1. The Vikings established the Principality of Kievan Rus (Ки?вська Русь) in the ninth century AD (880 - mid-12th century), an early country with Kiev as its capital and East Slavs as the main body.
2. In the 13th century AD, the Mongolian Golden Horde occupied Kievan Rus.
3. In 1569 AD, the Union of Lublin was established, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was born, and Ukraine was brought under Polish rule.
4. In the mid-17th century, the Cossacks, who were dissatisfied with the political and religious suppression of the Polish nobles, launched a great uprising in 1648 (1648-1657). After that, the Cossacks asked Russia for protection. From then on, Eastern Ukraine (Left Bank of the Dnieper River) officially merged with the Russian Empire, beginning the history of the alliance between Ukraine and Russia.
5. In 1783, Tsarina Catherine's army defeated the Ottoman Turks and annexed Turkey's vassal Crimean Khanate. A large number of Russians began to immigrate to the Crimean Peninsula. From 1772 to 1795, Tsarist Russia divided Poland three times and gained the Western Ukraine region, and the territory of modern Ukraine was roughly formed.
6. After 1795, the Russian Tsar began to implement the Russification policy throughout Ukraine, trying his best to promote the use of Russian and suppressing the Ukrainian language in the publishing industry and public activities. The Ukrainian nationalist movement also began at the same time.
7. After the February Revolution of 1917, Ukraine established the Central Rada of Parliament and elected Vladimir Vinichenko as the leader of the parliament. After the German army entered Kiev, the Vinichenko regime was overthrown by the Germans who supported Skoropadsky and established the Ukrainian state. After Germany's defeat in 1918, German troops withdrew from Ukraine. Several forces emerged in Ukraine, including the Skoropadsky regime, the Black Army led by Nestor Makhno, the Royal Army led by the White Army General Baron Wrangel, and the Green Army led by Simon Petliura.
8. At the end of 1917, the Soviet regime was established in Eastern Ukraine and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was established. During the Red and White Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1920, half of the territory of Western Ukraine (Eastern Galicia and Western Volyn) was occupied by Poland. Simon Petliura led the Green Army to establish the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1917, successfully captured Kiev, overthrew the Skoropadski regime, and briefly formed an alliance with the Second Democratic Republic of Poland. Simon Petliura was later defeated by the Russian Red Army, and the Ukrainian People's Republic was destroyed.
9. In 1922, the Soviet Union was established, and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic joined the alliance and became one of the founding countries of the Soviet Union.
10. During 1932-1933, Stalin’s collective farm reforms led to a great famine in Ukraine. The Great Famine in Ukraine killed 3 million people.
11. According to the Treaty of Riga signed between Poland and the Soviet Union, Western Ukraine (the eastern half of Galicia) became Polish territory. In November 1939, the Second World War broke out, and Poland was occupied by Germany and the Soviet Union. Partial occupation, Western Ukraine (eastern half of Galicia) merged with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.
12. On June 22, 1941, the Soviet-German war broke out. The war first burned in Ukraine. The Soviet Union suffered a serious defeat in Ukraine. In the Battle of Kiev, the Soviet Union lost approximately 700,000 soldiers, and Germany occupied all of Ukraine as desired. In November 1944, the Soviet army returned to Ukraine. During World War II, the Ukrainian region became the hardest-hit area of ??the war, with heavy casualties among soldiers and civilians, and incalculable material losses.
The Ukrainian Resistance Army was established during World War II. The Ukrainian Resistance Army massacred many Russians, Jews, and other ethnic groups, helped Nazi Germany establish concentration camps, and hunted down and massacred Poles, Jews, and Russians.
13. In 1954, under the leadership of General Secretary Khrushchev (himself a Ukrainian), the Soviet Union assigned the Crimean Peninsula to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. After more than a hundred years of Russian immigration and Stalin's forced exile of the Crimean Tatars in 1944, Crimea has shown a very high level of Russianization.
14. In 1986, a serious core meltdown and radiation leakage occurred at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Soviet Union's Ukraine, causing serious consequences.
15. In September 1989, the Ukrainian People's Movement for Reform ("Ruh" for short) was established, and its members quickly expanded to one million people. On July 16, 1990, the Ukrainian Parliament adopted the Declaration of National Sovereignty of Ukraine. On August 24, 1991, the Ukrainian government issued a declaration of national independence, officially declaring independence from the Soviet Union and changing the country's name to Ukraine. On December 8, the leaders of Ukraine, Russia and Belarus signed the Belovezh Agreement in Minsk, declaring that the Soviet Union no longer existed and established the Association of Independent States. Ukraine's independence was finally completed.