(1236— 1283), male, Han nationality, born in Jishui, Jizhou (now Ji 'an, Jiangxi), formerly known as Sun Yun, originally known as Lushan, and originally known as Song Rui. He is a Taoist priest and a national hero in Fuxiu, Wenshan. He is the author of The Complete Works of Wenshan, including Yi Ge and Guo Ling Ding Yang. Song Lizong Bao You is a scholar. Official to the prime minister, believe in the Lord protector. When Lin 'an was in danger, he recruited insurgents in his hometown and loyal opposition Yuan soldiers invaded. Unfortunately, after being captured, he was put above his family in prison. His poems in his later years reflected his firm national integrity and tenacious fighting spirit. Passionate style, desolate and tragic, strong appeal. There are The Complete Works of Mr. Wenshan and Wenshan Yuefu.
Textual research on Wen Tianxiang's family background
Kyle Polo, the prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty, personally held a hearing to interrogate Wen Tianxiang. Wen Tianxiang was taken to the hall of the Privy Council, towering away, just bowed to Kyle Poirot. Kyle Poirot called on Wen Tianxiang to kneel. Wen Tianxiang struggled to sit on the ground and never gave in. Kyle Poirot asked Wen Tianxiang, "What do you have to say now?" Wen Tianxiang replied, "There are ups and downs in the world. The destruction and slaughter of the country have occurred throughout the ages. I am loyal to Song, I just want to die early! " Kyle Poirot flew into a rage and said, "Are you going to die? I won't let you die. I want to detain you! " Wen Tianxiang was fearless and said, "I would rather die for justice than be imprisoned!" "
From then on, Wen Tianxiang spent three years in prison. In prison, he received a letter from his daughter Liu Niang and learned that his wife and two daughters were slaves in the palace and lived like prisoners. Wen Tianxiang knew that her daughter's letter was a hint from Yuan Ting: as long as she surrendered, her family could be reunited. However, Wen Tianxiang doesn't want to lose his integrity because of his wife and daughter, although his heart ached. In his letter to his sister, he said, "I am very sad to receive a letter from Miss Liu. Who has no wife, children, flesh and blood? But now, it is a kind of life to die without hesitation. what can I do? What a pity! ..... can make Liu Nv and Huan Nv become good people, but dad can't. Tears choked and choked. "
Prison life was hard, but Wen Tianxiang endured the pain and wrote many poems. Immortal masterpieces such as the third volume of the Guide and Song of Justice were all written in prison.
In the 19th year of Yuan Shizu Zhiyuan (1282), the powerful minister Ahema was assassinated. Yuan Shizu ordered Ahema to lose his family fortune, investigated Ahema's sin, and appointed Heli Huosun as the right prime minister. Li and Hawthorne put forward the idea of governing the country by Confucianism, which was recognized by Yuan Shizu. In August, Yuan Shizu asked the minister, "Who is the prime minister of the North and the South?" Ministers replied: "Northerners are like Lu Ye Chu Cai, and southerners are like Wen Tianxiang." Therefore, Yuan Shizu issued an order to grant senior officials in Wen Tianxiang prominent positions. Some of Wen Tianxiang were demoted to Yuan's old friends, and immediately informed Wen Tianxiang about it and persuaded Wen Tianxiang to surrender, but Wen Tianxiang refused. 1February 8th, Yuan Shizu summoned Wen Tianxiang and surrendered himself. Wen Tianxiang is still bowing to Yuan Shizu. Yuan Shizu didn't force him to kneel. He just said, "You've been here for a long time. If you can change your mind and be loyal to me in the Song Dynasty, I can give you a position in Zhongshu Province. " Wen Tianxiang replied, "I am the Prime Minister of DaSong. The country is dead, and I just want to die quickly. It is not suitable for a long time. " Yuan Shizu asked again, "What do you want?" Wen Tianxiang replied, "I wish death were enough!" Yuan Shizu was very angry and ordered Wen Tianxiang to be executed immediately.
The next day, Wen Tianxiang was escorted to the execution ground in Chaicheng. The beheading officer asked, "What does the Prime Minister have to say? Playing back can also save you from death. " Wen Tianxiang shouted, "Die or die. What else can you say? " He asked the prison officer, "Which way is the south?" Someone showed him the direction, and Wen Tianxiang bowed down to the south and said, "My business is over, and my heart is clear!" Therefore, the neck penalty, the righteousness is long. After his death, he found a poem in his belt: "Confucius said that he is benevolent, and Mencius said that he takes justice and does his best, so benevolence is the best." What have you learned from reading the books of sages? Occasionally, I have no conscience. Wen Tianxiang died at the age of 47.
Later generations commented on him: "fame, fortune and martyrs are combined into one biography, and no one has been seen for three thousand years." "Although the cause has not been completed, Jie is not guilty." He affirmed that he was not a martyr to fame and fortune, but a martyr to fame and fortune.
Selected poems of Wen Tianxiang
Song Zhengqi
Heaven and earth are upright, in many ways.
Below is the Yuehe River, and above is the sun star.
People call it awe, which is overwhelming.
The road to the emperor should be clear, including the Ming court.
When poor festivals are seen, one by one:
In the history of Qi Taishi Jane, in the east of Shanxi Hu Bi.
In the Qin Dynasty, in the Han Su Wu Festival;
For the head of general Yan, for the blood of Ji Shi,
Raise your teeth for Zhang Xun and spit your tongue for Yan Changshan;
Or for Liaodong's hat, Qing. Li Bingxue;
Or for a model, a crying hero.
Still have to cross the river and swallow hujie generously,
Still want to hit a thief, the vertical head is broken.
Always dignified and solemn.
When it runs through the sun and the moon, life and death live in peace!
The earth depends on it, and the Tianzhu depends on it.
Three cardinal principles are life and morality is the root.
After discussion, Li Yu Yang Jiu, the official transfer is also invalid.
Chu prisoners carry crowns, and carts send them to the poor north.
A tripod is as sweet as stuffing, and one thing is hard to find.
The darkroom is a ghost fire, and the spring courtyard is dark.
Cattle and horses share a bar of soap, and chickens live in phoenix.
Once it is foggy, it is divided into ditches and barren areas.
If it is so hot and cold, it is easy to change.
Well, I'm out of town and happy for my country.
Is there anything ridiculous? Yin He can't be a thief!
I care about this. Look up at the clouds.
I'm worried, it's very high!
The days of philosophers are far away, and the punishment is over.
Reading on the eaves of the wind, painting on the ancient road.
the Yangtze River
Travel downwind in the North Sea for a few days,
Back to the head of the Yangtze River.
My heart is a magnetic needle stone,
It's not that the south will not rest.
Guo yang
When hard work comes,
There are few stars around.
The mountains and rivers are broken and the clouds are surging.
Life experiences ups and downs.
Fear. The beach says fear,
Sigh in the ocean.
People who have never died since ancient times,
Take the heart of Dan and follow history.
Tibiro hall
Lou has become a new bird, and I want to talk to you about this leisure.
Living on the balcony of a county town, people are in the air.
Repair the universe to the present, sad to recall the past.
Recently, it was reported that the autumn wind was tight, and I felt quite worried.
Sit at night
Talk about the misty maple leaf road, which is covered with rain.
Su Yan's half-river paintings, cold and gloomy poems.
Teenagers are the boss, and I'll pay the bill.
There will always be a sword in their hearts, and the smell of chicken will make them sit still.
Nan 'anjun
Plum blossom north-south road, wind and rain wet skirt.
Who are you going out with? If you don't go home!
Mountains and rivers are eternal, battlements are temporary.
Starving to death is also my ambition, and I choose EU in my dreams.
health
Jinling ancient club, crossing the south to accompany Beijing.
The mountains are still continuous and the river has changed.
Athletes are quiet, and new ghosts cry for Taicheng.
The clear moon is partial to the guest.
Two Jinling posts (choose one)
The grass leaves the palace and turns to the morning glow. What makes a lonely cloud?
The mountains and rivers are the same, but the people in the city are different.
Reed flowers grow old with me everywhere. Who will fly next to the swallows in my hometown?
From now on, I will leave Jiangnan Road and become a crow with blood.
True Zhouyi
Mountains and rivers know me, so there was no one in the old days.
Throwing, fighting, passing cars and horses.
The legacy of heroes is dying, and the world is dark and new.
Yanshan north road, bleak night to dawn.
New Year's Eve
Dry kunkong, the years continue.
The end of the road is stormy, and the poor side is full of ice and snow.
Life goes by with the years, and the body and the world are afraid of forgetting.
There is no such thing as killing Su Meng. It's still early at night.
He Zhong Zhai Yun (Ji Guo left)
Who is beside you now?
Bow your head and cry in the north, and cry in the south to see the soul of the emperor.
I am the only one of flesh and blood, and the description is only sound.
Rivers hate heroes through the ages, orchids are rowboats, and willows are fans.
Yan Jiangyue said goodbye to Yi Zhong's friends.
The water and the sky are vast,
Hate the east wind, don't borrow the British things in the world.
In the residual photo of Shu bird Wu Hua,
Endure watching an abandoned city collapse.
Bronze finches are clear in spring,
Autumn tears,
Who is this hatred based on?
Open and firm,
Bullfighting is empty recognition of Qi Jie.
That letter took him the rest of his life,
Southbound to Wan Li,
This is a gondola.
Left a drunken eye for the seagull alliance,
Look at these clouds carefully.
Swallow the pillar and win,
Go back to the flag,
Throughout the ages.
No sleep,
Qinhuai should be a lonely moon.
Man Jiang Hong
How many autumn scenery did you eat in Swallow House?
Acacia, youth is like a dream, take a trip to the gods.
Muscle jade is dark and slow, and tears obliquely pass through the bud side.
The most unprovoked banana shadow is on the window screen, and the green light rests.
The winding pool is closed and the high platform is destroyed.
Personnel, what can you say!
Money goes to Nanyang, full of blood.
The world is like a storm and my body is a bright moon.
Laugh and have a good time, but spend less.
Qinyuanchun
What's wrong with dying for filial piety and loyalty?
Since the honor is divided, the scholar has no integrity, and the monarch and the minister have no righteousness, whoever bears it.
Scold thieves and despise young people, love Yuan, and enjoy eternal fame.
Later, there were no two public exercises, and steel was tempered.
Life is dying. Let's have a good fight.
So that at that time, he betrayed the country, willingly surrendered to Lu, was reviled by others and felt at ease.
The ancient temple is quiet and elegant in appearance, showing a few rays of sunset in western Western jackdaw.
There is an adulterer under the post booth. Think it over.
Southern Song Dynasty champion Lang
Wen Tianxiang, born in Wenshan, Song Rui, 1236 was born into a landlord family in Futian Village, Chunhua Township, Luling, Jiangxi Province. His father loves reading, attaches great importance to children's learning, and tries to hire famous teachers to teach. Wen Tianxiang and his younger brother will read and write in a study full of aphorisms and talk about the past and the present.
18 years old, Wen Tianxiang won the first place in Luling Township School Examination. At the age of 20, he entered Bailuzhou Academy in Jizhou (now Ji 'an, Jiangxi). In the same year, he chose Gong in Jizhou and went to Lin 'an (now Hangzhou) with his father to take the exam.
In the imperial examination, he pertinently put forward the "imperial examination strategy", put forward the reform plan and expressed his political ambition. He was praised by the examiner as "loyal to the monarch and patriotic as a stone", and was personally rated as the top scholar in 60 1 Jinshi by Emperor Li Zong. Four days later, his father died unfortunately, and Wen Tianxiang went home to mourn for three years.
Floating and sinking in the official ocean
Later, the Mongolian army attacked the Song Dynasty in two ways, and Meng Ge led the west road into Sichuan to attack Chengdu. Kublai Khan led the East Route Army, crossed the Yangtze River, and encircled Ezhou (now Wuchang) with another Mongolian army from Tanzhou (now Changsha) in northern Yunnan. Nanjing was shocked by the ruling and opposition parties. The eunuch Dong told him to avoid soldiers and move the capital to Siming (now Ningbo) so as to escape to the sea at any time. To this. As a scholar, Wen Tianxiang boldly wrote: "Your Majesty is the Lord of China, so you should protect China;" If you are the parents of the people, you should defend them. "Please cut dong to caress the people. Later, due to the death of Mongo, Kublai Khan wanted to go back to the north to compete for the position of Khan, and only let Jia Sidao, the right prime minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, secretly surrender to pay tribute and then withdraw his troops.
Instead, Jia Sidao lied to the imperial court: "All parties won a great victory" and was named as defending the country and monopolizing power. Then acceded to the throne, indulge in debauchery, Jia Sidao deceives his superiors and deludes his subordinates, which is beneficial to the country. Wen Tianxiang played hydrophobic ignored, only was sent to a sinecure.
After more than ten years, Wen Tianxiang intermittently served as the director of Ruizhou, Jiangxi and Shangshu Zuo Silang, or more than half a year. Later, he was dismissed for mocking Jia Sidao.
Seeing the minister's loyalty in the face of national disaster
After Kublai Khan proclaimed himself emperor, he changed his title to Yuan, and in A.D. 1274, he sent 200,000 troops to Lin 'an by land and water. The regime of the Southern Song Dynasty was in chaos and perished. The 4-year-old acceded to the throne as Emperor Gong. Queen Xie came to the DPRK and asked all localities to recruit soldiers to serve the king.
The following year, Wen Tianxiang, who was appointed as the magistrate of Ganzhou (now Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province), devoted all his resources to recruiting troops and organized 30,000 rebels within a few months, saying, "Justice is in me and I can do anything; With the confidence and courage to win by number, he began his military career. When the rebels arrived in Jizhou, Wen Tianxiang was appointed assistant minister of the Ministry of War and was ordered to stand by and stay in Longxing (now Nanchang, Jiangxi). After many twists and turns, he was admitted to Wei 'an. Soon he became the magistrate of Pingjiang (now Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province) and was ordered to help Changzhou. In Changzhou, the rebels fought hard, but the generals led by General Zhang Quan of Huai watched the fire from the other side first, and then fled when they got cold feet, resulting in the heroic sacrifice of all 500 rebel soldiers except four. In the winter of this year, Wen Tianxiang was ordered to rush to reinforce the chief customs of Lin 'an portal. Three days after leaving Pingjiang, he collapsed in Pingjiang. Before reaching the destination, Guan has fallen. I hurried back to Lin 'an, ready to fight to the death, only to see the civil and military officials of the Qing Dynasty abandon their posts and flee, leaving only six officials of the Wen class.
/kloc-in the first month of 0/276, Queen Xie insisted on surrendering. Yuan was appointed as the Prime Minister to go out of the city to discuss, and the Prime Minister Chen fled overnight. Wen Tianxiang was appointed as the right Prime Minister and Tang Dynasty envoy to make peace. In the negotiations, Wen Tianxiang was not afraid of the force of the Yuan Army, and publicly accused Bo Yan. He generously said that he wanted to resist Japan to the end, so he was detained and went to the north by boat. Wen Tianxiang went on a hunger strike at first, and then escaped from danger in Zhenjiang. Because the Yuan Army played a trick on me, it lied that Wen Tianxiang had fallen to the capital and returned to the south to earn cities and land for the Yuan Army. Wen Tianxiang was repeatedly suspected and displaced. He died for two months and went to Wenzhou. At this time, the court had surrendered, Emperor Gong was taken to Dadu (now Beijing), and seven people, including Lu Xiufu, acceded to the throne in the 30th year of Fu. Wen Tianxiang was called to Fuzhou as an envoy of the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, he commanded various armies, set up a government office in Nanjian Prefecture (now Nanping, Fujian Province), sent people to various places to recruit soldiers and raise salaries, and called on all places to arise and kill the enemy. In autumn, the Yuan army invaded Fujian, and Duanzong was forced to flee to the sea and drift in Guangdong by boat.
From 65438 to 0277, Wen Tianxiang led the troops to Longyan and Meizhou (Meixian, Guangdong) and advanced into Jiangxi. Defeated the Yuan Army in Du Fu (now in the south of Jiangxi), captured Xingguo, and recovered Ganzhou 10 and Jizhou 4 counties. People's hearts were greatly boosted, and all parts of Jiangxi responded in succession. The national anti-Yuan struggle resumed, and Wen Tianxiang's order reached the Jianghuai area, which was the most favorable situation since he insisted on anti-Yuan. The main force of the Yuan Army began to attack Xingguo State-owned enterprises in Wen Tianxiang. Wen Tianxiang was outnumbered and led the army to withdraw from the north. He was defeated by Luling and Hezhou (now Changting, Fujian), and suffered heavy losses. His wife and children were also taken away by the Yuan Army.
1278 At the end of spring, Lu Xiufu and others established a 6-year-old emperor, and the court moved to a tiny place in the sea more than 50 miles away in Xinhui County, Guangdong Province, and sealed Wen Tianxiang's letter to lord protector. In winter, Wen Tianxiang led the troops to Chaoyang County, Chaozhou, hoping to recruit soldiers and find new opportunities by relying on the risks of mountains and seas. However, the Yuan army made a fierce advance on land and water and launched a fierce attack.
At the end of the year, Wen Tianxiang was suddenly attacked by the Yuan Army in Wupoling, Haifeng North. He was defeated and captured, and immediately committed suicide with borneol, but failed. Zhang Hongfan, who surrendered to Yuan, was rebuffed. Wen Tianxiang once wrote "Crossing the Ocean" and made it very clear: "Once hard work comes, the stars will fall in all directions. The mountains and rivers are broken and the wind is floating, and life experiences are ups and downs. The beach of fear says fear, and there is a sigh in the ocean. Since ancient times, no one has died in life, leaving a glowing heart. "
Wen Tianxiang (1236- 1283), whose original name is Sun Yun, whose real name is Song Rui, also known as Wenshan. Jizhou luling (now Ji' an county) people. Outstanding national hero and patriotic poet in Southern Song Dynasty.
In the fourth year of Baoyu (1256), he won the top prize, but he was unable to enter the official position because of his father's funeral. In the early Qing Dynasty (1259), Mongolian troops attacked Ezhou (now Wuchang, Hubei), and eunuch Dong asked to move the capital to avoid the enemy's front. Wen Tianxiang offered a plan to defend the enemy in order to inspire people, and asked Dong to behead him, which was not adopted. Later, he served as a Langguan of the Ministry of Punishment, Zhizhou Ruizhou and other posts. In the sixth year of Xian Chun (1270), he was dismissed for offending the traitor Jia Sidao. In the first month of the first year of Deyou (1275), Wen Dongjin, Wen Tianxiang organized an uprising army in Ganzhou and took Lin 'an (now Hangzhou, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty). The following year, he was appointed as the right prime minister and Tang envoy. At that time, the Yuan army had advanced on Lin 'an, was sent to Yuanying for negotiation, was detained and taken to the north. At the end of February, Tianxiang and his guest Du Hu and others 12 died in Zhou Zhen at night. South by sea, Fujian, Zhang Shijie, Lu Xiufu, etc. Insist on resisting Yuan. In the second year of Jingyan (1277), he entered Jiangxi and recovered many counties. Soon, defeated by Yuan's heavy troops, his wife and children were arrested and many soldiers died. Tian Xiang escaped alone, retreated to Guangdong and continued to resist Yuan. Later, he was captured in Wupoling (now Haifeng County, Guangdong Province) in December of the same year because a traitor led Yuan soldiers to attack him. The Yuan Dynasty forced Zhang Hongfan to surrender to Zhang Shijie, which is a poem in the book Crossing Ding Yang. The last sentence says: "No one has died in life since ancient times. Take the heart of Dan and follow the history of history." The following year, he was escorted to Dadu (now Beijing) and imprisoned for four years. After various severe tests, he never gave in. He died peacefully in 1283 at the age of 47.
Wen Tianxiang wrote a lot of poems, words and essays. Among them, there are more than 100 poems with high achievements. There is The Complete Works of Mr. Wenshan. Among them, Crossing the Ocean and Song of Justice are eternal masterpieces.
final decision
Wen Tianxiang's hesitation before execution.
Heroes are also timid in the face of death. In the movie Braveheart, the Scottish national hero Wallace shouted "Freedom!" Before he was executed. But before he left his cell, he prayed to God for courage to resist the fear of death.
Wen Tianxiang, a hero of the Chinese nation, was not completely fearless in the face of death threats and inducements from the Yuan Dynasty, except for his heroic spirit of sacrificing his life for righteousness. He not only doubts his beliefs, but even has the idea of "surrender".
The Biography of Wen Tianxiang in the History of Song Dynasty recorded his ambiguous words: "If the country dies, we all die. It's a good idea to go back to your hometown in Huang Guan after a long vacation, so I will prepare a consultant for you from abroad in the future. If you are an official, you can't live with a doctor who died for your country. If you give up all your life, how will you use me? " It implies that he has the idea of retiring from his hometown to be a Taoist priest (Huang Guan), and even become a counselor of the Yuan Dynasty in the future. In this way, Wen Tianxiang had the possibility of defection, but Kublai Khan could not tolerate such a vague attitude. What he wants is a wholehearted slave surrender.
Fortunately, Kublai Khan did not agree to his request to retire as a Taoist priest. An old colleague who was reprimanded by Wen Tianxiang for reducing the yuan did not agree: "Naturally, we have to go out and call Jiangnan again, where to put our ten people!" It is precisely because of Wen Tianxiang's last drop of blood and the famous saying "Who has never lived or died since ancient times, keeps a heart and shines on history" that we have won an eternal hero instead of a hermit who is common in troubled times.
How could the murdered Wen Tianxiang be as timid as a mouse and run away? Surrender? I dare not even think about it. Later generations suspected that the Biography of Wen Tianxiang in Song Dynasty compiled by Yuan Dynasty was a deliberate slander and insult to our national hero. Yes, in China people's thinking habits, heroes are never timid and cowards are never brave. Don't you know that human nature is much more complicated than we thought? It is entirely possible for Wen Tianxiang to escape before he died.
Less than a year after writing Crossing the Ocean, Wen Tianxiang actually began to "doubt" the so-called "who has never died in life since ancient times, and has a pure heart to shine on history". When he was taken to metropolis after suffering, he wrote a poem "From October 1 ST to Yan, the fifth day after death, I feel sad and blessed", in which "Who is the doctor of national subjugation?" Only unofficial history can watch it with others. I'm afraid I'll give my life for justice, and I can't honor my ancestors. I can only spread it in unofficial history.
Wen Tianxiang can't let "God give me strength", he needs the strength of historical justice to motivate himself, and it is normal to experience doubt in the middle. Earlier, when he was taken to Guangzhou, those who advised him to surrender "scoffed" at his belief in leaving a name in history. "The death of the country, filial piety. It's filial piety to kill, who will reply. " Wen Tianxiang said, "When Yin died, Yi and Qi didn't eat and did their best. I just know that it is easy to live or die. " Visible, whether Dan Xin can shine in history, Wen Tianxiang has repeatedly.
Wen Tianxiang is not afraid of sacrifice, but it is worth inducements. However, when a Taoist named Ling Yangzi talked with him, he was moved to retreat to Buddhism and Taoism. Previously, Wen Tianxiang knew Wang Yuanliang, a court pianist in the Southern Song Dynasty, who was once given a Taoist priest by Kublai Khan in Huangguan. Although Wen Tianxiang is a Confucian, he is quite fond of Buddhism and Taoism, which is obvious from the fact that his two sons are called Daosheng and Fosheng respectively.
"Who knows the real trouble, suddenly realize the great light, sunrise, sunset and interest. Fame is destroyed, and loyalty and filial piety are great. There is only a hero in the world, and the gods succeed. " This is a poem presented by Wen Tianxiang after Ling Yangzi visited him in prison. This poem is quite different from Wen Tianxiang's righteous works such as Song of Righteousness. In addition to the tragic spirit of Confucianism, loyalty to the monarch and benevolence, there are indeed Arvinsky phenomena wandering between Buddhism and Taoism, seeking liberation.
From another poem written by Wen Tianxiang to Ling Yangzi, we can see the clue: "I used to love the whole poem, and I left you for a long time. Under the green hills, the house is close at hand ... the world is old and the sun and the moon are good. People are yin and yang, which comes from immortality. Point out nothingness and lead me to the Ming Dynasty. Wen Tianxiang was frustrated in his early years and returned to Wenshan's hometown to forget the whole teacher all day. " In the meantime, he was extremely poor and quiet, extremely happy and tired. "When he was trapped in a prison in a metropolis thousands of miles away from his hometown, his conversation with Ling Yangzi aroused Wen Tianxiang's memories of the happy days in the past.
/kloc-On the Mid-Autumn Festival night in 0/280, Wang Yuanliang, who was given as a Taoist by Kublai Khan, played Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia for Wen Tianxiang in prison. This is a long poem written by Cai Wenji after he returned to his hometown in the late Han Dynasty 12. It tells her tragic life experience and homesickness. On the night of the full moon, when the old country was away, Wang Yuanliang was jailed, and Wen Tianxiang, like Cai Wenji, lost his country and was homeless. What a grief. Then, Wen Tianxiang wrote Eighteen Beats of Hujiaqu, and at the end of the preface, the inscription was "Fuxiu Taoist Wenshan". "Floating Hugh" in Zhuangzi means "if his life floats, his death will rest". It can be seen from Wen Tianxiang's self-proclaimed "floating Taoist" that the talk of "returning to his hometown in Huang Guan" is not groundless.
More than 700 years later, when we see Wen Tianxiang's loose faith, escaping from his thoughts or even surrendering his thoughts, we will not feel that his image has been damaged, but it is more in line with the truth of human nature, making people close and moving.
Wen Tianxiang finally did not escape, righteously took to the execution ground. Before the execution, ten thousand people were watching, and Wen Tianxiang was unusually calm. He said to the officials, "I have finished my work and I have no heart." Die facing south. Among the clothes he wore, people found his "Zanfu": "Confucius said benevolent government, Mencius said justice. Only its righteousness is exhausted, so the benevolent is also. What have you learned from reading the books of sages? Every now and then, I have no conscience. "
Wen Tianxiang's brother's choice
Wen Tianxiang, a brave man, was written in blood. He had two younger brothers, one lost his yuan, the other escaped from reality and retired. My brother was so loyal, but my brother made a "scandal" that "damaged" his reputation. Wen Tianxiang has three younger brothers: Wen Bi, Wen Ting and Zhang Wen. They all died young in China. Wen Tianxiang is one year old. /kloc-in the winter of 0/278, the Yuan army stormed Huizhou where Wenbi was stationed. Kaesong surrendered, and Wen Tianxiang was captured at the end of the year. Wen Tianxiang Zhang Wen, who was only 13 years old, surrendered with Wen Wen and then retired to the DPRK to be an official. He died at the age of 69 35 years after his eldest brother was killed.
At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, there was a "high-profile" accusation that Wen Tianxiang's younger brother was not loyal enough. The style of writing was also satirized by a poem: "It is difficult to look at brothers in the mountains in the south of the Yangtze River, and brothers are also difficult; Unfortunately, plum blossoms are like sorrow, and the south branch is warm and the north branch is cold. " Wenshan, Wen Tianxiang, has a literary style, and Xishan refers to two brothers, and the south branch and the north branch also refer to two people, because Wen Tianxiang once wrote a poem, "Plum blossoms on the river are willing to rest, so don't divide the north and the south."
If there is a time tunnel, I would like to ask the adherents of the Southern Song Dynasty who wrote this poem: "Why not sacrifice?" In the face of heroes, China people are constantly moved, but their moral worship often escalates unintentionally. If this worship leaves the earth and loses its basic understanding and sympathy for human nature, it becomes a cruel moral addiction. Perhaps some people think that Wen Tianxiang will condemn his younger brothers. But on the contrary, he is "considerate", and Zhang Wen's escape is still the result of his persuasion.
There are several reasons why Wen Bi turned himself in: First, he never stopped worshipping. Wen Tianxiang's two sons, one died young and the other was separated in the war. Wenbi adopted one of his sons to Wen Tianxiang. And Wen Tianxiang's mother died in other places, has not been buried, and needs a coffin to return home. Second, unlike the capitulationists who had just invaded the Southern Song Dynasty by the Yuan Army, the Southern Song Dynasty had actually perished when the style of writing fell to the Yuan Dynasty, and the result of the struggle was that the people of the whole city were unlucky. Such an excuse certainly can't satisfy the moral judge, but his brother understands him.
1March, 279, Wen Tianxiang was escorted to Guangzhou, and his writing also came to bid farewell to his brother. Whether he confessed his defection or not and Wen Tianxiang's attitude at that time are unknown. However, Wen Tianxiang wrote a poem "Send to Huizhou Brothers" to his younger brother, which said: "Fifty years of brothers, a separation. Goose is very long, but do you know how far it is? Who cares more about the heart if you don't know where to bury your bones? I lost my life and my son is my son. " He hoped that the writing would grieve for his eldest son.
128 1 year, Wen Tianxiang wrote to wenbi, asking him to adopt his son: "Your biological father (wenbi) and your uncle (Zhang Wen) are all admired by the whole family, but they are loyal and filial, and they all go their separate ways ..." Wen Tianxiang clearly understood and recognized wenbi's choice of "filial piety". Wen Tianxiang is not a moralist who sacrificed everything to clear his reputation. He devoted himself to being a martyr and did not ask others to learn from him. Later, he wrote to his third brother, Zhang Wen, just to persuade him not to be an official. Zhang Wen also adopted the attitude of "non-violence and non-cooperation". He refused to be an official all his life and enjoyed his old age. Under the national disaster, Wen Tianxiang's three brothers either died, surrendered or retired, and made completely different life choices. This may more reflect the complexity and truth of human nature, and Wen Tianxiang's tolerance and understanding allow us to see a soft and affectionate heroic heart besides his lofty moral idol.
It is necessary to mention that Wen Tianxiang's stepson Wen Sheng also "surrendered". Thirty years after Wen Tianxiang's death, he became a bachelor in Jixian County, and soon died of illness, and was named Hou of Shu County. Wen Fu, grandson of Wen Tianxiang, son of Wen Sheng, proofreader of Huguang. I think, if Wen Tianxiang had known his soul, I'm afraid he wouldn't have denounced his descendants.
Wen Tianxiang's life
Wen Tianxiang (1236- 1283), whose original name was Sun Yun, was Tianxiang, and later changed to Song Rui, whose word was good, whose name was Wenshan and whose name was Luling (now Ji 'an County). Outstanding national hero and patriotic poet in Southern Song Dynasty.
Tianxiang learned from Ouyang when he was young. In the fourth year of Baoyu (1256), twenty scholars were recruited, and the countermeasures were to gather in Yingtang. Tianxiang takes Dharma and Heaven as the right, and the emperor personally pulls it out first. Wang Yinglin, the examiner, said, "The friendship between ancient times is like a turtle mirror, and loyalty to the liver is like a stone. I dare to congratulate people. "
Tianxiang lived in an era when a bad king was in power, treacherous officials played politics, political corruption and foreign enemies invaded. In Kaiqing (1259), the Mongolian army attacked Ezhou (now Wuchang, Hubei), and the eunuch Dong told him to move the capital to Siming to avoid the enemy. Tianxiang's suggestion of fleeing by mistake was not adopted. He asked Dong to be beheaded to inspire the people and provide a plan to resist the enemy. In the sixth year of Xianchun (1270), Jia Sidao, a traitor, resigned due to illness and threatened the court. In the draft patent, Tianxiang sternly condemned it, so it was rejected. In nine years (1273), he was sentenced to Hunan, because he saw the past. Wanli, who has always been curious about auspicious days, talked about state affairs and said sadly, "I'm old, and it's time to change people according to the weather." I have seen many people, and the responsibility of the world is in your hands. You are very brave! " Ten years (1274), changed to Ganzhou. In the first month of the first year of Deyou (1275), the court heard the news of the Yuan Army and ordered him to be diligent in the world. When Tianxiang heard the news, he took all his property as military expenses and organized an uprising army in Ganzhou to go to Lin 'an (now Hangzhou, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty). Wherever Qiu went, he did not commit any crime and was supported by the people. In August, the court appointed Tianxiang as the ambassador to Jiangdong in western Zhejiang, and also as the ambassador to Anfu in Jiangxi, knowing Pingjiangzhou (governing Wuxian in Jiangsu). In the first month of the second year (1276), except for the Prime Minister Tianxiangyou and the Tang envoys. At that time, the Yuan Army had gone south and advanced to Lin 'an. There is a purpose for Tianxiang to go to Qiting Mountain to negotiate. Tianxiang met Bo Yan, commander-in-chief of the Mongolian army, and understood the benefits of peace and war. At first, Bo Yan made alarmist remarks. Later, when he saw that Tianxiang was brave and resourceful, he dared not kill him or let him go, so he took him into custody and took him north. At the end of February, Tianxiang and his guest Du Hu and others 12 died in Zhou Zhen at night. South by sea, Fujian, Zhang Shijie, Lu Xiufu, etc. Insist on resisting Yuan. In the second year of Jingyan (1277), he entered Jiangxi and recovered many counties. The enemy sent the traitor Wu Jun to surrender, and the sky was about to cut Wu. Soon, he was defeated by Yuan's heavy troops, and his wife and children were arrested. Soldiers sacrificed a lot, and Tianxiang fled alone. Xiangguang Pu Yuan (1278), who is good at protecting the young, believes in lord protector. After Tianxiang arrived in Guangdong, he continued to resist Yuan. In the same year1February, it was captured by Yuan soldiers in Beiwupoling, Haifeng County. Tianxiang swallowing brain (borneol) will not die. Yuan used Zhang Hongfan as a book to woo Zhang Shijie. Heaven said, "You can't guard against your parents, but teach people to rebel against their parents, can you?" Hong Fan pushed him again and again, which is the poem of the book Crossing the Ocean in Dingding. The last sentence says: "No one has died in life since ancient times. Take the heart of Dan and follow the history of history." The following year, he was escorted to Dadu (now Beijing) and fasted for eight days without dying. The Yuan Dynasty tried to win people's hearts with Tianxiang and asked Tianxiang to be the prime minister, but they were all rejected. Tianxiang has been imprisoned for four years, and has gone through all kinds of severe tests and never gave in. At that time, the anti-Yuan activities of people all over the country were still going on, and the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty were afraid of leaving behind future troubles, so they killed them on the ninth day of December in the nineteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1283). After the death of Tianxiang, his clothes were praised: "Confucius said benevolent politics, and Mencius said righteousness. Only its righteousness is exhausted, so the benevolent is also. What did you learn by reading The Memory of the Sage? Every now and then, I have no conscience. "
Tianxiang is not only a great national hero, but also an outstanding patriotic poet. He left us many poems, words and essays. Among them, there are more than 100 poems with remarkable achievements. His poems can be divided into two stages: before and after Deyou. Deyou was a poem of ordinary literati before. Although some of them express their concern for the country and the people or expose the contradictions and evils of the ruling group, they are mostly hasty works, which are different from those of ordinary literati who fiddle with pen and ink. Even so, there are still many excellent works. Every time he meets the theme of boarding writing, he needs to express his "worry is worry" and sigh without illness. Even when he retired to Wenshan, his poems had the lofty aspirations of "a sword to the end, a cock crows to sit down". His poems on landing landscapes are not intended to describe the flooding of the Moshan mountains skillfully, but to express his feelings by touching the scenery. His works praising the inner feelings and feelings of excitement do not pay attention to such techniques as implicit foil, but are often frank and frank in style of "seeing courage as soon as a husband opens his mouth". He was deeply influenced by Jiangxi Poetry School "Ning Zhuo is not clever, preferring simplicity to elegance, preferring coarseness to lightness".