo continued to study mathematics diligently at home. Due to his continuous efforts, he achieved excellent results in mathematics research. At the same time, he also invented a specific gravity scale and wrote a paper titled "The Center of Gravity of Solids." At this time, the 21-year-old Galileo was already famous throughout the country, and people called him the "Contemporary Archimedes". When he was 25 years old, the University of Pisa made an exception and hired him as a professor of mathematics.

The world-famous falling body experiment

Before Galileo, Aristotle of ancient Greece believed that objects fall at different speeds. Its falling speed is proportional to its weight. The heavier the object, the faster it falls. For example, an object weighing 10 kilograms falls 10 times faster than an object weighing 1 kilogram.

Since more than 1,700 years ago, people have regarded this theory that violates the laws of nature as an undoubted truth. The young Galileo boldly questioned Aristotle's theory based on his own empirical reasoning. After careful consideration, he decided to conduct an experiment himself. He chose the Leaning Tower of Pisa as his experimental site. On this day, he brought two iron balls of the same size but different weights. One weighed 100 pounds and was solid; the other weighed 1 pound and was hollow. Galileo stood on top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, looking down. The bottom of the tower was full of people who came to watch, and everyone was talking about it. Someone sarcastically said: "This young man must be mentally ill! Aristotle's theory can't be wrong!" The experiment began. Galileo took an iron ball in each hand and shouted: "People below, You see clearly, the iron ball is about to fall." After saying that, he opened his hands at the same time. People saw that the two iron balls fell in parallel and landed on the ground almost at the same time. Everyone was stunned. Gajsenileo's experiment revealed the secret of falling body motion and overturned Aristotle's theory. This experiment has epoch-making significance in the history of the development of physics.

Made the first telescope

Copernicus was an outstanding Polish astronomer. After 40 years of astronomical observations, he proposed the theory of "heliocentric theory". He believed that the center of the universe was the sun, not the earth. The earth is an ordinary planet that rotates on its axis and also orbits the sun. Galileo had long believed in Copernicus' heliocentric theory. One day in June 1608, Galileo found an empty tube and embedded a convex mirror on one end and a concave mirror on the other end, making the world's first small astronomical telescope. Experiments have proven that it can magnify the original object 3 times. Galileo was not satisfied, so he improved further and made another one. He took the telescope and ran to the beach. He saw only rolling waves in the vast sea and no ship in sight. However, when he picked up the telescope and looked into the distance, a ship was approaching the shore from a distance. Practice has proven that it can magnify 8 times. Galileo continued to improve and build, and finally, his telescope could magnify the original object 32 times.

Confirming Copernicus' "heliocentric theory"

Every night, Galileo used his telescope to watch the moon. He saw mountains, deep valleys, and volcanic fissures on the moon. Later, I started watching space and exploring the mysteries of the universe. He discovered that the Milky Way is made up of many small stars. He also discovered that there are dark spots in the sun, and the positions of these dark spots are constantly changing. Therefore, he concluded that the sun itself was rotating. Galileo immersed himself in observation and proved with irrefutable facts that the earth revolves around the sun and that the sun is just an ordinary star, thereby proving the correctness of Copernicus' theory. In 1610, Galileo published the famous "The Starry Messenger". People said with admiration: "Columbus discovered the New World, and Galileo discovered the new universe.

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Source: Encyclopedia 2004-01-07 Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy, in 1564, next to the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa. His father was a bankrupt nobleman. When Galileo came to the world, he The family was already very poor. At the age of 17, Galileo was admitted to the University of Pisa. In college, Galileo not only studied hard, but also liked to ask questions to the teachers, even if they were commonplace and commonplace, he also wanted to break them. Casserole asked (grain) to find out everything.

Staring at the ceiling

Once, he was standing in the Catholic Church in Pisa, staring at the ceiling, and moved. It didn't move. What was he doing? It turned out that he used his right hand to feel the pulse of his left hand and looked at the lamp swinging back and forth on the ceiling. He found that the swing of the lamp was getting weaker and weaker, and the distance of each swing was gradually shortened. , but the time required for each swing is the same. So Galileo made a pendulum of appropriate length and measured the speed and uniformity of the pulse. From here, he found the law of the pendulum. Created by this law.

Study hard on your own after dropping out of school

The poverty of his family forced Galileo to leave college early. After dropping out of school, Galileo continued to study mathematics at home. Due to his continuous efforts, he achieved excellent results in mathematics research. At the same time, he also invented a specific gravity scale and wrote a paper titled "The Center of Gravity of Solids". At this time, Galileo was already 21 years old. He became famous all over the country, and people called him the "Contemporary Archimedes". When he was 25 years old, the University of Pisa made an exception and hired him as a professor of mathematics.

The world-famous falling body experiment

Before Galileo, Aristotle of ancient Greece believed that objects fall at different speeds. Its falling speed is proportional to its weight. The heavier the object, the faster it falls. An object weighing 10 kilograms falls 10 times faster than an object weighing 1 kilogram.

Since more than 1,700 years ago, people have regarded this theory that violates the laws of nature as an undoubted truth. Based on his own empirical reasoning, he boldly questioned Aristotle's theory. After careful consideration, he decided to do an experiment himself. On this day, he took two large ones with him. The iron balls are the same but of different weights. One weighs 100 pounds and is solid; the other weighs 1 pound and is hollow. Galileo stood on the Leaning Tower of Pisa and looked down at the tower full of people who came to watch. , everyone talked a lot. Some people sarcastically said: "This young man must be mentally ill!" Aristotle’s theory cannot be wrong! "The experiment began. Galileo held an iron ball in each hand and shouted: "People below, please see clearly, the iron ball is about to fall. "After saying that, he opened both hands at the same time. People saw that the two iron balls fell in parallel and landed on the ground almost at the same time. Everyone was stunned. Gajenillo's experiment revealed the secret of falling motion. , overturned Aristotle's theory. This experiment was of epoch-making significance in the history of physics.

Copernicus made the first telescope. An outstanding Polish astronomer, he proposed the "heliocentric theory" after 40 years of astronomical observations. He believed that the center of the universe is the sun, not the earth. The earth is an ordinary planet that revolves around the sun while rotating. Galileo believed in Copernicus' "heliocentric theory" for a long time. One day in June 1608, Galileo found a piece of empty tube and embedded a convex mirror on one end and a concave mirror on the other end, making the world's first tube. A small astronomical telescope. Experiments proved that it could magnify the original object 3 times. Galileo was not satisfied, so he further improved it and made another one. He ran to the sea with this telescope, and saw only the rolling waves of the sea. A ship. However, when he picked up the telescope and looked further, a ship was approaching the shore from a distance. Practice proved that it could be magnified 8 times. Galileo continued to improve and build it. The telescope can magnify the original object 32 times.

Confirming Copernicus' "heliocentric theory"

Every night, Galileo used his telescope to look at the moon. He saw the mountains on the moon. , deep valleys, and volcanic cracks. Later, he began to look into space and explore the mysteries of the universe. He also discovered that there are black spots in the sun. Constantly changing. Therefore, he concluded that the sun itself was also rotating. Galileo observed with irrefutable facts that the earth was revolving around the sun, and the sun was just an ordinary star, thus proving the Copernican theory. Correct. In 1610, Galileo published the famous "Star Messenger". People said with admiration: "Columbus discovered the New World, and Galileo discovered the new universe. ”

“Thinking”

Newton’s Story

From: Anonymous*** 6051 readers have read this article Release time: 2005-12-3

Newton

Known as the founder of modern science, Newton made great contributions to science.

His three major achievements - the analysis of light, the law of universal gravitation and calculus - laid the foundation for the development of modern science.

Why was Newton able to achieve great achievements in science? How did he become a great scientist from an ordinary person? To answer these questions, we can't help but think of several stories about his hard study and hard work.

"I must surpass him!"

When talking about Newton, people may think that he must have been a "child prodigy" or "genius" with extraordinary intelligence when he was a child. In fact, this was not the case. Newton was thin in body and not very bright in his childhood. When I was studying in my hometown, I didn't study very hard, and my academic performance in the class was second-rate. But his interests are wide-ranging, and his game skills are higher than those of ordinary children. He usually likes to make mechanical models, such as windmills, waterwheels, sundials, etc. The water clock he carefully made was more accurate in timekeeping and was praised by people.

Sometimes, the way he plays is also very strange. One day, he made a lantern and hung it on the tail of the kite. When night falls, the lit lanterns are lifted into the sky by the power of the kites. Glowing lanterns flowed in the sky, and people were startled, thinking that a comet had appeared. Despite this, he was often discriminated against because of his poor academic performance.

At that time, the British feudal society had a very serious hierarchical system. Students who studied well in primary and secondary schools could discriminate against their classmates who did not study well. There was a recess game, when everyone was having fun, a student who was studying well kicked Newton on the pretext and called him a fool. Newton's mind was extremely angry under this attack. He thought, we are both students, why should I be bullied by him? I must surpass him! From then on, Newton made up his mind to study hard. He gets up early and goes to bed late, seizes every moment, studies and thinks hard.

After hard study, Newton's academic performance continued to improve, and soon he surpassed the classmate who had bullied him and ranked at the top of the class.

Fun under the fence

There are many famous scientists in the world who come from poor families. They have all fought tenaciously against difficult circumstances on their way to success. Newton's situation in his boyhood is also very sympathetic.

Newton was born in the family of an ordinary farmer in England in 1 *** 2 years. Shortly before Newton was born, his father died. His mother remarried when he was two years old. When Newton was fourteen years old, his stepfather unfortunately passed away and his mother returned to his hometown. Newton was forced to drop out of school and go home to help his mother farm. His mother wanted to train him to make an independent living and asked him to engage in the business of agricultural products.

How unwilling a diligent and studious child is to leave his beloved school! He cried sadly several times, but his mother never changed her mind. In the end, he had to study business according to his mother's wishes. Every morning, he and an old servant went to a big town more than ten miles away to do business. Newton didn't like doing business very much. He entrusted all affairs to his old servants, while he secretly went to a place to study.

As time went by, Newton became more and more disgusted with doing business, and all he liked in his heart was reading. Later, Newton simply stopped going to the town to do business and only asked the old servant to go alone. Afraid that his family would find out, he went out with his old servant every day, stopping halfway and reading under a fence. Whenever the old servant comes back in the afternoon, we go home together.

In this way, day after day, the reading life under the fence is endlessly enjoyable. One day, he was reading happily under the fence when he happened to be seen by his uncle who was passing by. When his uncle saw this scene, he was very angry and scolded him loudly for not doing his job properly. He snatched Newton's book away. When his uncle saw that what he was reading was a mathematics book with various marks drawn on it, he was deeply moved. The uncle hugged Newton and said excitedly: "Son, just develop according to your ambition. Your right path should be to study."

After returning home, the uncle tried his best to persuade Newton's mother to let Newton Newton gave up business and went to school. With the help of his uncle, Newton returned to school as he wished.

Studying and calculating wind power in storms

Time treats people equally and gives people the same amount, but people use time differently and the knowledge they gain is also very different. Same.

When Newton was sixteen years old, his mathematical knowledge was very superficial, and he could even be said to not understand advanced mathematical knowledge. "Knowledge lies in accumulation, and wisdom comes from learning." Newton was determined to reach the peak of mathematics through his own efforts. Under the unfavorable conditions of poor foundation, Newton was able to understand himself correctly and advance despite difficulties. He started over from basic knowledge and basic formulas and advanced step by step. After studying Euclidean geometry, he then studied Descartes' geometry. In comparison, he felt that Euclidean geometry was superficial, so he studied Descartes' geometry carefully until he mastered the essentials. Integrate everything. Then he invented the algebraic binomial theorem. The legendary story of Newton "calculating the force of the wind in a big storm" can be evidence of Newton's body mechanics. One day, there was a big storm. The wind is howling in the wild, the dust is flying, and it is so confusing that it is difficult to open one's eyes. Newton saw this as an opportunity to accurately study and calculate wind forces. So, he took the tools and ran back and forth alone in the storm. He stumbled and measured with difficulty. Several times the dust blinded his eyes, several times the wind blew away the calculation paper, and several times the wind forced him to suspend his work, but they did not shake his desire for knowledge.

He repeated it again and again, and finally obtained the correct data. He was so happy that he hurried home and continued his research. Where there's a will, there's a way. Through diligent study, Newton laid a solid foundation for his scientific tower. Soon, Newton's mathematical tower was built. He invented differential calculus at the age of 22 and integral calculus at the age of 23, making great contributions to human science.

The Secret of Gravity and Light

When Newton was twenty-three years old, the plague was prevalent in London. In order to prevent students from being infected, the University of Cambridge notified students to suspend classes and go home to avoid the epidemic, and the school was temporarily closed. Newton returned to his native Lincolnshire countryside. During his vacation days in the countryside, he never stopped studying and researching. The basic work of inventions such as gravity, calculus, and light analysis were all completed during this period.

At that time, children in the countryside often used the sling to throw the stone far away after several rounds. They can also force a bucket of milk over their heads without the milk falling out.

These facts made him doubt: "What force keeps the stone in the sling and the milk in the bucket from falling? For this question, he once thought of the thoughts of Kepler and Galileo. He From the vast universe, the endlessly moving planets, the vast and cold moon, to the huge earth, and then thinking about the interaction of forces between these behemoths, Newton plunged into the calculation and verification of "gravity". Newton planned to use this principle to verify the laws of motion of the planets in the solar system. He first calculated the distance between the moon and the earth. Due to incorrect data, the calculation result was wrong because the moon orbited the earth. The centripetal acceleration should be 16 feet per minute, but it was estimated to be only 13.9 feet. In the dilemma of failure, Newton was not discouraged and worked hard with greater efforts. After seven springs and autumns, he finally fully proved the world-famous "Law of Universal Gravity" at the age of thirty, laying the foundation for theoretical astronomy and celestial mechanics.

During this period, Newton also conducted research on optics. After research, he discovered the origin of the color. Once, when he was observing celestial objects with his homemade telescope, the angle of view was always unclear. He thought that this might be related to the refraction of light, and then he started experimenting in the darkroom. A small round hole was left in the window to transmit light, and a prism was placed behind the indoor window. A white screen was hung behind the prism to receive the light refracted through the prism. As a result, unexpectedly, Newton was surprised to see a white screen. The refracted light received by it was elliptical, with colorful colors appearing at both ends. Newton thought deeply about this strange phenomenon and learned that after light is refracted, the white light of the sun is dispersed. There are seven colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. Therefore, white light (sunlight) is formed by the combination of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. In nature, the sky is sunny after rain. It is this reason that the colorful rainbow is formed by the refraction and reflection of the remaining raindrops in the sky.

After further research, Newton pointed out that the reason why everything in the world has color is not that the sun itself has color. All things and objects only absorb the colors they accept, and reflect the colors they cannot accept. This reflected color is the color of various objects that people see. This theory accurately tells the origin of color and the world. All the color theories that have appeared since ancient times have been overturned by it.

The profound mathematical foundation laid by Newton in his early years played an important role.

< p> Entering the state of selflessness

On a rugged mountain road, a white-haired old man led a horse slowly up the mountain. The man walked slowly in front, and the horse followed step by step. On the ground, there was a monotonous sound of horse hooves in the valley. Walking, walking, the horse suddenly broke away and ran away. The old man was so immersed in his thoughts that he didn't even notice. Li was still holding the horse's reins. When he climbed to a flatter place and wanted to ride on the horse, he pulled the reins. What he pulled in front of him was only a rope. When he looked back, he saw that the horse was gone.

In addition to taking a small amount of time to exercise every day, Newton spent most of his time in his study. Once, in his study, he was boiling eggs while thinking about the problem. Thinking hard made him crazy. Suddenly, the water in the pot boiled. He quickly lifted the pot and took a look. "Ah!" he exclaimed, but what was boiling in the pot was a pocket watch. It turned out that when he was thinking about the problem, he absent-mindedly put the pocket watch into the pot like an egg.

On another occasion, Newton invited a friend to his home for lunch. He was so fascinated by science that he forgot about it. As usual, his servant only prepared lunch for Newton to eat alone. Near noon, guests were invited. The guest saw Newton immersed in calculation problems. There were manuscript papers and books on the table and bed. Seeing this situation, the guest did not disturb Newton. When he saw the food on the table, he thought it was prepared for him, so he sat down and started eating. After eating, he left quietly. When Newton finished calculating the problem and walked to the dining table to prepare for lunch, he saw the chicken bones on the plate and suddenly said: "I thought I didn't eat, but I still ate."

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Whether these stories are true or false is not important, but they show how Newton was a meditative, unkempt, self-effacing person. He was extremely dedicated to science and always thought about The stars rotate and the universe changes, and they enter the state of selflessness.

A modest, cautious and meticulous style of study

“The broad river is calm, and the knowledgeable person is humble. "All great figures who have made great contributions to the development of mankind have the virtue of humility. Whenever Newton made great achievements in science, he was never complacent, thought he was great, and hurriedly published works to become famous in the world.

After Newton worked hard to calculate the "law of universal gravitation", he did not rush to publish it. Instead, he continued to ponder and study it for several years, immersed himself in numerical calculations, and never said a word to anyone. . Later, when Newton's friend, the great astronomer Halley (the discoverer of comets) encountered difficulties in proving a law about planetary orbits, he came to Newton to ask for advice. Newton gave Halley his manuscript on the calculation of "gravity". After reading it, Halley realized that the problem he wanted to ask was a problem that Newton had already solved and solved.

In 1684, he was filled with admiration. One day in January, Halley visited Newton's apartment again. When talking about academic issues related to astronomy, Newton took out the paper he had written on the demonstration of "gravity" and asked Halley to give his opinion on this masterpiece. He was very surprised. He said to Newton happily: "This is really a great argument and a great work! "He repeatedly advised Newton to publish this great work as soon as possible to benefit mankind. However, Newton did not listen to his friends' well-intentioned advice and published his work easily. Instead, after a long period of meticulous iteration, Newton After verification and calculation, "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" was published to the world in July 1687. Newton was a very humble man and never arrogant. Ask Newton: “What’s the secret to your success? Newton replied: "If I have a little success, there is no other secret but diligence." He added: "If I can see further, it is because I stand on the shoulders of giants." "How meaningful these words are! They vividly tell the secret of Newton's great achievements, which is to create and open up science with dedication and diligence on the basis of the research results of predecessors

A new world of learning

"Observation"

Li Ka-shing

He won the 2000 International Outstanding Entrepreneur Award;

He is world-famous. business tycoon;

He is the pride of fashionistas

The name Li Ka-shing has been shaking the world since the 1970s, especially in the real estate and financial circles. For Hong Kong people, it means wealth. Li Ka-shing's hard-working, honest and tireless personal struggle spirit, unique judgment, courageous decision-making ability and good use of people constitute the factors of success. Therefore, he also has "Superman Li". "Big Brother Cheng", "Plastic Flower King", "Real Estate Raptor", "Real Estate King" and other titles

Li Ka-shing was born in a scholarly family in Mianxian Lane, Chaozhou City. He has been smart and detached since he was a child. Study hard. In 1939, when the Japanese invaded Chaoshan, he lived with his parents in Hong Kong. He suffered from war, poverty, and famine, but also developed a spirit of hard work and hard work. In 1950, the 22-year-old Mr. Li Ka-shing became the mother of the Chinese nation. After decades of hard work, he owned five major companies, including Cheung Kong, Hutchison Whampoa and Hong Kong Electric, with more than 100 companies. subsidiaries and more than 50 associated companies, forming Li's "economic kingdom" with strong capital and strength. In 2000, Mr. Li himself became one of the world's top five richest people. He did not become arrogant or bossy, but remained so humble and peaceful. Once, Mr. Li attended the foundation laying ceremony of Shantou University. Originally, as the founder of Shantou University, he deservedly wrote on the front page of the VIP signature book. His name, but Mr. Li did not do this, but signed his name on the third page. During this banquet, he toasted, shook hands, and talked with every guest regardless of their status. "A sense of isolation." Mr. Li Ka-shing is already one of the few wealthy people in the world, but he is not arrogant or extravagant. He still insists on cultivating morality, integrity and health through frugality, and is indifferent, quiet and simple.

What is even more admirable is that although Mr. Li Ka-shing has become famous, he still does not forget his motherland and hometown. He once said with emotion: "I have lived in Hong Kong for decades, and I miss my country and my hometown every day." As descendants of the Yan and Huang people, we must strive for self-improvement, never forget our homeland when we are prosperous, and repay our hometown in the future." Mr. Li knows very well: "The importance of education is actually related to the strength of the country, the rise and fall of society, and the advancement and retreat of the times." The Chaoshan area, which covers an area of ??more than 10,000 square kilometers and has a population of tens of millions, did not have an institution of higher learning before the 1980s. It must be said that it is a pity.

To this end, he began to invest in the establishment of Shantou University in 1980. As of the end of last year, *** had donated more than 1.2 billion yuan and had built a 360,000-square-meter school building with institutions for liberal arts, science, engineering, medicine, and law. It has 9 colleges and 16 departments including Business and Business, which have provided batches of talents to the country and the Chaoshan region. At the fifth board meeting of Shantou University held last year, Mr. Li humbly expressed his heartfelt respect and gratitude to every colleague who grew up at Shantou University. Here, I can’t help but think of what Mr. Li once said at Shantou University: “Achievement combined with humility is the most valuable thing.”

Li Ka-shing’s personality saving power is sublime, and his achievements are beyond the reach of anyone. In June 2000, he won the 2000 International Outstanding Entrepreneur Award. Mr. Li Ka-shing was the first Chinese entrepreneur to win this honor. Mr. Fraser, chairman of the Grand Prize Nomination Committee, said when awarding the award: Mr. Li Ka-shing has a prominent global business status and is one of the most famous entrepreneurs in the world. He is well-deserved for receiving this award.

Although this great entrepreneur has received numerous awards, he still regards himself as an ordinary person, a citizen and a businessman, and does everything he can to serve the society. For decades, he has provided services to all walks of life. Donated more than HK$3.8 billion. In his words: "If we just blindly pursue money and power and ignore noble human sentiments, then all progress and wealth creation will become meaningless."