He is an outstanding experimental embryologist, the main founder of experimental embryology in China and an outstanding leader in biological science research in the 20th century.
Tong Dizhou, whose real name is Sun Wei, 1902 was born in a peasant family in Tongcun, Yinxian County, Zhejiang Province on May 28th. He lost his father at an early age, came from a poor family and was raised by his brother. 19 18 entered Ningbo normal university, studied hard and got excellent grades. Later, he was admitted to Ningbo Xiaoshi Middle School as a junior three student, and 1922 graduated from Ningbo Xiaoshi Middle School.
1922 was admitted to the philosophy department of Fudan university, and 1927 graduated from the psychology department of Fudan university. In the same year, he was recommended by Cai Bao, director of the Department of Biology of Central University, and worked as a teaching assistant in the Department of Biology of Nanjing Central University (now Nanjing University) [1]. [2]
65438-0930, studying in Free University of Brussels, Belgium.
193 1 After the September 18th incident, the Japanese invaders began to attack the northeast of China on a large scale. At that time, Tong Dizhou was studying in Belgium. Out of the passion of loving the motherland and consciously resisting Japan, he took the lead in protesting at the Japanese Embassy in Brussels and was threatened by the Belgian police.
At the end of 1933, regardless of the danger that the Japanese aggressor army was about to launch a large-scale war of aggression against China, he resolutely gave up the conditions of working and living peacefully abroad and returned to China at the end of 1934.
1934 received his Ph.D. from Free University of Brussels, then made a short visit to Cambridge University in England, and returned to China at the end of the year as a professor in the Biology Department of Shandong University.
1937 After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, it moved to Wanxian County, Sichuan with Shandong University.
From 65438 to 0938, he moved to Chongqing, and served as a professor at the Medical College of Central University, the Biology Department of Tongji University and the Biology Department of Fudan University. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, National Shandong University resumed its school in Qingdao, 1946, and served as professor and head of the Department of Zoology of Shandong University.
1948 was elected as an academician of academia sinica. In the same year, he was invited by the Rockwell Foundation to be a visiting researcher at Yale University in the United States, and returned to National Shandong University in March. 1949.
After the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), he continued to be a professor and head of the Department of Zoology, Shandong University.
65438-0950 Deputy Director of Institute of Experimental Biology, China Academy of Sciences, and Director of Qingdao Marine Biology Research Office, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 195 1 served as vice president of Shandong university.
From 65438 to 0955, he was elected as an academician of China Academy of Sciences (now known as an academician) and served as deputy director of the Department of Biogeology.
Tong Dizhou (2)
1957, Director of Institute of Marine Biology, China Academy of Sciences. 1959, the Institute was expanded into the Institute of Oceanography of China Academy of Sciences, and he still serves as the director. During the period of 1960, the department of biology and earth sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences was the Department of Biology and the Department of Geology. He is the director and researcher of the Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 65438-0977, Director, Deputy Director and Director of Cytogenetics Research Office, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
1978 vice president of China academy of sciences. In the past 50 years, he has been engaged in the research of experimental embryology, cell biology and developmental biology, and is one of the founders of experimental embryology research in China.
He also served as the third to fifth NPC Standing Committee, vice chairman of the fifth China People's Political Consultative Conference and vice chairman of China Ocean and Lake Society. 1979 passed away in Beijing on March 30th.
Father of cloning
1950, at the suggestion of Tong Dizhou, China Academy of Sciences established a marine biology laboratory in Qingdao. This year, he was 48 years old. It has been 1934 years since he came back from Belgium, and the best years have passed in turbulent times. After nearly half a year, Tong Dizhou finally has a peaceful laboratory. At that time, the Marine Biology Laboratory was located at No.28 Laiyang Road, Qingdao. The office and laboratory in the building 10 square meter is Tong Dizhou's favorite place to stay. In 1930s and 1960s, he conducted a series of experimental embryological studies on amphioxus, ascidians and fishes in Qingdao. He systematically studied the egg development law of amphioxus, a chordate that plays an important role in biological evolution, and accurately drew the distribution map of the scheduled formation substances of organs, which proved that amphioxus had certain regulatory ability and provided important evidence for further determining its taxonomic position. These research achievements are the best works in the scientific literature so far, which have had a far-reaching influence in the academic circles at home and abroad, initiated China's "cloning" technology, and Tong Dizhou became China's well-deserved "father of cloning".
Vice President of Shandong University
195 1 year, Tong Dizhou is the vice president of Shandong university. During this period, Tong Dizhou, who was shouldering heavy administrative and scientific research tasks, still insisted on giving classes to students. The classroom was full of students, listening attentively to Tong Dizhou's novel contents, profound theories and philosophical academic thoughts. Tong Dizhou not only imparted scientific knowledge to students, but also deeply infected every student with his brilliant academic thoughts, realistic scientific research style and rigorous academic attitude, which became inexhaustible wealth in their lives. Mr. Tong has trained a large number of career successors. His students and students are all over the world. They walked at the forefront of the discipline and inherited Mr. Tong's career.
The importance of egg quality to individual development
T.C.Tung
Tong Dizhou devoted his life to the research of experimental embryology, cell biology and developmental biology. During the period of 1930 ~ 1934, Tong Dizhou studied the relationship between the fertilization surface and the symmetry surface of brown frog eggs in Blasche laboratory, Belgium, and proved that the symmetry surface is not completely determined by the fertilization surface, but by the bilateral symmetrical structure state inside the eggs. In the study of the early development of sea squirts, it is proved that organogenesis substances already exist in fertilized eggs and have a certain distribution, and the entry of sperm has no decisive influence on this. On the other hand, he observed that endoderm and ectoderm seem to be equal in energy, and the formation of adsorption nipples and sensory cells depends on external factors, which shows the importance of egg quality to individual development. This pioneering research made him one of the founders of experimental embryology in China. [3]
Study on amphioxus
Amphioxus occupies an important position in biological evolution and is the ancestor of vertebrates. The research team led by Tong Dizhou solved the feeding, oviposition and artificial insemination techniques of amphioxus for the first time in Qingdao, which laid the foundation for systematic research on the embryonic development of amphioxus, and conducted a series of studies on the embryonic development mechanism of amphioxus by using microscopic techniques, which made a very important revision on the developmental ability of Wenchang fish eggs and attracted international attention. These early developmental characteristics of Wenchang fish eggs proved by Tong Dizhou further prove that amphioxus is a transitional type between invertebrates and vertebrates in evolution. This work also supports his later argument about nuclear-nuclear relationship. In his research on amphibians (toads and frogs), he clearly pointed out the polarity phenomenon of embryonic development, thus proving that this perceptual ability was induced and determined by the infiltration of an unknown chemical substance between cells.
Studies on the Embryonic Development Ability and Cytogenetics of Fish
T.C.Tung
Tong Dizhou has also made outstanding contributions to the study of fish embryo development ability and cytogenetics. His experimental results in the 1940s proved that in the eggs of golden croaker, on the side of the plant hemisphere below the equatorial line, there is a substance related to individual formation, which gradually flows from plant polarity to animal polarity in the early stage of development, and is an indispensable material basis for forming a complete embryo. His thesis in this field is an important historical document of fish experimental embryology. [4]
When studying the relationship between nucleus and cytoplasm, he found that not only nucleus determines the development direction of cytoplasm, but cytoplasm also determines the fate of nucleus. The nucleus and cytoplasm are not completely isolated from each other, but have a very close relationship. They can communicate with each other in structure and induce and inhibit each other in function. This is the so-called theory of nuclear-cytoplasmic relationship.
He also cooperated with Niu Manjiang, a Chinese-American scientist, to discuss the influence of crucian carp and its information RNA on the caudal fin of goldfish. The results show that this ribonucleic acid can induce the double tail of goldfish tail fin to become single tail. Therefore, it has opened up a research field worthy of further exploration in developmental biology and molecular genetics.
3 Related story editor
Juvenile determination
Juvenile Tong Dizhou —— Two "firsts" in Xiaoshi Middle School
Tong Dizhou grew up slowly, and his brothers understood the important principle and sent Tong Dizhou's youngest son to Zhejiang No.4 Normal School for accommodation.
Tong Dizhou's eldest brother hopes that Tong Dizhou will study hard, succeed in his future career and go back to his hometown to help his brother run a school. Tong Dizhou Jr., whose eyes are wide open, now has another great ambition in his heart. He is going to study in Ningbo Xiaoshi Middle School, a famous school in the province at that time. Big brother is happy for his brother's ambition, but he is worried about his brother. Little Tong Dizhou resolutely told his brothers: "I must be admitted to Xiaoshi Middle School!" Tong Dizhou Jr. carefully prepared for the exam, and the whole family mobilized to support him. Kind old mothers often get up quietly in the middle of the night and look at the candlelight in their son's room quietly through the window. ...
Di Zhou, a child, was finally admitted to primary school and became a junior, but his grades were the lowest in his class. Facing the report card, Tong Dizhou Jr. shed tears of sadness. ...
Soon, the news that "Little Child Di Zhou often falls in love late into the night regardless of his studies" came from Tong Di Zhou's dormitory, which attracted the attention of his classmates and teachers. One night, Mr. Chen, a senior three math teacher, came back from work and found a thin figure shaking under the dim street lamp. Mr. Chen thought, "Who doesn't go back to the dormitory to sleep in the middle of the night?" Teacher Chen walked over with questions. It turned out that Tong Dizhou was doing the problem by street lamps. "Don't go back to the dormitory to rest so late?" "Miss Chen, I have to hurry up and catch up on my homework. I don't want to be the last one. " Teacher Chen looked at Tong Dizhou's thin body and advised Tong Dizhou to go back to rest with concern. Not far away, Tong Dizhou stood under a street lamp, reading a book in his hand. Teacher Chen was deeply moved. He deeply understands Tong Dizhou's ambition and is proud of having such a student.
The next day, in front of the whole class, Teacher Chen solemnly refuted the rumor: "I tell you clearly that Tong Dizhou is a studious person! Don't draw conclusions by guessing, let alone slander others by rumors. Especially for a diligent and studious person, it is even more impossible! " Teacher Chen said seriously, "I witnessed Tong Dizhou doing calculation exercises with all his heart under the dim street light after lights were turned off. He works too hard, too hard! He is worth learning by all students! " Teacher Chen finally raised her voice. "Yes, Tong Dizhou used to be the worst in the class, but a person's performance can't be judged by only one exam result. Measuring a person's knowledge and ability ultimately depends on how he takes his own path of struggle! "
The final exam is coming, and Tong Dizhou has become the focus of the whole school. Finally, with his own efforts, he got 70 points in all subjects, including full marks in geometry, which caused a sensation in the whole school.
With his own efforts and teachers' concern, he ranked first in the final exam of senior three. Principal Chen Xia often says with infinite emotion: "I have been a principal for many years, and I have never seen a student make such rapid progress!" "
Later, when Tong Dizhou recalled his childhood, he said with emotion, "Effective two firsts have a great influence on my life. This let me know that I am no more stupid than others. What others can do, I can certainly do it through hard work. There is no genius in the world, and genius is bought with labor. "
1In July, 924, Tong Dizhou was admitted to Fudan University with the support of his brother. From then on, he began a long road of pursuing science and dedicating himself to his career. ...
Start showing your abilities/talents.
Tong Dizhou was born in a remote mountain village. His heart is destined to beat with the suffering of China, and his steps are also destined to run in the bumpy national rejuvenation.
1930, 28-year-old Tong Dizhou graduated from Fudan University and got the opportunity to study abroad. With the support of his brother and his new wife Ye Yufen, he resolutely boarded the train to Belgium. In Brussels University, the Belgian capital, Tong Dizhou's study abroad life is very poor. He is thin and quietly struggling in the biological world. During that time, his tutor, Professor Duck, was doing experiments on frog eggs, and it was necessary to peel a film outside the eggs. Under the microscope, Professor Ducker and his assistants can never get rid of this film. Tong Dizhou said, I'll try. Tong Dizhou pricked the egg membrane with a needle under the microscope. The egg shrank and peeled off immediately. Professor Ducker was ecstatic about the student's biological talent. 193 1 In the summer of, he took his beloved students to the French seaside laboratory, a famous scientific research center. This time, Tongdizhou successfully peeled off the outer membrane of an egg with a diameter less than one tenth of a millimeter, which greatly amazed the international colleagues gathered here.
Drip wears away the stone-persistence is success.
Tong Dizhou, 1902 was born in Tongcun, Tangxi Town, Yinxian County, Ningbo in May. This is a land with beautiful scenery and talented people. Tong Dizhou's father is a private school teacher in the village. In this small mountain village, his family can also be called "scholarly family". Tong Dizhou was curious when he was a child, and his mind seemed to be full of "why". One day, while he was playing hopscotch on the steps under the eaves, he suddenly found a row of finger-sized pits neatly arranged on the slate. Hey, who chiseled this? What's the use of digging this small hole? He pulled his father out of the room and asked several questions in succession. Father smiled and said, "Little fool, these pits were not dug by people, but dripped from the eaves!" " "Tong Dizhou does not believe, cocked his head:" Dad is lying! It doesn't hurt at all that water drips from the eaves on your head. How can it knock a hole in such a hard slate? "His father patiently explained," Of course, a drop of water can't knock out the hole, but it can not only drip out of the hole, but also knock out the hole. The ancients said' dripping wears away the stone'! "
Tong Dizhou was puzzled by this truth, but he was surprised. Finally, he waited for a heavy rain, which directly confirmed his father's words. He sat quietly on the threshold and watched the water dripping on the slate. He thought, with the growth of age, natural water droplets will slowly disappear. So I gradually understood my father's words.
"A drop of water wears away a stone" is my father's encouragement to Tong Dizhou. In fact, Tong Dizhou is practicing this spirit by himself. He seized every minute and climbed to the top of science with tenacious perseverance.
In the private school, Tong Dizhou only learned some knowledge of literature and history, which was far from satisfying Tong Dizhou's thirst for knowledge. Because his family is poor, he has no money to go to school. Therefore, although Tong Dizhou is looking forward to going to school and studying with his peers one day, he can't. It was not until 17 years old that he entered the preparatory class of Ningbo Normal University with the help of his brother. You don't have to pay tuition here, but you can also eat and live here. It is very lucky that children from poor families can go to school here. Tong Dizhou was very happy. He seized this hard-won opportunity and studied hard, never letting go of a minute. Because he had only learned a little knowledge of literature and history in a private school before, and had no foundation in mathematics and physics, Tong Dizhou had a hard time studying, but instead of being discouraged, he studied harder and wanted to catch up with others.
Not only that, deep down, he also set himself a higher goal-he wants to get into an effective middle school. The school was a first-class school in Ningbo at that time, and its graduates generally went to college. How many dignitaries are proud of their children studying in Xiaoshi Middle School! Primary schools, on the other hand, have high requirements for English and attach great importance to the basics of mathematics and physics, which are just the weak links in Tong Dizhou. Besides, he has never learned English. Tong Dizhou has worked harder since he set the goal of getting into an effective middle school. He began to teach himself English, often studying late into the night. My brother was moved by Tong Dizhou's determination and promised to send him to school. I also asked a friend in Ningbo to ask my brother about the enrollment of Xiaoshi Middle School.
My brother's friend brought bad news to Tong Dizhou from Ningbo: Xiaoshi Middle School didn't recruit freshmen this time, but only the top students in Grade Three. My brother thought: As far as the foundation of Tong Dizhou is concerned, it is very difficult to take the first grade exam, and only the third grade students are recruited. What can we do? Brother hesitated, so he went to consult with Tong Dizhou. Tong Dizhou still hasn't changed his mind after hearing the news. He must go to Xiaoshi Middle School, so he decided to take the placement exam.
Relying on the spirit of "water drops pierce the stone", the iron pestle can also be ground into a needle. Tong Dizhou passed the third grade of Xiaoshi Middle School, but he came last. One year later, Tong Dizhou changed from the penultimate to the ordinal number one, and his geometry score changed from failing in admission to 100 a year later! Later, Tong Dizhou was admitted to Fudan University with excellent results and became the high flyers of Fudan University. After graduation, he went to study at the Belgian University in Brussels, Belgium. He received his doctorate at 1934, when he was 32 years old.
Expensive microscope
During their stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Tong Dizhou family came to a small town in Sichuan. Their family lives on a small salary. At that time, Tong Dizhou was teaching in a university. After teaching, Tong Dizhou continued his embryology research.
To study embryology, fantasy alone is not enough, and necessary experiments are essential. You have to have experimental equipment to do experiments, but where can you get these equipment? Therefore, Tong Dizhou can't eat incense and can't sleep. Scientific research is the biggest thing in his life. Not doing scientific research is like killing him. Seeing that Tong Dizhou was unwell, the whole family was worried about him.
One day, Tong Dizhou came back from the outside, all smiles. He excitedly told his wife Ye that he had found a treasure. A lady who hasn't seen her husband's smiling face for a long time feels very strange. What deserves her husband's happiness? She asked, "What baby?" "I saw a microscope, or a binocular microscope!" "Where is it?" My wife is also very excited. You know, microscope is the most important instrument in embryology experiment. With it, you can do experiments. "At the thrift store in town." Tong Dizhou replied, pulling his wife out of the house. He wants her to enjoy the joy of finding "baby" with himself. The two men came to the garage in high spirits. Sure enough, an old binocular microscope was there, as if waving to them.
"Excuse me, how much is this microscope?"
"Sixty thousand dollars." Both husband and wife were taken aback, so expensive? This price is equivalent to two years' salary.
"So expensive? Can it be cheaper? "
"No, you see, it's still German."
The boss looked at them and concluded from experience that they really wanted to buy them, so the asking price was higher.
No way, the two had to return empty-handed. The dream is in front of you, but you can't get it. At night, they toss and turn, but they can't sleep.
The next day, they went to the flea market again. Just like yesterday, the microscope is still there. But the only difference is that the boss actually raised the price on the grounds of soaring prices and wanted to sell "65 thousand yuan". The money yesterday and today is just different.
Similarly, they returned empty-handed. For several days in a row, they ran to the second-hand booth again and again for fear that their beloved microscope would be taken away by others. The boss was so impatient that he simply ignored them later.
The couple decided to buy this microscope for scientific research. There was really no money at home, so I began to borrow money from relatives and friends everywhere and sold a lot of clothes. "But we may not be able to pay off this debt for several years!" The lady said worriedly. "For the sake of my career, I would rather suffer for a lifetime!" Tong Dizhou replied.
They finally chipped in 65,000 yuan and bought back the microscope.
With a microscope, you can do experiments. However, new difficulties have come again. When using a microscope, there must be light or bright sunshine. The house where Tong Dizhou lives is small and dark. Because it was during the Anti-Japanese War, there were frequent power outages. What should I do? Tong Dizhou tried his best. He and his colleagues put the microscope on the windowsill and used sunlight for illumination when the sun was fine. The sun is not good. When there is power failure, they use dry batteries as power supply or kerosene lamps for lighting.
The problem of microscope has been solved. For other equipment, they will simplify it, such as replacing glassware with teacups, discarded glass bottles and bowls. They are doing scientific experiments, exploring the mysteries of life in bottles and jars that are useless to outsiders.
Tongyu
Spring, when the earth recovers, is the season for goldfish to breed. In order to explore the mystery of biological genetic traits, Tong Dizhou, who was over 60 years old, began a new exploration. He chose goldfish and crucian carp as experimental materials. In the laboratory, Tong Dizhou is sitting in front of the laboratory, and his assistants are busy nervously in the laboratory, making preparations before the experiment. This is the moment when a tense battle is about to start, and everything is going on in an orderly way. Tong Dizhou wants to test his ideas in scientific research through this experiment called nucleic acid induction. Goldfish ovulate, and the fertilized egg discharged is smaller than sesame!
A tense battle began. Aides quickly sent their purified crucian carp egg nucleic acid to Tong Dizhou. Tong Dizhou injected these nucleic acids into the cytoplasm of goldfish fertilized eggs with his dexterous hands. He wants to see if the nucleic acid of crucian carp eggs has any influence on the fertilized eggs of goldfish, and whether the characteristics of goldfish grown from fertilized eggs of goldfish will change.
From the early morning to two o'clock in the afternoon, eight hours passed and experiments were carried out one after another. Tong Dizhou, who was sitting at the experimental table, had a backache and was hungry. But he persisted doggedly and operated meticulously. The assistants can't stand it. You know, Tong Dizhou is 60 years old!
"Tong Lao, you have a rest!" An assistant couldn't help saying. Tong Dizhou shook his head and said:
"It should be remembered that our cause needs hands, not mouths! Besides, aren't you as busy as me? " Tong Dizhou is like this, leading by example and being strict with himself. Every assistant has a record of the experiment, and he has to read it himself. He often encourages his assistant with "seriousness is the secret of success, carelessness is the partner of failure". Later, his assistant became his close friend.
Soon, these goldfish born by fertilized eggs grew up slowly, and miracles appeared. Tong Dizhou and his assistants were pleasantly surprised to find that some goldfish have undergone wonderful changes: among 320 young fish, 106 has changed from a double tail to a single tail, showing the characteristics of the tail fin of crucian carp! These fish have the characteristics of goldfish and crucian carp. This shows that the nucleic acid extracted from crucian carp eggs plays a significant role in changing the genetic traits of goldfish. This also shows that not only the nucleus controls the genetic traits of organisms, but also the cytoplasm plays a very important role.
The success of the experiment confirmed Tong Dizhou's idea. Tong Dizhou's face was filled with joy after his success. This single-tailed goldfish is the "child fish" praised by the poet Zhao Puchu. Giant Panda Fish is the crystallization of Tong Dizhou's sweat, will and painstaking efforts. It embodies Tong Dizhou's wisdom and realistic spirit, and is a milestone for Tong Dizhou to explore the truth.
Later, Tong Dizhou also used some more distant species to do similar experiments, which also succeeded, thus more effectively confirming his ideas.
Return to China resolutely
From 65438 to 0934, Tong Dizhou obtained his doctorate with excellent results and made remarkable achievements in scientific experiments. Mr. Duck told him that if he waited another year to write a paper, he would get another special doctor. But Tong Dizhou thinks: "If you want to do a job, you should go back to your motherland to do it;" If you have achievements, why give them to other countries? " In this way, Tong Dizhou gave up his "Dr. Teke" degree and resolutely returned to the motherland. After returning home, Mr. and Mrs. Tong Dizhou went to the National Shandong University to teach, and they embarked on the road of serving the country and rejuvenating the country.
Soon, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out and the National Shandong University faced exile. Zeng Chengkui, a good friend who is engaged in research in Hong Kong, sent an invitation letter to Tong Dizhou, asking him to become a professor in Hong Kong. Tong Dizhou wrote back: I can use local materials everywhere, so I won't go. At that time, the war continued to spread, and Tong Dizhou began to drift from place to place with his wife and children. After the school was closed, Tong Dizhou was hired by Tongji University on 194 1 year 1 1 month. In turbulent days, he made a major breakthrough in the basic theoretical research of classical embryology, which attracted international attention. Tong Dizhou and his collaborators revealed the polarity of embryonic development. In the study of amphibian embryo development, they found that the direction of cilia movement was determined in gastrula stage and early neural plate stage, which proved that the direction of ectodermal cilia movement was determined by mesoderm and endoderm, and this sensory ability gradually weakened along the anteroposterior axis of the embryo during individual development, indicating the polarity phenomenon of embryo development. They also proved that this perception ability was caused by an unknown chemical, which induced the movement direction of embryonic cilia through the infiltration between cells. Even the international academic circles have recognized that Tong Dizhou is the world authority on experimental embryology of vertebrates!
1In August, 945, Tong Dizhou and the people of the whole country ushered in the long-awaited victory in the Anti-Japanese War. During the period of 1946, National Alexander resumed his studies in Qingdao, and Tong Dizhou returned to Qingdao to attend the resumption of his studies, where he served as a professor and head of the Department of Biology. His wife Ye teaches in the same department. However, China, where civil war has broken out, still can't let go of the test table of peace. 1In June, 947, college students in Guoshan were dissatisfied with the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang, and set off demonstrations and signature movements against hunger and civil war. Tong Dizhou was the first to sign the protest and stood firmly on the students' side. At home, Tong Dizhou witnessed the atrocities committed by Kuomintang agents against students. Tong Dizhou was deeply angered. He organized professors to go to the garrison headquarters to demand the release of students or stop teaching. Under strong external pressure, the Kuomintang government had to release the arrested students. Tong Dizhou was told that he was blacklisted by agents, and Tong Dizhou just smiled. In the thick darkness, he eagerly looked forward to the early arrival of light.
From 65438 to 0948, Tong Dizhou was invited by the Rockwell Foundation of the United States to be a visiting researcher at Yale University. 1949, on the eve of the liberation of China, Tong Dizhou refused the high salary of Yale University. He said: "I come from China, and my greatest wish is to make China rich and strong quickly! Now that China has seen hope, I have to hurry back to China! " He overcame all kinds of obstacles and returned to the National Shandong University to welcome the establishment of the new China. 1 949 65438+1October1,in Qingdao, Tong Dizhou heard the national anthem of the people and the country of China resounding all over the world.