What is the proportion of homosexuality in the total population? Many famous sociologists and sexologists have done different surveys. Here I use a relatively recognized and conservative data: gay men account for 10% of the total number of men, and lesbians account for 6% of the total number of women. Among them, about 6% of men and 3% of women are absolutely gay, that is, they will not have any interest in the opposite sex. The reason why there are fewer same-sex women than men is that women's sexual discovery and enlightenment are more difficult and slower than men's. Of course, this is also related to innate and acquired discoveries: not every comrade can find his own homosexual tendencies. Some of them are bisexual and they are interested in both the same sex and the opposite sex. These people are called BI, which is the prefix of "two" in English. If you count BI, according to some statistics, this ratio is surprisingly high, and the highest even reaches 1/3 of the total population.
How is homosexuality formed? I need to emphasize that most homosexuals are born. This is by no means a genetic mutation, nor a metamorphosis, but a normal reversal. In people's traditional thinking, "most men love women, so men should also love women, so it is not normal for men to love men." When you think about it carefully, there is no logical reasoning in the above conventional thinking. This is a typical "naive inductive reasoning", and its essence is purely "feeling". The reality is that most people are heterosexual and a few are gay. This is a normal phenomenon. The so-called "normal" that all people are heterosexual has never appeared in any nation at any time in written records. Homosexuality also exists in nature. Scientists have observed that a certain proportion of primates will prefer the same sex in adolescence, and this preference will be quite high in some species. All these prove that many homosexuals are born.
Of course, some homosexuals are anti-gay, which is related to family influence and social atmosphere. The family influence in the early years was quite great. For example, in the army, homosexuality happens occasionally. Social atmosphere will also affect people's sexual orientation. In ancient Greece in the west and Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties in China, it was an era when men paid attention to appearance. Homosexuality was also the most popular at that time. Plato and Socrates in ancient Greece were both homosexuals. In their idea, the love between adult men and young men is more noble than that between men and women. Almost every emperor in Han Dynasty in China had a homosexual lover, and the allusion of "Broken Sleeve Peach Blossom" also came from this. Many poems of celebrities in Wei and Jin Dynasties have homosexual connotations, among which Liu Xiang's Flowers Blooming and Enron Longyang is the most famous, and later Longyang has also become an allusion. But when it comes to the influence of social atmosphere, in fact, its social factors are not as great as they seem, but a tolerant society makes more comrades go public, while a conservative society makes more comrades choose to hide.
Many people are curious about the gay community. What kind of people are they? Generally speaking, they are no different from heterosexual groups, because since this is a natural reversal of "random occurrence", there is no law to follow. But they also have some characteristics: the average intelligence is higher than that of ordinary people (see Ellis survey), and some of them are quite high. Some people have a deep understanding of art, especially music. Among music and art majors, the proportion of homosexuals is higher than other groups.
There are countless gay celebrities in history. Sappho, an ancient Greek poetess, lived with her female disciples on Lesbos Island, which is also the origin of lesbos now. Many people don't understand Plato's so-called "spiritual love" because they don't know much about ancient Greek social studies. If you know that it means homosexuality to some extent, it is not difficult to understand. Michelangelo once fell madly in love with a young aristocrat named cavalieri, and their love affair was almost known throughout the city. Is later cavalieri wrote "the seven manifestations of the soul (? I can't remember the name), the composer, cavalieri's father, and the great British philosopher Bacon were considered gay. Wilde was a well-known homosexual. He was in prison for independence. Ludwig II, a gay man who supported Wagner, and the housekeeper both committed suicide by jumping into the river. French writer Cocqueteaux is bisexual. Whitman and Emily Dickinson, great American poets, are almost certainly gay. Many people turn a blind eye to a lot of obvious evidence to support their so-called orthodox position. The same thing happened to Tchaikovsky, the great Russian composer. He was forced to commit suicide because he fell in love with his nephew. But many people in the music and history circles would rather accept the flawed record of his death from cholera. Bernstein, a great conductor as famous as karajan, once lived with his teacher Copland. In addition, the writer Woolf also has this tendency. Foucault, a contemporary French philosopher, was openly gay and died of AIDS. Because of the particularity of this profession, comrades are rare among politicians. What I do know, however, is that the mayor of Tel Aviv, Israel, and an Australian judge (whose name I can't remember) publicly admitted their sexual orientation. Needless to say, in China, the actors of emperors are almost endless. Many people know the story of Gan Long and He Kun, but they don't find the homosexual meaning. You know, emperors and minions, especially eunuchs, have a strong meaning. Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty and Dong Xian left the story of "Broken Sleeves". BrokeBack Mountain deliberately translated English back into "arm" and turned it into Brokeback Mountain, which actually echoed this allusion. During the Republic of China, women's organizations such as Guangzhou Jin Lan Association were also such places of great significance. Speaking of the East, Leslie Cheung and Bai Xianyong, two contemporary people, are openly gay, and their noble personalities have long been respected by the society. Further east, there is a homosexual relationship at Yasunari University in Kawabata, Japan. In Yukio Mishima, homosexuality is so obvious that it is exposed. There are still many omissions in writing these from memory, saying that these are not to expose the privacy of celebrities or something. I said, since this is normal, there is no need to hide it. These are as common as birthplaces and schools. (Mer)
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Homosexuality refers to attracting and/or promoting the sexual orientation of social members with the same gender identity or gender. Homosexuality and homosexual sex are not exactly the same. People who have homosexual sex are not necessarily homosexuals. Homosexuality is common in all ethnic groups, societies and historical stages in the world, but the word "homosexuality" as a modern concept was first put forward by Karl-Maria Kaelte Beni and 1869. This word consists of the prefix homo- (same) and the root sex in Greek. Later, it was widely used by psychiatry. Therefore, in English-speaking countries, homosexuals generally refuse to use this medical term.
Homosexuality in China is not as rare as we seem. Now my feeling is "everywhere". Gay men are generally called gay, and lesbians are called les! Moreover, homosexuality has existed in China since ancient times, and it has a fixed title: the addiction of Longyang and the addiction of broken sleeves. Many high-ranking officials and dignitaries like this.
(1) What is homosexuality?
From 65438 to 0973, the American Psychological Association and the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexual behavior from the disease classification system. The definition of homosexuality is amended as: "Homosexuality refers to a person's interest in sex, psychology, emotion and social life, and the main target is people of the same sex, and this interest is not revealed in explicit behavior."
Homosexuality is not a disease.
From 65438 to 0980, the third edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) no longer regarded homosexuality as a mental illness, while self-tension disorder homosexuality refers to those who are dissatisfied with their homosexual orientation and feel persistent and obvious troubles, and still belong to a kind of mental disorder. In addition, according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9) published by the World Health Organization, it is also noted that "homosexuality" has been cancelled, but "homosexuality with self-identity difficulties" is still included in the disease items. Generally speaking, no matter gay or lesbian, unless he tells you his sexual orientation, a person's sexual orientation is a psychological activity and cannot be judged from his personal behavior. In fact, homosexuality, like heterosexuality, has normal IQ, normal working ability and normal performance, but the object of love is the same-sex person! In other words, as long as people who can identify with their same-sex sexual orientation are the same as normal people, homosexuality is no longer considered as a mental disorder.
(3) Same-sex sexual behavior is not equal to homosexuality.
During the 1950 s, Dr. Kinsey divided the orientation of human sexual behavior into seven grades, from 0 to 67, so most people often define homosexuality only by sexual behavior. However, homosexual acts are quite different from homosexuality, because some homosexual acts are sporadic and situational. For example, in some cases, he had sex with Paoze in the army to vent his sexual desire, or he was forced to have sex with the same sex involuntarily in the past.
(d) Evaluation and identification of homosexuality
Sexual orientation may change over time. If the object of sexual fantasy is the same sex, but has never had sexual relations with the same sex, is this situation still recognized as homosexuality? Therefore, members of the sex therapy group conducted in-depth interviews with the semi-structured "homosexuality questionnaire", cooperated with other structured questionnaires, and considered time variables in the evaluation, asking about the past, present and future time of the case.
Homosexuality was invented by German doctor Benckert in 1869 (plummer, 1984). This word describes that you can't have a sexual reaction to the opposite sex, but you are attracted to the same sex (Benckert, 1869, quoted from Bullough, 1976, p. 637).
Nowadays, homosexuality, heterosexuality and bisexuality are considered as different types of "sexual orientation", which is defined as "persistent attraction to members of a specific gender in sex, feeling or illusion"; Therefore, homosexuality refers to "the basic or absolute attraction to members of the same sex" (Herek,1989; 1994, page 3).
Before Benckert coined this medical term, homosexual sex was condemned as evil by Christianity and outlawed in some European countries, including Britain. In some cases, men will be imprisoned for engaging in homosexual sex, such as the famous Oscar Wilde case in Britain a hundred years ago. Westerners believe that the origin of the concept of same-sex sexual behavior can be traced back to the twelfth century. Boswell, a famous historian of Yale University, found that homosexuals "are outstanding, influential and respected in many aspects of society in most European countries, and left an eternal mark on the cultural heritage of that era, whether in religious society or secular society."
However, since the second half of 12 century, relatively vicious hostility has appeared in popular literature and eventually spread to theology and legal literature. (boswell, 1980, p. 334). 13 and 14 centuries are an era of intolerance to any heresy, including the crusades against non-Christians, the rejection of Jews, and the increasingly serious wanton suppression of people suspected of being in danger. Boswell pointed out that this intolerance influenced European society in the following centuries. Foucault (1979) traced back in his History of Sex that with the increasing authority of government and medical profession in secular society during the industrial revolution, the condemnation of homosexuality turned from religion to secular society and medical profession.
/kloc-At the end of 0/9th century, in Europe and the United States, homosexuality was regarded as a medical diagnosis unit and a crime and illegal act due to the convergence of this historical force. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, men and women attracted by the same sex formed friendship networks and meeting places in urban areas (D 'Emilio,19811993). In a city like new york, these meeting places are widely known and frequented by the sexually liberated generation in the 1920s. Under the famous social repression in 1930s, with the promulgation of laws and the suppression by the police, the acceptance of same-sex attraction in this period came to an end. Economic oppression has forced many men to lose their jobs, thus re-emphasizing heterosexual masculinity, which may be a reason for the re-emergence of intolerance towards homosexuality (chauncey, 1994).
In the 1920s, a same-sex movement came into being in Germany, and a library and center were established in Berlin. 1939, the Nazis destroyed the center and burned down the library. Soon after, the government promulgated a law prohibiting same-sex sexual behavior, and thousands of homosexuals were imprisoned and died in concentration camps (Plant, 1986). Freud fled Germany during this period and took refuge in London. In the 1920s, he signed a petition in support of the same-sex movement, and wrote in a famous letter that homosexuality is not beneficial to society, but it is not a pathological phenomenon in the sense of mental illness.
World War II brought together an unprecedented number of men and women. In the United States, the result was to purge so-called homosexuals from the army until the end of the war, and it was further expanded in Senator joseph mccarthy's anti-gay and anti-capitalist movement in the 1950s. In this social atmosphere, AlfredKinsey and his assistant published their first scientific research report on sexual behavior in the United States, and found that a large number of men had experienced homosexual sex. Subsequent research found that these experiences also happened to women. These research materials were severely criticized, but they supported the same-sex movements in Los Angeles, San Francisco and new york at that time. There are also gay movements in Europe, including Amsterdam and Copenhagen. Same-sex newspapers, magazines, private clubs and public places are piling up, and they begin to suspect that the dominant same-sex sex behavior is a disease.
However, doctors and psychiatrists still use hormone injections, shock therapy, castration and even brain surgery to try to treat homosexual attraction. Psychoanalysts claim that family pathology leads to sexual deviations, such as homosexuality, and patients often cannot get effective treatment for several years (Haldman, 199 1). EvelynHooker of UCLA, supported by the National Institute of Mental Health, conducted an empirical study on homosexuality as a mental illness for the first time. Her research was reported at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association in 1955 and published in 1957. Hook (1957) studied 30 gay men according to the best psychological scale used at that time (Rorschach Ink Test, apperception Test and Picture-telling Test) and invited excellent scale interpreters (for example, Kloepfer was responsible for explaining Rorschach Ink Test), and compared it with 30 heterosexual men with the same age, IQ and education level. None of these people had received psychotherapy before the study. As a result, professional readers of the scale can't distinguish between homosexuals and heterosexuals, and the scores given by experts to these men are no different between homosexuals and heterosexuals. Therefore, this study shows that homosexuality does not exist as a disease unit and cannot be distinguished by psychological tests. Homosexuality is not important in the measurement of mental health. Many subsequent empirical studies support this conclusion, and sexual orientation has nothing to do with psychopathology.