The scholar Ri Buluo pointed out in "A Simple Interpretation of the Global Drama Master Ibsen": "The Western world is developing at a rapid pace, but time seems to be a rusty clock in China. Rotting in stagnation! Such as "In the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, the sound of trumpets was heard, and an execution procession passed through the street. A young woman who had been wronged was taken to the execution ground. Many kind-hearted people lamented the tragic fate of this woman. Aunt Liu in the street tavern told Guan Hanqing about the unfortunate experience of the female prisoner Zhu Xiaolan and her tragic life experience. Zhu Xiaolan's tragedy aroused Guan Hanqing's infinite sympathy for this weak woman and his incomparable indignation at the government's disregard of human life (quoted from online information - quoted from Jiang Fang's blog). ". Guan Hanqing lived approximately between 1240 and 1310, while the outstanding Norwegian playwright and poet Ibsen (also translated as: Ibsen) left a colorful collection of twenty-five plays and rich works for the world library. (poetry, letters, and literary prose), but lived between 1828 and 1906. His masterpiece "A Doll's House" is as famous as Guan Hanqing's "The Injustice of Dou E" in the intellectual structure of old China today. Not many people understand Yi Pusheng. Apart from ancient Greek tragedy, they only know a little bit about "The Injustice of Dou E". "Writing is to sit down and judge yourself." Yi Pusheng wrote this sentence on the title page of his work, just like him. His plays are equally profound and are the epitome of an era. Living in the 19th century, he is known as the "Father of Modern Drama" for his socialized philosophical thoughts and rich outlook on life. , reflecting that specific era in Norway. The "Nora" ("Nora's Escape") in Ibussen's work is a product of the influence of the Marxist or socialist feminist movement, or at least reflects the women of that era. In terms of economic liberation, fighting for rights in education and legislation, and gaining equality with men, there is no doubt that Ibsen's works have the shadow of the feminist movement, if we say that Yan Fu is solely based on the liberalism theory of England. Because of the New Culture Movement, Hu Shi published theoretical articles on the literary revolution and established a "Yipusheng special account" to advocate women's liberation, which contributed to that ideological movement. The liberation movement provided sharp ideological weapons. I am afraid that the same was true for some socialists in China from the 1920s to the 1940s. Jia Yi Pusheng once said: "The artist uses his life to forge his life and his soul to forge his soul. When he completes a work, , leaving part of the life in the original work and becoming a perceivable living body. "Yes, the instinct in human bones determines the tendency to succumb to the group. A writer's pen must go against the will of the majority of people. It is not to follow what others say, but to highlight the individual's nature of striving for freedom. Therefore, Yi Busheng deserves to be called the "great question mark." "Peer Gynt" is a classic work by the famous Norwegian drama master Ibussen.

Norwegian composer Edvard Hagerup Grieg (1843-1907) used Norwegian folk music and adapted it from Ibussen. With the same name, he created the poetic drama "Peer Gynt Suite No. 1" and "Peer Gynt Suite No. 2" with distinctive national colors, just like Ibsen said to a person who could not understand his drama. A German reader said: “If you want to fully understand me, you must first understand Norway. "His works in his later years are a reflection of his life. Ibsen, so great!

The father of modern drama

Skith, a small town south of Oslo, the capital of Norway, It is a city that retains Nordic medieval architecture. In the city, the towering and majestic cathedral made people even more amazed. One day, when a curly-haired and handsome child passed by the church, he suddenly clamored for company. His maid took him up to the tower to see the scenery. When the child saw his house, the carriages and horses in the square, and the pedestrians the size of toys, he clapped his hands and cheered with excitement. At this moment, he saw the world from a high altitude. This feeling seems to have affected this child's life. Decades later, this child named Ibsen became a famous playwright. He wrote several plays with compact plots and vivid reflections of social reality problems. It analyzed the hypocrisy and evil in the world and broke through the tradition of dramas based on historical legends for many years. It not only shocked Norway, but also influenced Europe and the United States. These dramas profoundly exposed falsehood, evil and ugliness, just like in his "On the Plateau". "" said in the poem: "I looked at the crowd from a height and saw their true nature..."

In the summer of 1874, in Copenhagen, Denmark, Yi Yi, who had written many plays and had become famous, When Bu Sheng was talking to his friend Laura, Laura told him that because she could not raise money to pay for her husband's medical treatment, she had to forge a signature to borrow money. She never expected that her husband would refuse to forgive her after learning about it. This act of desperation caused her family to break up. Ibsen thought so at the time, but he also remembered the novel "The Daughters of the Profession" by the Norwegian female writer Colette. , the book reveals the passion for the liberation of women...

Four years later, Ibsen, who was temporarily living in Rome, began to write down his thoughts in writing, which was an article titled "About a Modern "Notes on a Tragedy" article: "There are two spiritual laws and two consciences in the world.

One is for men, the other is for women... This society is purely patriarchal, and all laws are made by men..."

He put down his pen and thought about the current family, which is almost the same as the feudal society. The same times, women have no independent personality and are still men's dolls. Another year later, he wrote the script "A Doll's House". Two weeks after its publication, it was premiered at the Royal Theater in Copenhagen, Denmark.

The curtain opened and the audience saw the home of Helmer, a bank manager in Oslo. It was almost Christmas. Oh, this family is so warm. The Christmas tree was returned. Helmer affectionately called his wife Nora "little baby" and "little dove". He loved his wife and never drank or made trouble outside. Happily, she had been married for eight years and became the mother of three children. A few years ago, because Helmer was ill and going to recuperate, Nora had no money to pay, so she had no choice but to fake her father's signature behind Helmer's back and apply to the bank. She borrowed money to send her husband to see a doctor. Over the years, she saved money to pay off the debt.

Now, Helmer, who was promoted to manager, wants to fire Krogstad. He did not want to lose his job, so he wrote to Helmer to report the matter and threatened him. After reading the letter, Helmer became furious with Nora. When Krogstad listened to the advice, he wrote a letter saying that he would never do it. When the matter was brought up again, Helmer became affectionate with Nora again. After these twists and turns, Nora finally saw clearly the hypocritical nature of her husband Helmer, and she also understood that she was just Helmer's doll and entertainment at home. She left angrily. This home.

"A Doll's House" vividly criticized the philistinism and hypocrisy of the bourgeoisie, and exposed the oppression of women in the patriarchal society. "This play encouraged women. He ran away alone regardless of his family, husband and daughter. It's simply immoral..." "The ending of this play should be changed to Nora giving up the idea of ??running away..."

Such remarks that use "morality" to deny the meaning of "A Doll's House" , put Ibsen under tremendous pressure, but Ibsen persisted in his position and continued to write dramas such as "Ghosts" and "Enemy of the People", using his works to counter the vicious attacks of hypocrites cloaked in morality. In "Enemy of the People", the character who insists on exposing the truth about toxic water pollution and environmental pollution, but is declared as an "enemy of the people" by officials and gentlemen who try their best to cover up the truth and create false prosperity - Dr. Stockmann, said loudly on the stage : "Am I willing to let public opinion, these majorities and these monsters defeat me? Sorry, can't do it! "Anyone who lives by deception should be wiped out like vermin!" "These lines are exactly Ibsen's thoughts.

At the end of "A Doll's House", where will Nora go after running away? It is a question mark. At the end of "Enemy of the People", Stowe, who insists on the truth, Dr. Kemang became a lonely minority. Not only did he lose his job, but his daughter and friends who sympathized with him also lost their jobs. What will he do in the future? A drama like Ibsen's that reveals reality does not follow the tradition. Instead of solving the problem in the climax of the plot, the drama raises questions and inspires the audience to think. Therefore, Ibsen is called the "great question mark" in some historical stories and folklore. In "Peer Gynt", he also wrote about the experience of Peer Gynt, a young man who is full of fantasy and lives a lazy life, wandering around the world. Te encountered monsters, and later made a fortune by selling black slaves. He did many bad things, and finally went bankrupt and returned to his hometown. When "Peer Gynt" was performed, the audience saw Peer on the stage near the end of the play. Gent was peeling an onion. He peeled off layer after layer and found nothing. Through this strongly symbolic plot, Ibsen highlighted the philosophy of the whole play: selfishness, Those who seek arbitrarily from life end up with nothing.

Ibsen died in Oslo at the age of seventy-eight. A classic work on the theater stage, his creations had a profound impact on European and American drama from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, and he is therefore known as the "Father of Modern Drama".