James randi 1
For decades, Randy has been the most famous anti-pseudoscience expert in the world. He used magic and magical skills, incredible human energy, critical wisdom and perfect understanding of science to analyze, dissect and expose the essence and truth of so-called supernatural phenomena and mysterious phenomena. In his anti-pseudoscience activities, uri geller's trick of breaking a steel spoon with his mind and the so-called remote sensing deception of Peter popov, a long-distance missionary, were most famous. He constantly designs all kinds of deception tests and exposes all kinds of deceptive pseudo-scientific activities. It can be said that where there is pseudoscience, there is Randy. He successfully debunked a French biochemist's lie that water has a memory. He named himself the magic Randy. He is a special member of the research committee of the journal Nature. Randy's articles and TV programs vividly make thousands of people understand the difference between real science and pseudoscience. He was admired by scientists and anti-pseudoscience fighters. 1986 was appointed as a researcher of the Mike Arthur Foundation. He also established an educational foundation named after himself, through which he engaged in research and anti-pseudoscience activities. His main works are: The Truth of uri geller; Ridiculous deception; Believe in medical magicians; The mask of Nostola Daams; Houdini-His Life and Art: An Encyclopedia of Unscientific Judgments, Deceptions and Pranks about Mysteries and Supernatural Phenomena.
2. martin gardner.
Martin gardner published the first anti-pseudoscience article as early as 1950. 1952 wrote the first anti-pseudoscience book. Since then, he has never stopped writing against pseudoscience. His first book, Frenzy and Absurdity in the Name of Science, has influenced several generations of scholars and anti-pseudoscience experts, and this book has become a classic. In the eyes of modern anti-pseudoscience movement leaders, he is not only a colleague, but also a hero. His academic interests are wide, including mathematics, science, philosophy and religion. Of course, he also spent a lot of energy studying the absurd views and theories of supernatural beings, fake scientists and fake scientists. In the past 30 years, he has written articles about mathematics for Scientific American, and his monograph on mathematics is still being published and reprinted. His other major works include: Science: Good, Bad and False, New Era, A Passion, Strange Water and Fuzzy Logic. He also wrote many popular science books, such as Inside and Outside the Universe and Annotated Alice. His philosophical works include The Method of Philosophical Notaries, The Broad Night Sky: 1938- 1955, Logical Machines and Charts, and Introduction to Philosophy of Science.
3. carl sagan.
Carl sagan is a famous astronomer and public scientist. He died in 1996 at the age of 62. In his academic career, he guided several generations of young people to explore science with his enthusiasm for science, wisdom, mysterious personal charm, extensive knowledge and communication ability with the public, and made them have the basic scientific spirit of doubt and criticism. He has a unique talent for exploring secrets, and has always maintained a critical spirit and attitude towards pseudoscience, but he has always maintained awe and courage to explore the mysteries of science. His academic activities made him a defender of science and skepticism, but also a sworn enemy of pseudo-scientists. As a professional astronomer, he played a very important role in the golden age of sending unmanned spacecraft to important planets. His main interest in life is also manifested in his exploration of planetary science, the origin of life and extraterrestrial intelligence. The world is Sagan's classroom. He advocates democracy and always believes that anyone can appreciate science as long as it can be expressed in a clear and attractive way. He often talks about science in TV science programs, constantly publishes popular science articles, and writes popular science books in periodicals, especially his hugely successful TV series Cosmos, which reveals the mysteries of the world to the public. His last book, The Devil's Haunted World, profoundly exposed and criticized pseudoscience in the second half of the 20th century. In his book, he warned the public that pseudoscience will make human beings lose the ability to distinguish right from wrong. His "Flying Dragon in the Garden of Eden" won the Pulitzer Prize. Other important works include: Cosmic Connection, Cosmos, Brouca's Brain, Shadow of Forgotten Predecessors, Light Blue Dot and Billions of Planets.
4. Paul Courths
Paul Kutz is a philosopher with strong practical spirit. He is also a visionary organizer and leader. He has a special talent for establishing and leading organizations, and has great enthusiasm for guiding people to explore a wide range of scientific issues. During his long career as a philosopher, he wrote more than 30 books. He firmly adheres to the scientific and skeptical world outlook, so many of his works are based on the philosophy of nature and skepticism. He established several important organizations: the scientific research Committee of supernatural theory; Skepticism publishing house; Secular Humanism Council; Free Exploration Magazine Press. Prometheus Publishing House, which he founded, has published more than 1000 books on philosophy, science, skepticism, humanism, free thought and ethics. In the past decades, he has organized more than 10 international conferences, presided over and published three humanitarian declarations (including the just-released 2000 humanitarian declaration), all of which were signed by world-renowned scholars and thinkers. Now, he is still as active as ever in the academic and ideological arena. He has a strong interest in knowledge exploration, open-minded skepticism and the use of scientific methods to improve human living conditions. His influential works include: The Transcendental Temptation, New Skepticism, Criticism of Transcendental Psychology, Encouragement of Success and Practical Naturalism.
5. Ray Hyman
Ray Hyman is regarded as a constructivist critic who studies parapsychology from an academic perspective. He has long been a professor of philosophy at the University of Oregon. He teaches the philosophy of faith and self-deception, and makes a critical analysis of the published experimental results of superpsychology. As an amateur magician, he exposed and criticized those tricks that were actually magic under the banner of science through physical science experiments conducted by science and government agencies. Despite the heated debate, he still holds a very respectful attitude towards parapsychologists and skeptics. As a knowledgeable scientist, he often helps to improve the level of parapsychological research, for which he is respected by people. From 65438 to 0995, he was hired as one of two experts of the Central Intelligence Agency to evaluate and test the information obtained by using remote sensing in the military development plan for 20 years. His negative views on this experiment have been clearly stated in the test report of the host unit. He constantly expressed his opinion that the skills of superpsychology must be improved and more accurate, and only in this way can the scientific community recognize its value. His main works include: Water is confusing America, Efforts: Scientific Evaluation of the Study of the Paranormal Phenomenon, and many papers such as Research on Parapsychology, Research on the Supernatural Phenomenon by Science, Psychology of Belief, etc.
6. isaac asimov.
Isaac asimov was a master of popular science in his time. In his early works, he was famous for his science fiction works. But not long after, he turned to creating popular science works with scientific facts as the main content. He is a doctor of biochemistry, but he is well-read and knowledgeable. His professional background and extensive knowledge make him a professional popular science writer. From 1950s to the death of 1992, he made a very accurate, popular and fascinating exposition of various scientific knowledge. The readers of his works are mostly laymen of science. He wrote nearly 500 books in his life. Perhaps no one can write a surprising number of works on so many subjects in a lifetime. He is good at telling the progress of science from a historical perspective. Asimov is a staunch defender of science and reason, and a critic of superstition and pseudoscience. His most famous works are Science Guide, Biography of Encyclopedia of Science, Wandering Thoughts, Still Feeling Happy, Electronic Left Hand, Planet Without Existence, Archives of Unknown Things and Relativity of Errors. Science fiction works mainly include: basic series, robots, the road to Mars, gods and so on.
7. Philip J. Crass
Philip J Crass is called Sherlock Holmes of UFO research. He is the most famous UFO research skeptic in the world. He has studied in this field for 30 years. In this field with a large number of supporters and devout believers, his rational understanding, analysis and critical thinking with several other colleagues have become a lonely voice in this field. His 34-year research in this field has made him a senior editor of Aviation and Aerospace Technology, the most famous aerospace publication in the world. As a researcher at the Institute of Electronic Engineering, Crass regards all the so-called most famous events in the world as the most important evidence for his study of UFOs. His works have clear thinking, detailed data and profound thoughts. His main works are: Confirm UFO, Explain UFO, UFO Kidnapping: A Dangerous Game, Bring UFO to Earth, and Report on the Truth of the UFO Crash in Roswell. He is the editor-in-chief of the UFO research newsletter of skeptics. The asteroid 1999 7277 was named crassus. Crass has long served as chairman of the UFO Committee of the Skeptics Association. 1994 won the famous skeptic award of the association.
8. Bertrand Russell
Bertrand Russell is one of the most famous philosophers in the 20th century. Russell was born in the west of England. He created a large number of works in his life, covering a wide range of topics, including epistemology, psychology, morality, education, politics and social reform. Russell thinks that logic can decompose many problems. This theory will solve the problems that have puzzled the philosophical circles for many years. Russell is a defender of the humanistic world view. He believes that although it is possible for human beings to benefit from nuclear energy, we still have to face the big problem that human beings are indifferent and hostile to the use of the universe and the environment only from their own ideas. 1949 won the rationality prize. /kloc-Nobel Prize in Literature was acquired in 0/950. His main works include: Philosophical Problems, Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, Mathematical Principles, Logical Knowledge, Skepticism Essays and Fuzzy Problems, Logic and other papers.
9. Harry Houdini.
Harry Houdini is the most famous magician and escape artist in the world. He is also the most famous master who debunks the so-called devil legend in this century. During his long acting career, he took the surname of Robert Houdini, a famous French magician and world handcuff and jailbreak master, as his stage name. Later, he used magic knowledge to reveal the secrets of the so-called special powers of Spain and the mystery of Egypt, all of which had the function of X-ray. Houdini challenged the media to perform under experimental conditions and explained the reasons for these real physical phenomena. If we can explain all this, we can get $65,438+0,000 set by Scientific American. His contributions in this field, including his books The Psychic Magician and Mysterious Miracles and Methods, led to the breakup of his friendship with Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, an admirer of spiritualism. 1926, Houdini died suddenly, and his wife Beth tried to connect Houdini's soul with the prepared letters through a psychic. 10 years later, Beth put out the immortal light she put in front of Houdini's portrait and concluded that Houdini had not come. I don't think he will come. Many movies, books and places where he performed before his death describe Houdini's life. Houdini's legendary story has been handed down forever.
10.[ Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)
1905, a young physicist named Einstein published an article in the newspaper. This paper discusses three problems. This article completely changed our understanding of the universe. One of the questions explains the photoelectric effect in Max Planck's quantum theory (for which he later won the Nobel Prize). Another problem he talked about was the first mathematical explanation of Brownian motion. The last question published the special theory of relativity. By testing the constant speed of light, the early Michelson-Muller experiment was explained, the length contraction and expansion effects of Fitzgerald and Lorenz were deduced, and the concept of absolute time was denied. Soon after, he published a note showing his famous formula of quantity and energy, E=mc2. 19 15 years, his greatest scientific achievement shocked the world with one of his papers, that is, general relativity. This theory is based on curvature of spacetime's brand-new theory. General relativity has drawn many special conclusions through scientific experiments. When these predictions were confirmed by observation, Einstein's position as the most important scientist in this century was confirmed. 1999 Many social surveys confirmed that Einstein was the most influential figure in this century. He wrote that famous letter to President Roosevelt, urging him to set up a research project, and later made an atomic bomb. But later, Einstein insisted on stopping the plan and using atomic energy to benefit human life. Einstein's amazing wisdom and great scientific achievements, his humble attitude, his philosophical essence, his dramatic appearance and indifference to material life all reflect the rare excellent qualities of this philosopher and scientist. He was revered by intellectuals and loved by the public.