Stalin was born in Gori, Georgia, in the Caucasus on June 1879 +2 1 February. His mother tongue is Georgian, which is quite different from Russian. Later, he learned Russian, and he always spoke Russian with a strong Georgian accent.
Stalin grew up in poverty. His father is a shoemaker, who often drinks and beats his son. Joseph 1 1 died at the age of. Mother died in July 1937. As a child, Joseph attended a missionary school in Gori. When he was a teenager, he entered an Orthodox middle school in Tbilisi and began to engage in revolutionary activities in 1894. 1899 was expelled from school for propagating the idea of overthrowing the government, and later joined the underground Marxist movement and became party member of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolshevik). The party split 1903, and he sided with the Bolsheviks. From then until 19 17, he has been actively engaged in the underground work of the party. From April 1902 to March 19 13, he was arrested seven times for participating in revolutionary activities and was exiled and imprisoned many times. During this period, he used the word "Stalin" (Iron Man). 19 12, Stalin has entered the ranks of famous Bolshevik activists. 1965438+arrived in July 20031965438+was exiled to Siberia in March 2007.
19 17 After the victory of the February Revolution, he returned to Petrograd from exile, led Pravda, attended the Seventh Congress of the All-Russian Bolshevik Party, and was elected as a member of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee. In July and August of the same year, the Bolshevik Party held its sixth congress in secret. When Lenin was unable to attend the meeting, Stalin made a summary report of the Central Committee and a report on the political situation on behalf of the CPC Central Committee. On June+10, 5438, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held an enlarged meeting and adopted the Resolution of Armed Uprising. Stalin was elected to the party headquarters leading the uprising. Under the leadership of Lenin, he actively participated in and organized the Petrograd armed uprising (October Revolution). After the victory of the October Revolution, he participated in the first People's Committee headed by Lenin.
After the victory of the October Revolution, Soviet Russia began to oppose foreign armed intervention and civil war. From 19 18 to 1920, he served as the People's Committee for Ethnic Affairs and the People's Committee of the Ministry of State Supervision during the Soviet Civil War. Stalin was repeatedly assigned by Lenin to the most critical front to direct the battle. During the period from 19 18 to 1920, the Soviet Russian government devoted itself to interfering with domestic reactionary forces and foreign armed forces, and Stalin played a key role in the overall victory of the war. 1922 In April, at the 11th Party Congress, Stalin was elected as the general secretary of the Central Committee of Russia at Lenin's suggestion. For the next 30 years, he has served as the highest leadership position of the party. 1924+0 After Lenin's death in June, Stalin became the supreme leader of the League. At the same time, he also began to brutally eliminate other political parties and political opponents within the party to ensure that his line can be fully implemented. With the left-wing opponents Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, right-wing opponents Bukharin launched a line struggle.
1April 1925 At the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Stalin made every effort to industrialize, and the Bolshevik Central Committee put forward the general line of socialist construction, transforming the Soviet Union from an agricultural country to an industrial country. He presided over the 15th National Congress of communist party, China, which adopted the proposal of agricultural collectivization. 1936 16 In February, Stalin made a report on the draft new constitution at the Eighth National Congress of the Soviet Union. This draft constitution was passed, and it was called "Stalin Constitution". Later, the Soviet Constitution was basically based on this version, forming a highly centralized political and economic system. One of Stalin's economic policies is agricultural collectivization. This policy was very unpopular among some farmers, and Stalin took high-handed measures to implement the policy of agricultural collectivization. Another policy pursued by Stalin was to accelerate the industrialization of the Soviet Union. Although Stalin's industrialization policy still has some shortcomings, it is very successful on the whole. By 1940, the Soviet Union has become the second largest industrial country in the world, and its total industrial output value ranks first in Europe, second only to the United States.
During the period of 1930, Stalin began to carry out a great purge in the party called eliminating the counter-revolutionary movement, which left a deep impression on future generations. After taking power from 65438 to 0934, Stalin launched a series of purges. The cause of these cleansing campaigns was the assassination of Sergey Kirov in February 1934+ 1 Day. In the following years, many leaders of the Chinese Communist Party were accused of treason and sentenced to death, purging the whole party and army that came to the Soviet Union after expansion. A large number of cadres were killed. For example, more than two thirds of the members of the Central Committee elected at the 1934 Party Congress were killed in the subsequent purges. Millions of people were sent to labor camps. Later, it was believed that the purge of the army by the counter-revolutionary movement led to a great decline in the quality of the army, which was one of the reasons why the Soviet Red Army suffered heavy losses in the early days of the Soviet-German War. 1941may, Stalin became the chairman of the Soviet people's Committee and became the supreme leader of the Soviet party and government.
1930 After Hitler took control of the German regime, he began to expand his army and prepare for war. At that time, the western countries adopted the policy of appeasement, and the Soviet Union was quite isolated internationally. In order to protect their own security, the Soviet Union and Germany signed the famous Non-aggression Treaty between the Soviet Union and Germany in August 1939. 1939 When Nazi Germany attacked Poland, World War II broke out. Under the guise of "liberating" Ukrainians and Belarusians, the Soviet Red Army participated in the partition of Poland according to a secret agreement with Germany. Subsequently, under the military threat of the Soviet Union, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia finally belonged to the Soviet Union. Part of Romania's territory was also annexed by the Soviet Union under the threat of force. Finland refused to bow before the threat, and the Soviet Union launched a winter war to invade Finland. It is often said that the Soviet Union needed these territories to resist the sudden attack of Nazi Germany, but when the war ended and Germany was completely defeated, Stalin did not say that he would give up control of the occupied territories.
1941On June 22nd, fascist Germany launched a blitzkrieg against the Soviet Union. When the Soviet-German War broke out, Stalin made a speech on July 3, calling on the Soviet people not only to eliminate the dangers facing their own country, but also to help the people of European countries enslaved by German fascists. 1941June served as chairman of the Soviet national defense commission, and in August of the same year served as supreme commander-in-chief of the Soviet armed forces. At the beginning of the war, due to various mistakes, the Soviet Union suffered huge material and personnel losses, and Stalin showed iron will and perseverance. By the beginning of 1 1, the Germans were approaching Moscow. On the 7th, Stalin held a military parade in Red Square as usual, and the troops under study went directly to the front line from Red Square, which greatly boosted the morale of the Red Army. After the victory of the defending war in Moscow, the deification of Nazi Germany blitzkrieg was defeated for the first time, which was considered as "breaking the invincible myth of the German army". 1February, 943, the Soviet army won the battle of Stalingrad and annihilated 330,000 enemy troops, which was one of the turning points of World War II. During the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union (the Soviet-German War), Stalin, as the supreme commander of the Soviet Union, showed an iron will, and Marshal zhukov called Stalin "a well-deserved supreme commander".
Stalin attended Tehran Conference, Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference successively, and held talks with American and British leaders Roosevelt and Churchill, which made extremely important contributions to the complete victory of the anti-fascist forces in World War II and became one of the most famous leaders in the anti-fascist alliance. 1945 In May, the Soviet Red Army conquered Berlin, the capital of Germany, and Germany was forced to surrender unconditionally. After Stalin's victory, he was awarded the rank of Soviet Grand Marshal by supreme soviet of the ussr.
After World War II, the influence of the Soviet Union spread to most parts of Eastern Europe. Stalin took this opportunity to establish a * * * production party government throughout the occupied area and become a satellite country of the Soviet Union. * * * The spread of capitalism to one third of the world's population has caused great panic in capitalist countries such as Britain and the United States. Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan marked the official beginning of the Cold War.
1946 In March, Stalin served as the chairman of the Council of Ministers. 1952 10 was elected as a member of the presidium and secretary of the secretariat of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union. 1953 On March 5th, Stalin died of cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 73. His body was preserved in Lenin's mausoleum in Moscow's Red Square. 196 1 year1October, the resolution of the 22nd Congress of the Soviet Union on removing Stalin's body from Lenin's mausoleum was buried next to the red wall. His works are included in the Complete Works of Stalin. Lenin (ле? нин, 65438+April 22nd 0870-1924 65438+1October 2nd1,which is a pen name)
Pen name Vladimir ilych Lenin Vladimir ilych Lenin Russian (владимильичлении )мми. ч Улья? нов)。
1870 Born in Simbilsk, Russia (now Ulyanovsk) on April 22nd, Russian revolutionary politician, successor of Marx and Engels' career and theory, revolutionary mentor and great leader of the proletariat and working people all over the world, personally led the October Revolution in Russia and became the first leader of the Soviet Union. His contribution to Marxism is generally called Leninism. 1924 65438+1October 2 1, died, and his body was embalmed and placed in Lenin's mausoleum under the red wall of Moscow Kremlin. He was named one of the 65,438+000 most influential people in the 20th century by Time magazine.
On the eve of the October Revolution in Russia, Lenin wrote a pamphlet entitled "To the Rural Poor". In order to make the broad masses of farmers understand, he carefully revised the text with a very rigorous attitude. In order to make the title popular, accurate, concise and eye-catching, he repeatedly compared and carefully revised the title, and changed the title of the first chapter of the book four times. The first time was titled "Many people have heard of the struggle of urban workers"; The second time it was changed to "the struggle of urban workers and the struggle against the government"; The third time it was changed to "workers' struggle in the city"; The last time it was changed to "the struggle of urban workers".
It can be seen from this that Lenin's revised titles are more accurate, perfect and refined. This is a good inspiration for our comrades engaged in applied writing. (Excerpted from Applied Writing,No. 1No. 1992, Enlightenment of Lenin's Change of Book Title)
Chronology of major events
* 1870 was born in Simbilsk (now Ulyanovsk) on the Volga River in Russia.
Lenin, about 17 years old * 1887, entered the law department of Kazan University after graduating from Vladimir middle school. In Kazan University, Lenin met a group of students with revolutionary ideas. Soon, he was arrested and exiled for taking part in the student movement. The policeman who escorted him said to him, "Young man, what's the good of rebellion? Didn't you hit a wall? " Lenin replied, "Yes, but it's a rotten wall. It will fall down as soon as it hits."
* 1888, Lenin returned to Kazan after his exile, and the authorities did not allow him to go back to university. So he taught himself Marxism, studied Das Kapital and other works, and joined a Marxist group.
* 1889, Lenin moved to Samara and spent four and a half years studying; I learned several foreign languages and organized the first local Marxist group.
* 1893, moved to St. Petersburg in autumn.
* 1894, wrote "What is a" friend of the people "and how do they attack the Social Democratic Party? Criticize populism and expound the basic principles of historical materialism.
* 1895, the Petersburg Workers' Liberation Association was established in Petersburg. At the end of the year, he was arrested and imprisoned again. After 14 months in prison, he was exiled to Siberia. During my three years in Siberia, I began to use the pseudonym "Lenin"-this pseudonym may be related to Lena Fox, a French fairy tale character, and the Lena River in Siberia-wrote the book "The Development of Russian Capitalism" and married the revolutionary Krupskaya.
* 1900 February, Siberian exile ended, he returned to Petersburg, and soon moved to western Europe.
* 65438+July 0900, went abroad.
* 1900 12. The newspaper Mars, the organ of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (the predecessor of the Soviet Union's * * * Production Party), was established in Germany, making ideological and organizational preparations for the founding of the Party.
*1in July, 903, the party held a congress in Brussels, at which a Bolshevik (majority) with Lenin as the core was formed. The emergence of Bolsheviks and their ideological system marked the formation of Leninism.
* 1904, written as "one step forward, two steps back", puts forward that the proletarian political party is a unified organization established according to the principle of democratic centralism.
*1July 905, the Russian bourgeois-democratic revolution broke out. He wrote "Two Strategies of Social Democratic Party in Democratic Revolution", liquidated Menshevik's opportunistic route, and pointed out that this revolution was a bourgeois democratic revolution, and its task was to overthrow the czar's absolutism and establish a democratic republic. Carry the revolution through to the end and put it on the road of socialist revolution. The proletariat must form an alliance with the peasants and lead the revolution.
* 1905 1 1, returned to China to directly lead the revolution, and put forward the strategy of the proletarian party in the democratic revolution.
*190565438+February, Moscow workers' armed uprising failed. During this period, he wrote "Marxism and Revisionism" and other works, which made Marxism develop in an all-round way.
* 1907, he started his second exile for more than ten years.
* 1908, written as materialism and empiricism criticism, criticizing idealism, developing dialectical materialism epistemology and defending the party spirit principle of philosophy.
*1908-1912, dedicated to summing up the experience of the February revolution, opposing the abolition and recall factions, and confronting the second international opportunist leaders.
* 19 14. After the outbreak of World War I, the slogan "Turn the imperialist war into a civil war" was put forward.
*1965438+In August 2005, he wrote "Slogan on European Federation", and for the first time, he came to the conclusion that socialism may win in several or even a single capitalist country first.
* 19 17, the Russian February Revolution overthrew the czar's regime. Since then, Russia has seen the coexistence of the Soviet government and the bourgeois interim government. At this complicated historical juncture.
* 19 17 in March, the czar government was overthrown.
*1965438+On April 3, 2007, Lenin returned to Petrograd from Switzerland. The next day, Lenin put forward the famous Outline of April. It is pointed out that overthrowing the czar's autocratic system marks the completion of the bourgeois democratic revolution. Now we have entered the second stage of the revolution, that is, the socialist revolution stage. Its task is to overthrow the bourgeois provisional government and establish the Soviet Republic. Lenin's thought raised the consciousness of thousands of workers and soldiers in Qian Qian. The interim government regarded him as a thorn in the side and a thorn in the flesh.
* 19 17 In July, Lenin was forced to go underground under the persecution of the interim government. He paid close attention to the development of the situation.
*1965438+From August to September, 2007, he wrote The State and Revolution. In September, Lenin made an armed uprising plan.
* 19 17 10 Since the October Revolution, Lenin has led the Russian people to overcome one difficulty after another with amazing wisdom, courage and courage.
*191711.In October, under the leadership of Lenin and under the military command of Trotsky, the Russian people won the socialist revolution in October, opening up a new era of human history. After the victory of the October Revolution, he was elected as the chairman of the People's Committee of the first Soviet government, led the people to smash three armed attacks of imperialism and many large-scale domestic rebellions, and gradually put the economic construction of Soviet Russia on the right track. Since then, the personal signature has been changed to "Vladimir? Ilych? Ulyanov (Lenin) ".
* 19 18, elected as a member of the political bureau at the party congress.
*1965438+In February 2008, the Soviet Red Army and the Soviet Red Navy were founded together with Trotsky.
*1918 In March, the Soviet regime concluded the Brest Peace Treaty with Germany, which won a breathing space for the newly born proletarian regime.
*1918-1920, Lenin led the Russian people to smash the joint armed intervention of 14 imperialist countries and many large-scale counter-revolutionary rebellions in China.
* 192 1 At the beginning of the year, Lenin put forward and implemented the "new economic policy". Just as Lenin led the Russian people to start the socialist revolution and socialist construction, Lenin's health deteriorated day by day due to extremely intense work. But he still works doggedly.
*1923165438+1On October 20th, Lenin said at the Moscow Soviet Conference that socialism is no longer a distant future or an abstract fantasy. We have dragged socialism into our daily life, and Russia that implements the new economic policy will become a socialist Russia. This is his last public speech.
* 1923, he left a political will at the beginning, which laid the political foundation for Soviet socialism and the League of Nations, and went to Gauerk Village for medical leave.
*1924 65438+1October 2 1, Lenin died of cerebral hemorrhage. The remains were embalmed and placed in Lenin's mausoleum under the red wall of Moscow Kremlin. In memory of Lenin, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad, and it was not until the disintegration of the Soviet Union 1992 65438+ 10 that the old name of St. Petersburg was restored.