Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is one of the longest, largest and oldest canals in the world.
It starts from Beijing (Zhuo Jun) in the north and ends in Hangzhou (Yuhang) in the south. It runs through Beijing and Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and runs through five major water systems, namely Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River, with a total length of about 1794 km. It has been excavated for more than 2500 years.
The Beijing-Hangzhou Canal has played a great role in the economic and cultural development and communication between the north and south of China, especially in the development of industrial and agricultural economy and the rise of towns along the route.
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is also one of the oldest canals.
Together with the Great Wall of Wan Li, it is known as the two major ancient projects in China.
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is a great project created by the working people in ancient China, a precious material and spiritual wealth left by our ancestors, and an important living and flowing human heritage.
The Grand Canal originated in the Spring and Autumn Period, formed in the Sui Dynasty, developed in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and finally became the main waterway connecting the five major water systems of Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River in the Yuan Dynasty.
In the historical process of more than two thousand years, the Grand Canal has made important contributions to China's economic development, national unity, social progress and cultural prosperity, and it is still playing a huge role.
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal shows the outstanding achievements of China's ancient water conservancy and shipping engineering technology, which is ahead of the world. It has left a rich historical and cultural heritage, bred a series of famous towns like bright pearls, accumulated a profound and long-standing cultural heritage, and condensed huge information in China's political, economic, cultural and social fields.
The Grand Canal and the Great Wall are symbols of the cultural identity of the Chinese nation.
[Edit this paragraph] Historical evolution
The excavation and evolution of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal can be roughly divided into three stages:
① Canal 1.
The embryonic period of the canal.
In the 10th year of the Spring and Autumn Period (486 BC), Fu Cha, the king of Wu, dug a ditch in Yangzhou to connect the Yangtze River and Huaihe River.
In the Warring States period, large ditches (from Yuanyang County, Henan Province, from north to south, into Putian, east of Zhengzhou City) and gaps were dug one after another, thus connecting the Yangtze River, Huaihe River and four rivers in the economic zone.
(2) The second canal.
Mainly refers to the canal system of Sui Dynasty.
Taking Luoyang in the east as the center, Tongji Canal was dug in the first year of Daye (605) to directly communicate with Huanghuai traffic.
And transformed the Hangou and Jiangnan Canal.
In three years, Yongji Canal was dug again, leading to Zhuo Jun in the north.
Coupled with the Guangtong Canal dug in 584 AD, a number of canal systems were formed.
When I arrived in (Yang Guang), it was said that in order to visit Qionghua, the city flower of Yangzhou, and to transport grain from the south to the north, a canal was dug from the Jinghuai section to the south of the Yangtze River, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers.
In the Yuan Dynasty, most of the capital of the Yuan Dynasty (now Beijing) had to dig canals to transport grain from the south to the north.
For this reason, three sections of rivers have been dug successively, and the horizontal canal of the Sui Dynasty with Luoyang as the center has been built into a vertical grand canal with Dadu as the center and Hangzhou as the south.
Geographically, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is divided into seven sections: from Beijing to Tongzhou District, called Tonghui River, from Shenshan Spring in Baifu Village of Changping County to Jishuitan and * * *, from Wenmingmen (now Chongwenmen) to the east, from Yangzha Village in Chaoyang District to the southeast, and from Gaolizhuang in Tongzhou (now Zhangjiawan Village) to Luhe (now the old road of North Canal), with a total length of 82 meters. Tongzhou District to Tianjin is called the North Canal, which is 186 km long. Tianjin to Linqing is called the South Canal, which is 400 kilometers long. Linqing to Taierzhuang is called Lu Canal, which is about 500 kilometers long. Taierzhuang to Huaiyin is called the Central Canal, with a total length of 186 km. Huaiyin to Guazhou is called the Li Canal, which is about180km long. Zhenjiang to Hangzhou is called Jiangnan Canal, which is about 330 kilometers long.
Yangzhou is a famous Li Canal city. When Yang Di dug a canal in Yangzhou, Yangzhou became the hub of north-south traffic. Thanks to grain transportation, it has become one of the most prosperous areas in China.
The Sui Dynasty was divided into four sections: (1) Yongji Canal (2) Tongji Canal (3) Hangou (4) Jiangnan River.
③ The third canal.
Mainly refers to the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
The key areas excavated in Yuan Dynasty are Sishui to Weihe and Dadu to Tongzhou in Shandong.
In the 18th year of Zhiyuan (Kublai Khan, Yuan Shizu) (A.D. 128 1), Jeju River was opened, with a total length of 75 kilometers from Rencheng (Jining City) to procedural Anshan (Dongping County). In the 26th year of Yuan Dynasty (1289), the meeting started from Anshan Nankai Canal, from the northwest of Shouzhang to Linqing, and reached the long 125km river course. In the 29th year of Yuan Dynasty (1292), Huihe River was opened, introducing Pingzhu water from Xichang, Beijing to Dadoucheng, and flowing eastward to Tongzhou to join Baihe River, with a length of 25 kilometers. In the 30th year of Yuan Dynasty (1293), the Grand Canal was fully navigable in Yuan Dynasty, and the waterwheel could go directly from Hangzhou to Dadu, becoming the predecessor of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the whole process can be divided into seven parts:
(1) Tonghui River; (2) North Canal; (3) South Canal; (4) Lu Canal; (5) the middle canal; (6) Li Yunhe; (7) Jiangnan Canal.
The Ming and Qing dynasties maintained the foundation of the Yuan Canal, and dredged the abandoned reach in Shandong in the late Yuan Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty. From the mid-Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, canal projects such as Kaikoukou Canal, Tongji New River and Zhonghe River were carried out between Xiazhen (now Weishan County) and Qingjiangpu (now Huaiyin) in Weishan Lake, Shandong Province, and the Yuehe River was excavated between Jianghuai and realized the separation of lakes.
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, as the main artery of north-south traffic, has played a great role in history.
The navigation of the canal has promoted the rapid development of coastal cities.
At present, the navigation mileage of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal is 1442 km, of which the annual navigation mileage is 877 km, mainly distributed in Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces south of the Yellow River.
Hangzhou Grand Canal, like the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, starts from Beijing in the north and reaches Hangzhou in the south, and flows through six provinces and cities: Beijing, Hebei, Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang. With a total length of 1764 km, it is ten times longer than Suez Canal and twenty times longer than Panama Canal, making it the longest artificial canal in the world.
End point, into Qiantang River.
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal flows through Tongzhou District of Beijing, wuqing district City of Tianjin, Cangzhou City, Hengshui City and Xingtai City of Hebei Province, Dezhou City, Tai 'an City, Liaocheng City, Jining City and Zaozhuang City of Shandong Province, Xuzhou City, Suqian City, Huai 'an City, Yangzhou City, Zhenjiang City, Changzhou City, Wuxi City and Suzhou City of Jiangsu Province, Jiaxing City and Hangzhou City of Zhejiang Province, and urban area/kloc-0.
Tongzhou ancient poem goes: A tower shadow recognizes Tongzhou.
The burning lighthouse stands at the northern end of the Grand Canal and is a landmark building in Jingmen Tongzhou.
Tianjin North Canal and South Canal meet in Tianjin, where they are sent from Haihe River to Bohai Sea.
According to records, during the developed period of water transportation, the North Canal from Tianjin to Tongzhou carried 20,000 grain ships every year, with officers and men 1.2 million, including 30,000 merchant ships.
The opening of the waterway has enabled the small Zhigu village to rapidly develop into a well-known "Tianjinwei".
The intersection of Zhenjiang, Yangzhou Yangtze River and Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal.
Liaocheng Lake and its rivers account for 1/3 of the urban area, and are called "Venice in the north of China", which is very rare in the northern cities, among which the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is indispensable.
Suzhou "Suzhou Lake is ripe and the world is full".
The opening of the canal made Suzhou rich in water and food.
At present, there are passenger routes to and from Suzhou-Hangzhou section of Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal.
The entrance of Huai 'an Grand Canal, under the pier of Guzhen on the east bank of the Canal, is the former residence of The Journey to the West author Wu Cheng'en.
Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal
[Edit this paragraph] Geography along the route
The Beijing-Hangzhou Canal flows from north to south through Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and runs through five major water systems in China-Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River, Qiantang River and a series of lakes. From the North China Plain to the Yangtze River Delta, the terrain is flat, rivers and lakes crisscross, and fertile fields are thousands of miles away. Since ancient times, it has been the main producing area of grain, cotton, oil, sericulture and hemp in China.
Dense population, high degree of agricultural intensification and great production potential.
Since modern times, the railway and highway networks of Beijing-Tianjin, Jinpu, Shanghai-Nanjing and Shanghai-Hangzhou have been built one after another, which are closely connected with the canal. Along the line, industries have sprung up and towns are dense, which is the place where the essence of China meets.
[Edit this paragraph] Status quo characteristics
The flow direction, water source and water storage conditions of each section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal are different and very complicated. The flow direction is generally summarized as four nodes and five flows:
Node 1 Tonghui River and North Canal (Haihe River) to the north of Tianjin flow southward; The South Canal and Lubei Canal between Dongping Lake node 1 and node 2 flow northward; The Lunan Canal, the Middle Canal and the Li Canal between Node 2 and Node 3 of the Yangtze River (Qingjiang River) flow southward; The reach between node 3 and node 4 in Danyang, south of the Yangtze River, flows northward; The reach south of Danyang (Jiangnan Canal) flows south.
Jining section of Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal ① Tonghui Canal.
A navigable river course in history.
Due to the implementation of the policy of "stopping tanks and changing them into folds" in the late Qing Dynasty and the development of railway and highway transportation since the 20th century, the goods were transported by land, and the water resources were insufficient, so the waterway was in disrepair. By the early 1950s, only a few ships sailed intermittently.
At present, the river is mainly used as a drainage channel in Beijing, and it is no longer navigable.
② North Canal.
It is about 180km long, with a catchment area of 5.110000km2, and flows into the Haihe River from Tianjin.
Except for the section from Qujiadian to Tianjin 15km, which can be used for seasonal navigation, the other sections are closed to navigation.
③ South Canal.
Also known as Yu He, it is 414km long.
The section from Sinu Temple to Linqing is called Wei Canal, which is 94 kilometers long.
The waterway from Tianjin to Sinusi is narrow and curved, with a bottom width of 15 ~ 30m and a water depth of about1m.. There are four shiplocks, Yangliuqing, Liu Du, Beichentun and Anling, which can be used for navigation 100 tonnage ships.
Due to the storage of water in the upstream reservoir and the irrigation of farmland on both sides of the river, it has been in disrepair for a long time and is now in a state of suspension.
The bottom of the weiqu is 30m wide and the water depth is about10m. There are four female temples and Zhugongtun lock, which can be used for navigation 100-ton ships.
As the upstream Yuecheng Reservoir impounded water and cut off the water source, especially after the expansion of the Dang Wei Canal, the waterway situation suddenly deteriorated.
④ Lubei Canal.
Also known as Weishan and Linqing Canal, the original reach has been silted up.
1958 A new line with a length of 104 km was selected, but it was not excavated.
1960 to 1968. According to the requirements of Yellow River Diversion, the 76-kilometer channel from Zhou Dian to Shangdian was excavated, but the two sections have not been excavated yet.
⑤ Lunan Canal.
The section from Guo Na to Liangshan is called Dongping Lake West Waterway, which is 20 kilometers long. Although dredging was carried out at 1968, the river channel was seriously silted and the water depth was insufficient, making navigation impossible.
The total length from Liangshan to Wang Nan is 33.8 kilometers, and the water depth of the waterway is 0.5 meters in dry season, and it can be navigable for 6 months every year. This is a seasonal waterway.
The Wang Nan-Jining section is 27. 1 km long, with a bottom width of15m and a water depth of 0.5m in dry season. It can only be navigable for six months every year, and it is a seasonal waterway.
Jining to the second dam section is 78. 1km, and the channel is straight. In dry season, the water depth is more than 1m, and the bottom width is 50m, which can be used for ships of100t class.
⑥ Zhong Canal.
From the auxiliary dam to Dawangmiao, Han Zhuang and Taierzhuang were used.
1958, a new waterway and an old reach of Nansi Lake were built in Jiangsu Province, which made the river pass through the northern suburb of Xuzhou and join the central canal at Dawangmiao.
The section from Dawangmiao to Huaiyin is still southward along the original river, with a length of 163 km.
In recent years, the reach below Xuzhou has been widened in sections, with a general bottom width of 45-60m and a water depth of more than 3m, and it has been navigable for tugboat fleets of 500-700 tons.
It is the main channel for Xuzhou coal transportation to the south.
⑦ Li Canal.
The total length is 169 km, and its estuary was originally in Guazhou, and 1958 was changed to Vulpix River.
After repeated regulation in recent years, the channel bottom width is generally 70 meters and the water depth is more than 3 meters, which can be used by 1000 ton towing fleet.
The annual freight volume is about150,000 tons.
⑧ Jiangnan Canal.
From Jianbikou on the south bank of the Yangtze River to Hangzhou via Danyang, Changzhou, Wuxi, Suzhou and Wang Ping.
Among them, there are three routes from Wang Ping to Hangzhou, namely, east, middle and west routes. If calculated according to the eastern line, the total length is 323.8 kilometers, and most of them are 20 meters wide and 2 meters deep at the bottom. Generally, ships with 40 ~ 100 tons can be navigable, and the annual freight volume reaches160,000 tons.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the canal was renovated on a large scale, which enabled it to play a variety of roles such as shipping, irrigation, flood control and drainage.
/kloc-the communication project between the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal and Qiantang River, which was completed at the end of 1988, connected the rivers and seas, and formed a water transport network with Hangzhou as the center, and the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal connected the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, the Huaihe River, the Haihe River and the Qiantang River.
It has been repeatedly demonstrated that the second passage project of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal has finally started for nearly 20 years.
65438+February 18, the foundation stone was laid for the approach channel project of Babeo Lock, the second channel of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal, which means that the "second channel" has entered the construction stage from the blueprint on paper.
The transportation department said, "This second passage, with a total length of 39 kilometers and an estimated total investment of 7.75 billion yuan, is a' killer' to solve the existing traffic congestion, environmental protection and traffic function reduction of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal (Hangzhou section)."
From 1989 to 18, the "second passage" scheme of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal was put forward, and it was repeatedly demonstrated for nearly 20 years.
During this long time, the transportation, port and shipping departments of Hangzhou have carried out a lot of work, such as comprehensive analysis and demonstration of the location of the "second channel" line, pre-examination, preliminary determination of the location of the line, coordination with relevant counties and cities, submission of project proposals, organization of feasibility studies and so on.
There are always three schemes for the location of the "second passage": East, Middle and West.
East Line: It starts from Bolu Line in Yuhang District, Shen Hang, passes through National Highway 320, Shanghai-Hangzhou Railway, Shanghai-Hangzhou Expressway, Provincial Highway 0 1 and Hangpu Expressway, passes through Ring Expressway, Desheng Road and Xiasha Road, and enters Qiantang River near Babao.
Midline: the existing passage from Sanbao to Qiantang River through the main city of Hangzhou.
Starting from Beixing Bridge, passing through Chen Gong Bridge, crossing Wulinmen Zhongshan North Road Bridge and Genshan Railway Bridge, and leaving Qiantang River from Sanbao Ship Lock;
West Line: It starts from Beixing Bridge, passes through Gouyun Road and National Road 104 in the west, passes through Sandun Ring Road and Tianmushan Road, passes through Feng Ping, and is changed to Huapailou Ring Road, and exits Longwu, Wangjiangshan and Xinpu along Fuchun River.
The sky-high "Shanghai-Hangzhou Railway"
Finally, the project was planned and constructed according to the eastern route.
"Although it is necessary to cross the Shanghai-Hangzhou Railway, three expressways and the Qiantang River exit, it is the most advantageous in terms of the possibility of penetration." The West Line is the most ideal from the perspective of shipping, but the construction cost is huge, which destroys the tourism resources of scenic spots near the West Line, is not conducive to environmental protection and conflicts with urban planning. The middle route scheme of the existing waterway will greatly destroy the existing urban planning, and the problems of cultural relics protection are difficult to solve, so it is not a good scheme.
The person in charge of Hangzhou Port and Shipping Administration said: "When choosing the eastern route plan, just to cross the railway under the waterway, we must buy a' huge sum' for the expensive Shanghai-Hangzhou railway.
It can be said that in order to protect urban planning and the environment, we have made the most uneconomical but also the most economical choice. "
Canal passage has become a "bottleneck"
During the period of 1999, the Zhejiang section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal was converted into a fourth-class waterway. However, with the rapid development of hinterland economy and the doubling of social freight volume, the pace of waterway upgrading lags far behind that of ships.
It is predicted that in 20 15 and 2025, the freight volume of the Zhejiang section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal will reach10.77 million tons and15.64 million tons respectively.
As an important part of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal connecting Qiantang River, the navigation channel in Hangzhou only meets the five-level navigation standard, and 25 bridges can't meet the navigation requirements of the five-level navigation channel, which seriously restricts the function of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal and the future development of shipping.
A thousand-ton ship goes directly from Shandong to Hangzhou.
After the completion of the second-class channel of the canal, the level of the channel of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal will reach the third level. By then, ships with a tonnage of 1 1,000 tons can go directly from Dongping Lake, Shandong Province to Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, and the capacity will be increased by 40%.
According to experts' analysis, taking the coal transportation in the development zone as an example, power plants need a lot of coal for power generation every year. If all are transported by rail, each ton 10 yuan to 20 yuan. If all coal is transported by water, the cost can be saved1100,000 yuan.
With the opening of the second waterway, the urban waterway will be used for tourism and so on. The existing problems of navigation congestion, noise and environmental protection of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal (Hangzhou section) are expected to be solved.
[Edit this paragraph] Opening significance
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is a great project created by the working people in ancient China, a precious material and spiritual wealth left by our ancestors, and an important living and flowing human heritage.
The Grand Canal originated in the Spring and Autumn Period, formed in the Sui Dynasty and developed in the Tang and Song Dynasties. The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal was built in the Spring and Autumn Period more than 2,000 years ago, with a history of 2,500 years. An important river channel dug by Qin Shihuang (Ying Zheng) in Jiaxing also laid the foundation for the development of Jiangnan Canal in the future.
According to Yue Jue Shu, Qin Shihuang "ruled Lingshui Road from Jiaxing, crossed Qiantang River and crossed Zhejiang".
About 2,500 years ago, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, dug a ditch, opened a canal connecting the Yangtze River and Huaihe River, and built Seoul, from which the canal and its culture were derived.
The Grand Canal we are talking about today was dug in the Spring and Autumn Period, completed in the Sui Dynasty, flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties, straightened in the Yuan Dynasty, and dredged in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (dug in 486 BC and opened to traffic in A.D. 1293), which lasted 1779.
In the long years, it has experienced three major construction processes.
During the Sui Dynasty, Yang Di used millions of people to dig the Grand Canal, which made great contributions to the unprecedented prosperity of the country's economy and culture. After the development in Tang and Song Dynasties, it finally became a traffic artery connecting the five major water systems of Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River in Yuan Dynasty.
Stands for artificial Tianhe.
The Grand Canal is the second "golden waterway" in China after the Yangtze River.
Its value is comparable to that of the Great Wall, and it is the earliest and longest artificial river course in the world, which is 16 times that of Suez Canal and 33 times that of Panama Canal.
The Beijing-Hangzhou Canal has always been the main canal for water transportation in past dynasties, and played an important role in the economic and cultural exchanges between the North and the South.
/kloc-shipping rose in the 0/9th century. With the opening of the Jin-Pu Railway, the role of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal gradually decreased.
After the migration of the Yellow River, the water resources in the reach of Shandong Province were in short supply, and the siltation was shallow, and the north-south navigation was cut off and silted up to the ground.
The section of Jiangsu with large water volume and good navigation conditions can only sail in Xiao Mu.
The abandonment and depression of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal is a portrayal of the semi-colonial and semi-feudal system in China.
After liberation, some river sections were widened and deepened, many modern docks and shiplocks were built, and shipping conditions were improved.
Seasonal navigation mileage reaches 1 100 km or more.
660 kilometers south of Pixian County, Jiangsu Province, the 500-ton fleet can be unimpeded.
The ancient Beijing-Hangzhou Canal will become a water conveyance channel for the future South-to-North Water Transfer Project.
[Edit this paragraph] Declare World Heritage.
In March 2006, 58 CPPCC members jointly submitted a proposal to the Fourth Session of the Tenth Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, calling for the strategic rescue and protection of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, and applying for world heritage projects at an appropriate time.
Among these 58 members, there are not only the current and former presidents of CPPCC in six provinces and cities including Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, but also two former directors of National Cultural Heritage Administration-Zhang Wenbin and Dan Jixiang.
Celebrities such as Yi Shu and Wang Tiecheng also signed their names.
Member Liu Feng, the first sponsor, said that the Grand Canal with profound historical and cultural heritage is known as the "Ancient Cultural Corridor", the ancient science and technology library, the museum of historical sites and scenic spots, and the folk custom showroom. Its historical remains are excellent physical materials for studying the politics, economy, culture and society of ancient China, and the best testimony of China's long history and civilization.
From the perspective of protecting human civilization, the Grand Canal is not only unique in China, but also universally recognized in the development of human history.
The water system of the Grand Canal stretches for thousands of miles, running through the north and south, forming a unique natural landscape and giving birth to a rich linear cultural landscape. If you add intangible cultural heritage that has not been well explored, the content will be more abundant.
"If you add up its historical value, cultural connotation and contribution to the historical development of China, it can be compared with the Great Wall to some extent." Zheng Heluo, two authoritative experts who called on China to join the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage in 1985, predicted that "we firmly believe that the success rate of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal's application for the World Heritage is very high."
"The Grand Canal and the Great Wall should be sisters in the heritage list," member Liu Feng reminded, but it must be noted that with the development of economy and society, the traditional function of the Grand Canal is gradually weakening, and its authenticity and integrity are being destroyed.
If we don't pay attention to the protection work as important as "applying for the World Heritage", her history, culture, relics and natural scenery will inevitably degenerate and die out quickly, which will be an irreparable loss to the Chinese nation.
The protection and application of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is by no means a matter of a certain place or department.
CPPCC members suggested that the rescue and protection of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal should be started immediately from a strategic perspective, and a research institution with the joint participation and full support of relevant ministries, experts and coastal areas should be established to find out the "home" of the Grand Canal, formulate the overall protection plan of the Grand Canal as soon as possible, and declare the World Heritage Project at an appropriate time.
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is a great project created by the working people in ancient China, a precious material and spiritual wealth left by our ancestors, and an important living and flowing human heritage.
The Grand Canal originated in the Spring and Autumn Period, formed in the Sui Dynasty, developed in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and finally became the main waterway connecting the five major water systems of Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River in the Yuan Dynasty.
In the historical process of more than two thousand years, the Grand Canal has made important contributions to China's economic development, national unity, social progress and cultural prosperity, and it is still playing a huge role.
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal shows the outstanding achievements of China's ancient water conservancy and shipping engineering technology, which is ahead of the world. It has left a rich historical and cultural heritage, bred a series of famous towns like bright pearls, accumulated a profound and long-standing cultural heritage, and condensed huge information in China's political, economic, cultural and social fields.
The Grand Canal and the Great Wall are symbols of the cultural identity of the Chinese nation.
Protecting the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is of great significance for inheriting human civilization and promoting the harmonious development of society.
With the development of economy and society, the traditional transportation function of the Grand Canal has changed, and the river course, scenery along the river and people's life have changed greatly. At present, it is facing the severe challenge of urban modernization and rural urbanization.
If protection is not strengthened, the historical and cultural remains, scenery and natural ecological environment of the Grand Canal will be destroyed, and its authenticity and integrity will cease to exist, which will be an irreparable loss to the Chinese nation.
It is critical to rescue and protect the Grand Canal and achieve sustainable development.
[Edit this paragraph] Hangzhou Declaration
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is a great project created by the working people in ancient China, a precious material and spiritual wealth left by our ancestors, and an important living and flowing human heritage.
The Grand Canal originated in the Spring and Autumn Period, formed in the Sui Dynasty, developed in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and finally became the main waterway connecting the five major water systems of Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River in the Yuan Dynasty.
In the historical process of more than two thousand years, the Grand Canal has made important contributions to China's economic development, national unity, social progress and cultural prosperity, and it is still playing a huge role.
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal shows the outstanding achievements of China's ancient water conservancy and shipping engineering technology, which is ahead of the world. It has left a rich historical and cultural heritage, bred a series of famous towns like bright pearls, accumulated a profound and long-standing cultural heritage, and condensed huge information in China's political, economic, cultural and social fields.
The Grand Canal and the Great Wall are symbols of the cultural identity of the Chinese nation.
Protecting the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is of great significance for inheriting human civilization and promoting the harmonious development of society.
With the development of economy and society, the traditional transportation function of the Grand Canal has changed, and the river course, scenery along the river and people's life have changed greatly. At present, it is facing the severe challenge of urban modernization and rural urbanization.
If protection is not strengthened, the historical and cultural remains, scenery and natural ecological environment of the Grand Canal will be destroyed, and its authenticity and integrity will cease to exist, which will be an irreparable loss to the Chinese nation.
It is critical to rescue and protect the Grand Canal and achieve sustainable development.
Here, we call for:
-Arouse the public's social awareness of the important position and multiple values of the Grand Canal, further enhance the awareness of protection at all levels, sum up and publicize the experience of protecting and excavating the profound historical and cultural connotation of the Grand Canal in various places, mobilize all social forces to participate in the protection and application of the Grand Canal, and continue the context and civilization of the Canal.
-From a national strategic perspective, establish a unified coordination body, formulate laws and regulations for the protection of the Grand Canal, make overall plans for protection and development, mobilize all forces, implement effective protection, and make scientific and rational use for the benefit of future generations.
-In accordance with the requirements of the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, attach importance to and start the application for the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, correctly handle the relationship between natural heritage, cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage with innovative ideas, correctly handle the relationship between protection, utilization and development, and effectively turn the application process into a process of strengthening the protection and management of the Grand Canal.
-Set up research institutions as soon as possible with the full support of relevant ministries, relevant experts and cities along the route, collect data, find out the family background, carry out investigation and evaluation with a serious and scientific attitude, and put forward feasible suggestions to relevant departments.
-Implement Scientific Outlook on Development, pay more attention to the overall features of the Grand Canal in the process of economic and social development planning and implementation along the Grand Canal, ensure effective protection of cultural relics along the route, rationally utilize resources, protect the ecological environment, realize sustainable development and revitalize the ancient canal.
[Edit this paragraph] Digital Canal
In order to better protect the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and declare the world cultural heritage, China will "excavate" the "Digital Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal" Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal Museum.
The National Social Development Science and Technology Conference held in Beijing in early May 2007 proposed that China would implement the digital Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal project during the 11th Five-Year Plan period.
According to the 11th Five-Year Plan for Scientific and Technological Development of Cultural Heritage Protection issued by National Cultural Heritage Administration, China experts will, on the basis of the existing research results, formulate the collection standards for residential houses in the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, systematically carry out investigation and evaluation, and establish a comprehensive information system for the cultural heritage of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal by using global positioning system (GPS) and other technical means.
According to the Plan, the system can manage the non-spatial data of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal in the same geographical reference coordinate system, realize unified management through words and graphics, realize two-way query and retrieval through words and graphics, and browse, query, analyze and map images to form a basic information base, which provides strong support for the protection, research, display, management and decision-making of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal.
[Edit this paragraph] Governance objectives
In recent years, the total annual water consumption in Taihu Lake Basin is 29 billion cubic meters, while the average annual water resources in this area is only 654.38+062 billion cubic meters. Excluding the part that can't be used because of pollution, more than 30 million people in Taihu Lake Basin have created nearly one trillion yuan of GDP every year, and the water consumption is actually twice the actual resources.
Because the water pollution control in Taihu Lake basin is not in harmony with economic development and population, the water pollution in the basin is very serious, which makes Taihu Lake basin face a severe water shortage situation.
According to the continuous monitoring and evaluation of water quality from 1998 to 2000, although the central and local levels have strengthened the prevention and control of river basin water pollution in recent years, the water quality of Taihu Lake has not improved significantly on the whole, and the eutrophication of the lake has not improved significantly on the whole. In 2000, the total phosphorus, total nitrogen and chemical oxygen consumption were far from the planned control targets. Water pollution in river networks has not been effectively controlled, and some places are still deteriorating. The water resources in Taihu Lake basin are facing a severe situation.
On the other hand, after the communication between Beijing-Hangzhou Canal and Qiantang River, with the development of Hangzhou city, shipping has played an important role in economic construction, but it has also produced many negative effects. The noise and exhaust emissions from ships have seriously affected the quality of life of citizens. Many bridge-related accidents during ship navigation also pose an inevitable threat to key cultural relics protection units such as Chen Gong Bridge. The uneven appearance of the cargo ship is also very inconsistent with the current landscape river, which has already happened.
If the navigation of cargo ships in Hangzhou-Tangqi section of the Canal is stopped and changed into a complete tourist channel, the economic benefits of tourism and coastal real estate will be enormous.
Therefore, the channel between Fuchun River in Qiantang River system and Dongtiaoxi River in Taihu Lake system should be opened to connect Qiantang River and Taihu Lake system. The high-quality water source of Fuchun River naturally flows through Dongtiaoxi River, scouring the poor water in Taihu Lake system, providing high-quality water source for Hangjiahu area and Shanghai, and improving the water resources environment in these areas. After sewage is gradually intercepted and collected, the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal and its tributaries will become high-quality tap water sources in cities such as Hangzhou and Jiaxing.
In order to ensure the safety of ship navigation, water quality is not polluted by ships, and land resources are saved, electrified light rail with international advanced level is adopted to control ship navigation, and a safe and economical navigation mode with low channel grade and high navigation capacity is realized, which is the first in China to realize green shipping.
On May 25th, 2006, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, as a great project from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Qing Dynasty, was approved by the State Council to be included in the sixth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.