people's understanding of objective things begins with feeling, which is the simplest form of understanding. For example, when pineapple acts on our sensory organs, we can reflect its color through vision; Its sour and sweet taste can be reflected by taste; Its fragrance and smell can be reflected by the sense of smell, and its rough protrusions can be reflected by the sense of touch. Human beings realize various attributes of things through various feelings about objective things.

Feeling not only reflects the individual attributes of objective things, but also reflects the movements and states of various parts of our bodies. For example, we can feel our hands raised, our bodies tilted, and our stomachs contracted violently.

Although feeling is a very simple psychological process, it is of great significance in our life practice. With feeling, we can distinguish the attributes of all kinds of things outside, so we can distinguish colors, sounds, hardness, thickness, weight, temperature, taste, smell, etc. With feeling, we can understand the position, movement, posture, hunger and heartbeat of each part of ourselves, and with feeling, we can carry out other complicated cognitive processes. Without feeling, you can't distinguish the attributes of objective things from your own state. Therefore, we say that feeling is the basis of various complex psychological processes (such as perception, memory and thinking). In this sense, feeling is the source of all human knowledge about the world.

Sensory devices are tools of the brain, and the brain reflects the external world by means of sensory devices.

classification of feelings

We can divide feelings into two categories.

the first category is external sensation, which includes five types: sight, hearing, smell, taste and skin sensation. The receptors of this kind of feeling are located on or near the body surface.

Vision, human beings can see the electromigration from the wavelength of .77-.39 micron. What's the matter? Is the tip garden straight and difficult? (3) Cough, ⒐⒐? Blow Naihui coal and ostrich poverty? Take?

hearing, human beings can hear the sound waves of 2-2－2HZ emitted by the vibration of objects. We can distinguish the tone (height), intensity (flood) and timbre (characteristics of waveform) of the sound. Through timbre, we can distinguish which is the sound of the train and which is the sound of the car, and we can distinguish the voice of acquaintances and even the sound of walking.

you can also determine the position, distance and movement of the sound source.

the sense of smell is the result of molecules of volatile substances acting on the olfactory organs. We can also distinguish objects by smell. Taste is produced by the action of water-soluble substances on the taste organ (tongue). Taste has four different properties: sweet, sour, salty and bitter.

skin sensation, also called tactile sensation, is the sensation caused by the action of objects with mechanical and temperature characteristics on skin sensory organs. It is divided into four basic feelings: pain, temperature, cold and touch (pressure).

the second kind of sensation is to reflect the movement of various parts of the body or the changes of internal organs. The sensory organs of this kind of sensation are located in the depths of relevant tissues (such as muscles) or on the surfaces of internal organs (such as stomach wall and respiratory tract). This kind of feeling includes movement feeling, balance feeling and body feeling.

kinesthetic sense reflects the position, movement and degree of muscle contraction of our limbs, and the receptors of kinesthetic sense are sensory nerve endings on muscles, tendons and joints.

the sense of balance reflects the position of the head and the sense of body balance. The receptors of balance sense are located in the semicircular canal and vestibule of the inner ear.

body sensation reflects the internal state of the body and the state of various organs. Its receptors are mostly located in internal organs, distributed in esophagus, gastrointestinal tract, lung, blood vessels and other organs.

sensory function evaluation

several tacks (sharp at one end and blunt at the other)

two test tubes and test racks

some cotton, paper towels or soft brushes.

4-5 common objects: keys, coins, pencils, spoons, etc.

Sensory loss measurer or ECG caliper head, paper clip and ruler.

a set of objects with the same shape and size but different weights

several pieces of cloth with different textures.

sound *(256HZ)

light touch: let the patient close his eyes, and the examiner touches different parts of his body surface in turn with cotton or soft brush, asking the patient if he feels anything, and comparing them at symmetrical parts on both sides. The action of stimulation should be light, and the stimulation should not be too frequent. When checking limbs, the direction of stimulation should be parallel to the long axis, and the direction of chest and abdomen should be parallel to the ribs. The order of examination is face, neck, upper limbs, trunk and lower limbs.

Pain: Let the patient close his eyes, and the examiner gently stimulates the skin with a pin or a sharp object (the tip of the percussion hammer) to ask the patient if he feels pain. First check the face, upper limbs and lower limbs, and then compare them up and down and left and right to determine the intensity of stimulation. For patients with hypoalgesia, we should examine them from the abnormal parts to the normal parts, while for patients with hyperalgesia, we should examine them from the normal parts to the abnormal parts, so that it is easy to determine the size of the abnormal sensory range.

Pressure sensation: Let the patient close his eyes, and the examiner will press the muscle or tendon with his thumb hard, and ask the patient to point out the sensation. The barometric examination of paralyzed patients often goes from the obstructed part to the normal part.

temperature perception: including cold perception and warm perception. Cold water test tubes with 5-1 C are used for cold sleep, and warm water test tubes with 4-45C are used for warm sleep. Contact the patient's skin alternately with eyes closed, and ask the patient to say the feeling of cold or heat. The diameter of the test tube should be small. The contact area between the tube bottom area and the skin should not be too large, and the contact time should be 2-3 seconds, and the two sides should be symmetrical during inspection.

joint sense: refers to the sense of the angle and movement direction of the joint, including position sense and movement sense.

sense of position: when the patient closes his eyes, the examiner passively puts his fingers, toes or one limb in one position, so that the patient can tell the position of the limb or imitate the same angle with the other limb.

sense of movement: the patient closes his eyes, and the examiner grips both sides of the patient's fingers or toes with his fingers and moves them up and down by about 5 degrees, so that the patient can distinguish whether there is movement and the direction of movement. If it is not clear, the patient can increase the range or test a large joint to tell the direction of limb movement.

The affected limb made 4-5 changes in position, recorded the number of accurate answers, took the number of examinations as the denominator, and accurately imitated the number of joint positions as the molecular record (for example, 4/5 of upper limb joint sensation).

sense of vibration: ask the patient to close his eyes, place the sound * vibrating 128 or 256 times per second on the protruding part of the patient's bone, and ask the patient to point out whether the sound * vibrates or not and its duration, and make a comparison on both sides and up and down. The parts of the bony process that are often selected for examination: sternum, clavicle, acromion, olecranon, radial and ulnar capitulum, spinous process, anterior superior iliac spine, femoral trochanter, fibular capitulum, medial and lateral malleolus, etc.

compound sensation: the ability of the cerebral cortex (parietal lobe) to synthesize, analyze, unify and judge sensory stimuli, so it is also called cortical sensation. It is meaningful to check only when the deep and shallow senses are normal.

Two-point discrimination: Use a special two-point discrimination ruler, two-foot ruler or percussion hammer to separate the two points to a certain distance, and touch the patient's skin at the same time. If the patient feels two points with eyes closed, the distance will be reduced until the two contact points are felt as one point. Measure the minimum distance between two points. Both points must be stimulated at the same time with equal force. The values of different parts of the normal body are different, and the normal values are: 2-3 mm for the lips; Fingertips are 3-6 mm; Palm and sole are 15-2 mm; back of hand and instep are 3mm；; The anterior edge of tibia is 4mm；; The back is 4-5 mm.

graphic perception: patients close their eyes, write numbers or draw figures (such as circles, squares, triangles, etc.) on patients' skin with pencils or matchsticks, and ask patients whether they can feel and recognize them, which should also be compared bilaterally.

proprioception: the patient closes his eyes and puts something familiar in daily life in his hand (such as matchbox, knife, pencil, watch, etc.). Let the patient identify the name, size and shape of the object. Compare your hands.

positioning sense: let the patient close his eyes, the examiner touches a skin with a finger or cotton swab, and asks the patient to tell or point out the touched part, and then measure and record the distance from the stimulated part. The normal error is less than 3.5mm in hand and less than 1cm in trunk.

Weight recognition: Give patients several kinds of articles with certain weight differences, and then compare and judge the weight of each article after weighing them with one hand.

texture recognition: put substances with different textures, such as cotton, wool, silk, rubber, etc., into patients' hands for them to distinguish.

Matters needing attention in sensory evaluation are reasonable

Examiners should be patient and meticulous, so that patients can understand the examination methods and fully cooperate, and pay attention to adjusting patients' attention.

the patient's body position is appropriate, and the examination site should be relaxed to improve the accuracy of examination.

The normal side should be examined first to make the patient know what is "normal".

Then ask the patient to close his eyes or cover them with something.

between the two tests, ask the patient to open his eyes before telling the new instructions.

check the superficial sensation first, and then check the deep sensation and cortical sensation.

according to the sensory nerves and their innervation and distribution of skin areas.

adopt the principle of left and right, front and back, far and near end comparison, and repeat the inspection many times when necessary.

Avoid any suggestive questions to obtain accurate clinical data.

The given stimulus moves from far to near in an irregular way.

check the whole part first, and if you find the part with sensory disturbance, you should carefully find out the scope of that part.

Record the examination results on the body sensation distribution map according to the type of sensation, the degree and scope of obstacle. The degree of sensory disturbance can be represented by dotted lines, solid lines, dotted lines and curves according to four categories: sensory disappearance, sensory hypoesthesia, hypersensitivity and abnormal sensation, and pens with different colors can also be used according to different sensory types, such as black pens for tactile sensation, blue pens for pain sensation, red pens for temperature sensation and yellow pens for proprioception.

By analyzing the results of sensory examination, we should be able to judge the causes of sensory changes, the influence of sensory disorders on daily life, functional activities and the use of assistive devices, and what safety measures can be taken to prevent patients from being injured again due to sensory changes. We should be able to predict future changes and judge when it is necessary to have another examination.

Sensory functions of the fetus

(1) Hearing and vision

The fetus has comfortable living conditions in the mother's womb. They live in the sea of amniotic fluid, and the outside world is fortified layer by layer. In addition to amniotic fluid and amniotic membrane, there is chorion and finally the uterus. Such a "deep house compound" is naturally a corner that is difficult for ordinary light to patronize. Therefore, the womb world is full of darkness. The fetus has no need to see in this dark condition, and it is impossible to see anything.

However, the eyes of the fetus are not completely blind. In the second month of pregnancy, the eyes of the fetus began to develop. In the fourth month, the pregnant woman's abdomen was irradiated with light rhythmically, and it was found that the fetus would open its eyes and turn its face to the bright grave, and the fetal heart rate would change regularly. Moreover, the fetus can play a visual role in less than 1 minutes after birth, not only can see the mother's face, but also has the ability to recognize models and judge graphics. It has been found that the newborn's vision only cares about things within 3-4 cm. This is exactly the same as the length of his position in the uterus, indicating that the newborn still retains the habit of living in the uterus. Of course, the nervous system of the fetus is not developed enough, and it will not be completed until about 7 years old after birth. So the visual function of the fetus is still very imperfect.

(2) Other infectious functions

The hearing and vision of the fetus have been introduced above. In fact, the sensory functions of the fetus are far more than these, and they also have sensory functions such as skin sensation (touch), smell and taste.

Fetal sense of touch appears earlier, even earlier than the most common sense of hearing. Because the dark intrauterine environment limits the development of vision, the fetal touch and hearing are more developed. In the second month of pregnancy, the fetus can twist its head, limbs and body. At 4 months, when the mother's hand touches the face of the fetus in the abdomen, he will frown and squint. If he exerts a little pressure on his abdomen, he will immediately extend his little hand or foot in return. Someone observed through the fetal mirror that when he touched the palm of the fetus, he could immediately clench his fist to respond, and when he touched his lips, he made a sucking response with his mother's mouth. More interestingly, some foreign researchers reported that the penis of a male fetus living in the womb can actually erect according to ultrasonic images. All these fully explain the existence of fetal tactile function.

The fetal nose begins to develop as early as the second month of pregnancy, and by the seventh month, the nostrils can communicate with the outside world. However, because he is surrounded by amniotic fluid, although he already has a sense of smell, he can't show his skill, and naturally his sense of smell can't be greatly developed. Nevertheless, the fetus' sense of smell can come in handy at birth, and the newborn can smell the smell of the mother when he is nursing, and he can tell it as soon as he gets close to his mother in the future.

Like the nose, the mouth of the fetus develops in the second month of pregnancy. At the fourth month of pregnancy, the taste buds on the fetal tongue are fully developed. Although amniotic fluid is slightly salty, the fetus can still taste it with relish. New Zealand scientist Albert? Lilly proved through a simple experiment that the fetus' sense of taste appeared at the age of 4 months. He added saccharin to the amniotic fluid of pregnant women and found that the fetus was inhaling amniotic fluid at twice the normal rate. When he injected a bad oil into the uterus, the fetus immediately stopped inhaling amniotic fluid and began to move around in the abdomen, obviously protesting.

sensory integration disorder and psychological disorder

what is sensory integration disorder?

experts have given a clear definition, that is, external sensory information can't be well combined after entering the nerve center, and the whole body can't work in harmony, which weakens cognitive ability and adaptability, and makes learning or work inefficient. After a long time, this disharmonious operation and the resulting low-energy performance will inevitably lead to psychological obstacles.

sensory integration disorders are generally divided into five types.

(1) visual integration disorder: skipping reading, turning over the wrong pages, copying the wrong topic or forgetting things often occur. Persistent low academic performance makes students feel inferior.

(2) Auditory integration disorder: the attention is very unfocused, giving the impression that such children are forgetful and forget what they have just said. Children have doubts about their abilities and may be tired of playing truant. (3) Tactile integration disorder: I am often afraid of being disturbed, often restless, looking forward and backward, and even afraid of washing my hair.

(4) imbalance of balance and integration: shoes are put on backwards when you can't tell right from left, socks are turned inside out when you can't tell right from left, word spacing and row spacing are large and small when you write, and lines are crooked. Long-term failure has greatly weakened children's interest in learning all kinds of new things.

(5) Body integration disorder: walking smoothly, singing out of tune, stuttering when reading English, etc. will make children lose confidence in these classes.

why does sensory integration disorder occur?

Experts pointed out that the key is that children's growth space is relatively narrow, and the opportunities for various sensory stimuli are greatly reduced. Most school-age children only get up, wash, eat, go to school, go to school, study by themselves and go to bed at home and in the small world in front of their desks. Life is too monotonous. The sensory stimulation they receive is nothing more than the urging of their parents.