The debit and credit bookkeeping method is a double-entry bookkeeping method with the words "debit" and "loan" as bookkeeping symbols, reflecting the increase and decrease of accounting elements.
Basic features:
1. For each economic transaction, it should be recorded in two or more related accounts. Through the double-entry records of accounts, we can not only understand the ins and outs of economic business, but also comprehensively, continuously and systematically reflect the process and results of economic activities.
2. Because every economic transaction is recorded in two or more interrelated accounts at the same time with the same amount, it can be checked whether the account records are correct through the trial balance.
Bookkeeping rules: loans must have IOUs, and IOUs must be equal.
15. What is the account correspondence and the corresponding account? What is the meaning of account correspondence and corresponding account in accounting?
When the debit and credit bookkeeping method is adopted and every economic business is registered according to the bookkeeping rule of "If there is a loan, there will be a loan, and the loan will be even", the relationship between related accounts will occur. This relationship between accounts is called account correspondence. The corresponding account is called the corresponding account.
Account correspondence has the following two functions:
(1) Through the correspondence of accounts, accounting users can be helped to understand the contents of economic business.
(2) Through the correspondence of subjects, we can check whether the occurrence of economic business conforms to the provisions of relevant policies, regulations, laws, systems, plans and budgets.
16. Under the debit and credit bookkeeping method, debit means increase and debit means decrease. Is this correct? Please provide a justification for the answer.
This statement is not correct. In the debit and credit bookkeeping method, "debit" and "loan" as bookkeeping symbols have their special meanings. In the asset account, "borrowing" means increasing, and "lending" means decreasing. In debt and owner's equity accounts, "borrowing" means decreasing, and "lending" means increasing.
17. Briefly describe the cash basis.
Cash basis means that in accounting, enterprises should confirm the income and expenses of the current period with the paid-in income and expenses as the symbol. All income and expenses received in the current period, whether belonging to the current period or not, are regarded as income and expenses of the current period; Any income and expenses that have not been received in this period, even if they belong to this period, cannot be regarded as income and expenses in this period. Because cash basis is based on cash receipt and payment, it is also called cash basis or paid-in cash basis.
What is an accounting entry? What are simple accounting entries and compound accounting entries? What is the relationship between simple accounting entries and compound accounting entries?
An accounting entry refers to a record indicating the account to be borrowed and the amount of the borrowed account, which is referred to as an entry for short. An accounting entry consists of three elements: the direction of borrowing and lending, the name of the corresponding account (subject) and the amount to be recorded. According to the number of accounts involved, it is divided into simple accounting entries and compound accounting entries. Simple accounting entries refer to accounting entries that only involve the debit of one account and the credit of another account, that is, accounting entries that borrow a loan; Compound accounting entries refer to accounting entries composed of two or more corresponding accounts, that is, accounting entries with one loan and multiple loans, one loan and multiple loans or multiple loans.
19, the concept, significance and types of accounting vouchers?
A: Accounting vouchers, referred to as vouchers for short, are written vouchers for recording economic business and clarifying basic economic responsibilities, and are also the basis for registering account books.
Accounting vouchers have the following important significance in accounting:
1. Timely and correctly reflect the completion of economic business.
2 clear economic responsibility, strengthen the internal control of the unit.
3. Strengthen accounting supervision and control economic operation.
Category: Accounting vouchers are divided into original vouchers and bookkeeping vouchers according to different procedures and uses.
20. What is the significance and function of accounting books? What kinds are there? (Page P 139)
Answer: The so-called accounting books refer to accounting books that are set according to accounting subjects and consist of account pages in a certain format. Based on the number of accounting vouchers, they comprehensively, continuously, systematically and comprehensively record the economic and business matters of enterprises and institutions. Setting up and registering account books is a special accounting method. By setting up and registering account books, each unit can centralize a large amount of accounting data scattered on accounting vouchers and generate useful accounting information, thus providing the main basis for preparing accounting statements.
Setting up and registering account books can comprehensively and systematically record and provide all kinds of data of enterprise economic activities, which is an important link in accounting work and plays an important role in strengthening economic accounting and improving management level. Mainly: 1) By registering accounting books, the information provided by accounting vouchers can be classified and summarized to form centralized, systematic and comprehensive accounting information. In this way, we can understand the overall situation and changes in all aspects of funds through the account books, so as to supervise the custody and use of various resources. 2) Bank account books are an important means to reflect and supervise economic activities and assess the economic responsibilities of various departments. By checking and analyzing the account books, we can evaluate the implementation of the enterprise's capital, cost and profit plan. 3) Accounting books provide the main data for the preparation of accounting statements.
Type: There are many forms of accounting books. Different accounting books have different registration contents and methods. We can classify all kinds of accounting books according to different standards. 1. Accounting books are classified by purpose, which can be divided into chronological books, classification of books books and reference books. 2. Accounting books are divided into customized books, loose-leaf books and card books according to their forms. 3. Accounting books are divided into three-column account books, multi-column account books and quantity and amount account books according to their account page formats.
2 1. What is the relationship and difference between general ledger and subsidiary ledger?
A: 1) Relationship between general ledger and subsidiary ledger. General ledger and subsidiary ledger are two kinds of accounts which are both internally related and different. The internal relationship between them is mainly manifested in the following two aspects: ① the economic business content reflected is the same; ② The original basis of the register is the same. The difference between the two is mainly manifested in the following two aspects: ① the degree of detail reflecting the economic content is different; ② Different functions. 2) Parallel recording of general ledger and subsidiary ledger: In order to control, control, assist and supplement general ledger and subsidiary ledger, facilitate reconciliation and ensure the correctness and completeness of accounting data, it is necessary to register general ledger and subsidiary ledger by means of parallel recording.
22. What are the concepts and key points of parallel recording?
Parallel record means that after economic business happens, based on accounting vouchers, on the one hand, it should be registered in the relevant general ledger account, on the other hand, it should be registered in the subsidiary ledger account of its general ledger account in detail. Through the parallel records of the general ledger and the subsidiary ledger, we can check each other at the end of the period, so as to find and correct the wrong accounts in time and ensure the accuracy of the account books.
Key points of parallel recording:
1, the basis of general ledger and subsidiary ledger registration is the same.
2. The general ledger and subsidiary ledger are registered in the same direction.
3. The amounts registered in the general ledger and the subsidiary ledger are equal.
23. The concepts, differences and respective scope of application of accrual basis and cash basis.
Accrual basis, also known as receivable and payable basis, refers to the fact that income has been realized and expenses have been incurred in accounting, and the current burden is taken as the standard to confirm the current income and expenses.
The cash basis is an accounting basis corresponding to the accrual basis, and the income and expenses in each accounting period are recognized by the time when cash is actually received or paid.
Difference: different concepts, accrual basis is relative to cash basis.
Accrual basis is a method to determine the current income and expenses according to whether they belong to the current period.
Cash basis is a method to determine the current income and expenses according to the actual income and expenses received or paid in the current period.
2. Disadvantages are different:
The advantage of accrual basis is to calculate profit and loss scientifically, reasonably and accurately, but its disadvantages are more complicated.
The advantage of cash basis is simple procedures, but the disadvantage is unscientific and inaccurate calculation of profit and loss.
3. Different scope of use:
According to China's Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises, all enterprises in China adopt accrual basis, but the cash basis is still widely adopted by administrative units in China.
Scope of application:
Accrual basis: widely used in enterprise accounting.
Cash basis: only applicable to enterprises, institutions, organizations and other units with relatively simple business and less accrued income, accrued expenses, prepaid income and prepaid expenses.
24. The concepts, advantages and disadvantages of periodic inventory system and perpetual inventory system and their scope of application:
A: 1) The periodic inventory system is also called "periodic inventory system". It refers to an inventory accounting method in which only the increase of inventory is registered in the relevant account books, but not the decrease, according to accounting vouchers. At the end of the month, the actual inventory quantity is taken as the book balance, and then the quantity issued in this period is calculated reversely. The advantage of periodic inventory system is that it can simplify daily accounting work. There are two main disadvantages: first, the increase and decrease of various inventories and balances cannot be reflected and monitored at any time through account books; Second, the cost from sales to extrusion may not conform to the actual situation, and may contain some losses or errors, which is not conducive to the control of inventory by account books, the strengthening of inventory management and the protection of property safety. Therefore, the periodic inventory system is generally only applicable to some materials with low value, miscellaneous varieties and frequent access. The periodic inventory system is generally not applicable to other inventories. 2) perpetual inventory system, also known as the book inventory system, is an inventory accounting method to calculate the book balance of ending inventory according to account book records. Using this method, the increase and decrease of inventory should be recorded continuously in the account book at ordinary times, and the book balance should be calculated at any time. The advantage of perpetual inventory system is that it can know the income, delivery and balance of inventory at any time, which is conducive to strengthening inventory management. The disadvantage is that it increases the daily accounting workload. Therefore, in practical work, except for a few special cases, perpetual inventory system should generally be adopted.
25. What are the types of financial statements?
Because the specific content of accounting and the requirements of economic management are different, different accounting entities have different types of financial statements. For enterprises, financial statements should be divided into different categories according to the following different standards:
(1) classified by economic content. According to different contents, financial statements can be divided into static statements and dynamic statements.
(2) Classification by time. According to the preparation time, financial statements can be divided into interim reports and annual reports.
(3) Classification by establishment. According to different entities, financial statements can be divided into individual financial statements and consolidated financial statements, which are formed on the basis of special financial relations when enterprises invest abroad.
(4) Classification by customers. According to different customers, financial statements can be divided into internal statements and external statements.
26. Information quality requirements of financial statements?
1, objectivity requirements. Objectivity requirement is the basic quality requirement and objectivity requirement of accounting information, aiming at ensuring the authenticity and reliability of accounting information.
2. Relevance requirements: Article 13 of the Basic Accounting Standards stipulates that the accounting information provided by enterprises should be related to the economic decision-making needs of users of financial accounting reports, which is helpful for users of financial accounting reports to evaluate or predict the past, present or future situation of enterprises. This provision reflects the requirement of relevance.
3. Clarity requirement is essentially to realize the understandability of financial statements; That is, the financial and accounting reports prepared by enterprises should be clear and easy to understand and use.
4. Comparability requirements. Comparability requirement means that the accounting of enterprises should be carried out in accordance with the prescribed accounting treatment methods, and the accounting indicators should be consistent and comparable to each other.
5. Essence is more important than formal requirements. Article 16 of the Basic Accounting Standards stipulates that an enterprise shall make accounting confirmation, measurement and report according to the economic essence of a transaction or event, and not only based on the legal form of the transaction or event. This provision reflects the requirement that substance is more important than form.
6. Importance requirements. Importance requirement means that enterprises should distinguish their important procedures and adopt different reporting methods for transactions or events in the accounting process. Adhering to the principle of materiality can ensure the focus of financial statement information on the basis of fully reflecting the financial situation and operating results of enterprises, which is helpful to strengthen the reflection of key issues and achieve twice the result with half the effort; It is also helpful to simplify accounting and statements, save manpower, material resources and financial resources, and improve work efficiency.
7. Pay attention to the requirements. Prudence requirement means that when there are different accounting treatment methods and choices for some economic business or accounting matters, accountants should choose the accounting treatment methods and procedures that increase profits and exaggerate owners' rights and interests as far as possible without affecting the reasonable choice, and should reasonably calculate and report the possible losses and expenses.
8, timeliness requirements. The requirement of timeliness means that the accounting of enterprises should be carried out in time, not in advance or later, so as to ensure the timely use of accounting information.
27. What is the significance and type of ending account adjustment?
The significance of final accounts adjustment:
Under the assumption of continuous operation, in order to provide accurate and timely accounting information, it is necessary to divide continuous production and operation activities into certain accounting periods, and divide the attribution periods of income and expenses according to accrual basis. Because the daily account books only record the income and expenses according to the transactions or events reflected in the relevant original vouchers, some transactions should be recognized in the current period according to the accrual basis and should be included in the relevant accounts, although no money has been received or paid in the current period and no original vouchers have been obtained; Although some money was received in this period, it does not belong to the current income and should not be included in the current income account; Although some funds are paid in the current period, they are not current expenses and should not be included in the current expense account. Therefore, before the final settlement, it is necessary to adjust the daily account records according to the requirements of accrual basis, so as to provide real and reliable information for decision makers and facilitate managers to make correct business decisions.
Closing account adjustment is an accounting behavior that adjusts relevant accounting items according to accrual basis in order to truly reflect the operating results and financial status of the enterprise before the end of the accounting period.
The adjustment of accounts at the end of the accounting period is mainly to correctly reflect the current operating results, but in the process of adjusting income and expenses, it will inevitably lead to changes in assets or liabilities. Therefore, the reasonable and correct adjustment of the ending account is not only related to whether the income statement can correctly reflect, but also related to whether the assets and liabilities can correctly reflect.
28. What are the types of period-end account adjustment?
There are five types of account adjustment: adjustment of accrued income; Adjustment of income received in advance; Adjustment of accrued expenses; Adjustment of prepaid expenses; Other top customers
29. What is the significance and function of accounting subject?
Accounting entity, also known as accounting individual or accounting practice, refers to a specific unit whose accounting work serves this purpose. To carry out accounting, we must first make clear the spatial scope of accounting, that is, who accounts and whose economic business accounts.
The role of accounting entities is to define the accounting scope of different accounting entities. For enterprises, it requires accountants to distinguish their own economic activities from those of other enterprises; Distinguish the economic activities of enterprises from those of enterprise investors. The accounting records and statements of an enterprise only involve the economic activities within the scope of the accounting entity, and do not account for the economic activities of investors or owners of the enterprise, nor do they account for the economic activities of other enterprises or other economic entities.
30. What is the significance and function of going concern?
Sustainable operation is one of the basic assumptions or preconditions of financial accounting, which means that the production and operation activities of an enterprise will continue according to the established goals and will not face bankruptcy and liquidation in the foreseeable future. This is the normal state of most enterprises. For a sustainable enterprise, investors need to predict their future financial situation and operating results through their current financial situation and operating results in a certain period in the past, so as to make investment decisions.
The main significance of going concern is to establish normal accounting, that is, the acquired assets can be used according to the original purpose, and the value of fixed assets is converted into expenses through depreciation during its service life; Liabilities can only be paid off when they are due; For inter-period income and expenditure, the attribution period should be confirmed by accrual basis, so as to correctly calculate the operating results of each accounting period. The most important significance of going concern assumption is to make accounting based on non-liquidation, thus solving the problems of asset classification, valuation and recognition of income and expenses.
Under the assumption of going concern, assets can be valued at historical cost, and depreciation expenses can be extracted by stages under normal circumstances. Otherwise, asset appraisal, expense allocation during the benefit period, timely repayment of debts, owner's equity and operating results will not be confirmed.
3 1. What is the significance and function of the accounting stage?
The assumption of phased accounting is to artificially divide the continuous business process of an enterprise into certain time periods, so as to account and report the financial status and operating results of accounting entities.
The significance of accounting staging hypothesis lies in defining the time length of accounting information. Accounting entities shall settle accounts regularly, report financial status and operating results, and provide financial accounting information for investors, creditors, government information departments and enterprise management departments in a timely manner. Due to the assumption of installment accounting, the concepts of current period and non-current period have emerged, two different accounting bases have emerged, namely accrual basis and cash basis, and accounting principles such as matching income and expenses, dividing profitability and capital expenditure have emerged.
32. What is a trial balance? What is the method and calculation formula of trial balance under the debit and credit bookkeeping method?
Trial balance is a verification method to check the correctness of account records according to accounting equations and bookkeeping rules in accounting.
The principle of trial balance is that in the debit-credit bookkeeping method, according to the bookkeeping rule of "there must be a loan if there is a loan, and the loan must be equal", the debit of each transaction or event must be equal to the credit, so the total debit and credit of all transactions or events in this period must also be equal. At the same time, because the balance of each account is calculated according to the cumulative amount of accounts in a certain period, the sum of debit ending balances of all accounts must be equal to the sum of credit ending balances of all accounts.
There are two ways.
First, the amount of trial balance method
Total debit amount of all accounts in this period = total credit amount of all accounts in this period.
Second, the balance trial balance method
Total debit ending balance of all accounts = total credit ending balance of all accounts.
33. Trial balance means that the amounts of both parties are equal. Can the accounting records be completely correct? Why?
If the total amount of debit and credit columns in the trial balance is equal to the total amount of balance, it means that the account records are basically correct, but it cannot be guaranteed to be absolutely correct. Due to the limitations of the trial balance, some accounting errors cannot be found through balance. These errors mainly include the following categories:
First, an accounting entry is completely omitted;
Second: the whole re-entry of an item;
Third, when making accounting entries or registering accounts, the accounting direction is reversed or the account name is wrong;
Fourth: the wrong amount of both borrowers and borrowers is exactly the same.
Therefore, in addition to the trial balance, all accounting records should be reviewed regularly or irregularly in time to ensure the correctness of accounting data.
34. What are accounting vouchers? What kinds are there? What is its basic content?
Accounting vouchers are directly based on the original vouchers audited or summarized by accountants, classified according to economic business content, and filled in according to the principle of double entry bookkeeping.
2. Type
First of all, according to the different economic content, accounting vouchers can be divided into special accounting vouchers and general accounting vouchers.
Two, according to the different ways of filling in accounting subjects, accounting vouchers are divided into two categories: double-entry vouchers and single-entry vouchers.
Three, according to the different forms of recording economic business, accounting vouchers can be divided into summary accounting vouchers and entry accounting vouchers.
3. Basic content
1, filling date of accounting voucher 2, number of accounting voucher 3, summary of economic and business matters 4, name and amount of accounting subjects (including first-class, second-class or detailed subjects). 5. Number of original documents attached 6. Voucher preparation, audit, bookkeeping, accounting supervisor and other related personnel. It shall be signed and sealed, and the receipt voucher and payment voucher shall also be signed and sealed by the cashier.
35. What are the requirements for filling in accounting vouchers? How to review?
Filling in accounting vouchers is an important part of accounting, and whether it is correct or not is related to the authenticity of accounting. In addition to strictly following the requirements for filling in the original vouchers, the following points should also be noted:
(1) Fill in the date column. The date of the accounting voucher shall be the date when the accounting department accepts the accounting matters. The date column should be filled in carefully, and the year, month and day should be written in full.
(2) The summary is concise, which can not only summarize the main points of economic business, but also facilitate the checking of registration books and accounts.
(3) Accounting subjects must be filled out according to the unified accounting subjects stipulated by the state, and the names should be filled in to ensure the consistency of accounting caliber. Use accounting subjects accurately, and don't simplify or use codes.
(4) The amount of the accounting voucher must be consistent with that of the original voucher.
(5) The attachment of the accounting voucher is complete, and the original voucher is generally attached. The number of annexes should be filled in Arabic numerals.
(6) The number of accounting vouchers shall be continuous within 1 month.
(7) The signature or seal of the relevant personnel on the accounting voucher shall be complete to clarify the responsibilities.
(8) Bookkeeping vouchers are not allowed to skip lines or leave more lines. If there is a blank line in the completed accounting voucher, a diagonal line or an "S" line should be drawn in the amount column to cancel it. (9) The accounting voucher shall be filled in blue ink or carbon ink, and the amount shall be indicated in red ink as required. Numbers can be expressed in red ink, but not in negative numbers. The amount can be filled in red ink in the following two cases: 1. After bookkeeping, it is found that the bookkeeping voucher is wrong and needs to be corrected in red ink; 2. The accounting system stipulates that accounting vouchers should be filled in in red letters for specific accounting business.
The audit of accounting vouchers mainly includes the following contents:
(1) Whether the content is true or not. Whether the accounting voucher is attached with the original voucher, and whether the economic content of the accounting voucher is the same as the attached original voucher.
(2) Whether the accounting subjects and amounts are correct. Whether the corresponding relationship between the accounts (including secondary or detailed accounts) that should be borrowed and loaned is clear and the amount is correct.
(3) Whether the project is completed. Whether the items in the accounting voucher are complete, whether the abstract is clear and whether the signatures of relevant personnel are complete.
36. What are the original documents? What kinds are there? What is its basic content?
Original vouchers are accounting vouchers obtained and filled in when economic business occurs or is completed. They are used to record and prove the occurrence and completion of economic business as the original basis for bookkeeping.
Category: 1. According to the different sources of original vouchers, they can be divided into self-made original vouchers and foreign original vouchers.
2. According to the different filling procedures of original vouchers, they can be divided into one-time vouchers (such as receipts, invoices, loan slips, bank reminders), cumulative vouchers (such as quota requisition forms) and summary vouchers (such as issuing summary forms).
Basic content: 1, original voucher name and number; 2. Date of filling in the original voucher; 3. The name of the unit that accepts the original voucher; 4, fill in the name of the unit or fill in the name; 5. Economic business content; 6. Quantity, unit price and amount; 7. Signature or seal of the person in charge; 8. Attachment of voucher.
37. What are the requirements for filling in the original vouchers? How to review?
.
The original voucher is a legally binding voucher and an important original basis for accounting. The original voucher must meet the following basic requirements:
(1) record is true. The economic business must be truthfully filled in, and the date, business content, quantity and amount filled in the original voucher must completely conform to the actual situation to ensure the authenticity and reliability of the voucher.
(2) The content is complete. The original vouchers must be filled in item by item in accordance with the prescribed format and content, and must be signed and sealed by the departments and personnel handling the business, and take full responsibility for the authenticity and correctness of the vouchers.
(3) The procedures should be complete. The original vouchers produced by the unit must be signed and sealed by the departments and personnel handling the business; The original documents issued to the outside world must be stamped with the official seal of the unit; Original vouchers obtained from individuals must be signed and sealed by the filling personnel. A complete procedure is a necessary condition to clarify the economic responsibility and ensure the legitimacy and authenticity of the original documents.
(4) write clearly. The words and figures on the original documents shall be carefully filled in, legible and easy to identify, and shall not be altered, scratched or repaired at will. If errors are found in ordinary vouchers, they shall be corrected in accordance with the prescribed methods. However, if the vouchers related to cash and bank deposit receipt and payment are filled in incorrectly, they cannot be corrected. It should be stamped "void" and re-filled to avoid wrong payment.
How to review the original voucher?
Auditing original vouchers is an essential link in accounting work, and it is the supervisory authority entrusted by the state to accountants. Only the audited original vouchers can be used as the basis for preparing accounting vouchers and registering subsidiary ledger.
1, the content of the original voucher review.
(1) Review the authenticity, legality and rationality of the original vouchers. The authenticity, legality and rationality of the original vouchers mainly include: date, business content and whether the recorded data is true; Review whether the foreign vouchers have the official seal of the unit and the signature of the filling personnel, and whether the self-made original vouchers have the signatures and seals of the handling department and the handling personnel; Review whether the economic business recorded in the original vouchers violates the relevant provisions of the state, whether it has fulfilled the prescribed voucher transfer and audit procedures, and whether there are acts of fraud, false reporting, fraudulent practices, etc.; Check whether the economic business recorded in the original voucher meets the needs of the whole production and operation activities and meets the relevant planned costs and budgets. (2) Review the accuracy of the original documents. Include checking whet that calculation of the original voucher is correct; Review whether the Arabic numerals are standardized; Review whether the amount in words is consistent with the amount in figures; Check whether the economic business content corresponds to the quantity and amount. (3) Review the completeness and timeliness of the original vouchers. Including checking whether the contents of the original vouchers are complete and whether there is a phenomenon of not filling in or not filling in clearly; Review the filling date of original vouchers, especially those with strong validity such as checks, and carefully review the issuing date of vouchers.
2, the original voucher audit results processing
After the institutions and accountants of our bank have audited the original vouchers according to the unified national accounting system, they should adopt different treatment methods according to different audit results. (1) For the original vouchers that fully meet the requirements, go through the accounting procedures in time and fill in the accounting vouchers. (2) The original vouchers that are true, legal and reasonable, but the recorded contents are incomplete and inaccurate, should be returned to the relevant handling personnel, who will re-examine the revised vouchers after they are supplemented completely and corrected correctly, and then go through the accounting procedures after they are confirmed to be correct. (3) Accounting institutions and accountants have the right to refuse to handle relevant formalities for untrue and illegal original vouchers.
38. What is the significance and function of monetary measurement?
Monetary measurement means that an enterprise should take currency as the unified main unit of measurement in accounting, and record and reflect the production and operation process and operating results of the enterprise.
Monetary measurement has two meanings:
First, accounting should take currency as the main measurement standard. "Accounting Law" stipulates that RMB shall be used as the bookkeeping base currency in accounting, and currencies other than RMB shall be used as the bookkeeping base currency for business revenue and expenditure. You can choose one of them as the bookkeeping base currency, but the prepared financial and accounting statements shall be converted into RMB. While taking currency as the main unit of measurement, it is necessary and should be supplemented by physical measurement and labor measurement.
Second, it is assumed that the currency is stable, because only when the currency is stable or relatively stable can we compare the asset value at different time points, compare the income and expenses in different periods, calculate and determine the operating results, and the accounting information provided by the accountant can truly reflect the economic activities of the accounting entity.
Monetary measurement uses a common monetary measurement unit for all measurement activities, and the measurement results can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided to get accounting reports, which can be further subdivided. However, many activities that affect enterprises are difficult or impossible to measure with money. The knowledge and skills of enterprise members or employees are of high value, but they cannot be accurately measured by money. Customer loyalty can guarantee the future income of the enterprise, but the past statements only reflect the realized income in the past. Although the concept of monetary measurement is used in accounting, managers can't expect to get a panoramic view of various elements of enterprises from accounting reports. On the other hand, behind the monetary measurement, there is an assumption that the monetary value is constant. In the accounting business, the monetary amount at different times is often summarized and compared, which is based on the premise that the monetary value will not change, and the monetary value is affected by continuous inflation in real life. In order to solve this problem, inflation accounting is born now.
39. After-tax profit distribution procedure?
Profits available for distribution shall be distributed in the following order:
(1) Withdrawing the statutory surplus reserve;
(2) Withdrawing the statutory public welfare fund.
Profits available for distribution are profits available for investors after deducting statutory surplus reserve and statutory public welfare fund. The profits available to investors shall be distributed in the following order:
(1) Preferred stock dividends payable refer to cash dividends distributed by enterprises to preferred stock shareholders according to the profit distribution plan.
(2) Withdrawal of surplus reserves refers to the surplus reserves withdrawn by enterprises according to regulations.
(3) Common stock dividend payable refers to the cash dividend distributed by the enterprise to common stock shareholders according to the profit distribution plan. The profits distributed by enterprises to investors are also accounted for in this project.