Handwriting identification is a specialized technique for identifying writers based on their writing skills, habits and characteristics, as reflected in handwriting and paintings. The main task is to pass the handwriting identification test to prove whether the handwriting on the document and evidence is the handwriting of the same person, and to prove whether the handwriting on the document and evidence is the handwriting of a certain suspect. Handwriting identification can not only test normal handwriting, but also test handwriting that changes in writing conditions (including writing posture, writing tools, backing materials, etc.), deliberately disguised handwriting (including left-hand handwriting, ruler-stroke handwriting), imitation handwriting, and painting handwriting. When the same person writes with the same pen, the pen mark characteristics can also be used to enrich the basis for identifying the writer.

Comprehensive appraisal of handwriting

Handwriting appraisal is the same appraisal. The entire appraisal process can be divided into three stages: separate inspection, comparative inspection and comprehensive judgment. Each stage has corresponding and Different methods.

1. Separate inspection

Separate inspection is to discover and determine the respective characteristics of the handwriting of the inspection materials and the handwriting of the sample:

1. Determine the true degree of the handwriting characteristics of the building materials

Based on the characteristics of the handwriting of the examination materials and the circumstances of the case, accurately determine the changes or disguises in the handwriting characteristics and the reasons and extent of the changes or disguises. If the handwriting proficiency of the test materials is consistent, the writing level is suitable for the language level, the writing is natural, the proportions of strokes are coordinated, and the writing movements are regular, it can be regarded as normal handwriting.

If the size and slope of the handwriting on the test material are uneven, the writing speed is inconsistent, the pen movement is unnatural, the strokes turn abruptly but the writing movements have a certain system, and the same words and strokes have basically the same characteristics, it means it is Changes in handwriting due to objective reasons or other subjective factors other than disguise.

For example, the handwriting proficiency of the test materials is inconsistent, the writing movements are not systematic, the strokes are curved and intermittent, and there are traces of pauses and retouching, the structure and shape of the characters are abnormal, and the motor skills and abilities are not commensurate with the language level. , generally it can be judged as disguised handwriting.

2. Discover and determine the handwriting characteristics of the test materials

To discover the local characteristics of the writing movements, it is necessary to conduct comparative observations of the handwriting of the test materials word by word and picture by picture to find out the rules of the writing movements. nature, the non-normative part is the characteristic.

3. Discover and determine the handwriting characteristics of the sample

After preliminary determination of the handwriting characteristics of the sample, we can use this as a basis to determine the handwriting characteristics of the sample according to the above order and method. Characteristics that are the same as and different from the handwriting of the inspection materials must be comprehensively searched and compared.

2. Comparative Inspection

The main task of comparative inspection is to determine the same characteristics and different characteristics between the handwriting of the test material and the handwriting of the sample, so as to provide the basis for comprehensive judgment. The content of the comparative test has four aspects:

Compare the similarities and differences in the general characteristics of writing movements, text layout characteristics, and written language characteristics;

Compare the similarities and differences in the characteristics of individual words or strokes and different;

Compare the similarities and differences of each group of features;

Compare the similarities and differences of various features;

For the test materials that you have a lot of, compare During the inspection, precise statistical analysis should be conducted on the same and different characteristics of the above four aspects, and mathematical methods should be used to reflect the quantitative and qualitative similarities and differences in writing habits. The method of comparing the similarities and differences of handwriting characteristics is mainly based on visual observation and comparison, and makes morphological comparison with the help of photography, comparison microscope, and slides.

3. Comprehensive evaluation

Comprehensive evaluation is to scientifically analyze the value of the same characteristics and different characteristics of the handwriting of the test material and the handwriting of the sample, and determine the sum of the points of agreement and differences between the two. and its properties, and then draw static conclusions. The method of judgment usually starts by studying the shortcomings. When identifying any handwriting, there will be certain characteristic differences. The key point in judging differences is to determine the nature of the differences. Its properties include essential differences and non-essential differences. Non-essential differences indicate that the quantity and quality of the different features of the handwriting of the test material and the handwriting of the sample account for a small proportion, while essential differences indicate that the quantity and quality of the different features of the two have a large proportion. The former generally indicates that the two are reflections of different people's writing habit systems.

Handwriting identification should pay attention to both the judgment of differences and the judgment of conformity points. It cannot be one-sided to deny one aspect and blindly affirm the other, that is, when determining that the differences are non-essential, After understanding the nature, it is unscientific to rashly reach the same conclusion. The points of conformity can also be divided into essential conformity and non-essential conformity. If the quantity and quality of the same characteristics of the handwriting of the test material and the handwriting of the sample are absolutely dominant, it constitutes essential conformity; if the same characteristics of the two account for the proportion of quantity and quality. Small, that is, non-essential conformity. After judging the difference points and coincidence points, if there is an essential consistency or non-essential difference between the handwriting of the test material and the handwriting of the sample, or the result of essential difference and non-essential consistency, it can be concluded whether the handwriting of the test material and the handwriting of the sample are A definite conclusion whether written by the same person or not.

Edit this paragraph of historical research on handwriting

1. Ancient China has discussions about the characteristics of Chinese handwriting, but there is no systematic classification

In ancient China, calligraphy was He attaches great importance to it and has quite a lot of calligraphy works and treatises on calligraphy.

Some analysis and discussion of handwriting characteristics and psychological characteristics are also commonly found in works on calligraphy. For example, Sun Guoting of the Tang Dynasty said in "Shupu": "Those who are upright will be different from others; those who are strong will not be stubborn; those who are reserved will be harmed by restraint; those who are free from changes will lose the rules; those who are gentle will be hurt. The weak and slow; the impetuous and brave are too forced; the lonely and doubtful are addicted to stagnation; the slow and heavy eventually become dull; the light and trivial are stained by vulgar officials." It is discussed that different psychological characteristics reflect different handwriting characteristics. Xiang Mu of the Ming Dynasty said in "Calligraphy Yayan" that people's personalities vary from strong to gentle, and their hands vary from smart to dull, so their handwriting must be different. People with a conservative personality tend to be reserved and restrained in their words; people with an indulgent temperament tend to be sentimental and cowardly but not open-minded; people with straightforward temperaments tend to be upright and upright without being overly charming. Shao Kangjie of the Song Dynasty had quite a lot of discussion on the characteristics of handwriting in his book "The Numbers of Plum Blossoms". It can be said to be the most abundant book on handwriting in ancient China. The book says: "A lifetime of loneliness is seen in the slanting of calligraphy and painting; a half-life of poverty is the result of the stupidity of the writing." Another example is "The painting is like a dead tree with edges and corners, so lonely and lonely" and so on. Of course, Shao Kangjie studied and analyzed handwriting characteristics from the perspective of the Zhouyi Bagua. People have different opinions on the scientific positioning of this research. However, regardless of the angle, it is, after all, a study of handwriting characteristics. Although Shao Kangjie has elaborated a lot on handwriting characteristics and psychological characteristics, there is no specific systematic classification of handwriting characteristics. There are many elaborations on the characteristics of handwriting in ancient China, but there are no written records from the perspective of handwriting classification.

2. Classification of Chinese handwriting from the perspective of handwriting identification in modern China

In 1938, the famous scholar Feng Wenyao classified handwriting characteristics into There are two types: "full observation and partial observation". "All observations" include ten categories: (1) Style: the overall momentum of the characters; (2) The layout is loose, compact, even, narrow, straight or clever; (3) The strokes of the pen, straight or straight; (4) The style of the characters: such as Wang, Yan, Su, Liu, Mi...Han steles, Wei steles, etc.; (5) The width and distance of the intervals between the writings; (6) The evenness, skew and unevenness of the characters; (5) 7) The expression of words. Such as slow, flying, cramped, exquisite, vulgar, weak, clean, dirty; (8) The size of the font. Such as length, skew, tightness, fatness, age and tenderness; (9) The number of words and the position and style of punctuation marks; (10) Reporting of typos.

"Partial observation characteristics" include the following five categories: (1) The magical interest in using the pen: such as pen-stopping, pen-downing, lifting the pen, turning the pen, folding the pen, squatting the pen, stopping the pen, and covering the pen , pointed pen, etc.; (2) The posture of the starting and ending strokes: such as hidden front and exposed front, straight front and slanted front, straight and side strokes, contracted and square pens, upward and square strokes; (3) point of upward. Cover, flat finish, straight and strong, as well as the angles of starting, stroking, pecking, turning; (4) Personal unique strokes or patterns; (5) The pronunciation and calendaring of words...etc.

In 1943, criminologist Xu Shengxi divided handwriting characteristics into eight types: (1) The tendency of the lines of words; (2) The angle of the inclination of the handwriting; (3) The size of the font; (4) The font Different styles; (5) Neat or messy; (6) Continuous or discontinuous; (7) The weight of the strokes; (8) The speed of the strokes.

After 1949, there were many classifications of handwriting, among which the more representative ones include: the classification of Chinese handwriting identification experts in 1958, which divided handwriting characteristics into general characteristics and individual characteristics. The general characteristics of handwriting refer to the proficiency, size, spacing, inclination, coherence, uniformity, type and pressure of handwriting, etc.; the individual characteristics of handwriting include ten aspects. Mainly include brushstrokes, matching proportions, stroke order, word writing, punctuation, etc. Another representative classification is that in 1999, Professor Jia Yuwen divided handwriting features into nine categories: (1) Overview features; (2) Local arrangement features; (3) Writing features; (4) Typos features; (5) Matching proportion characteristics; (6) Stroke order characteristics; (7) Brushstroke characteristics; (8) Brush mark characteristics; (9) Written language characteristics and application, etc.

Professor Tu Liyun, a famous handwriting identification expert, has his own understanding of the classification of handwriting based on his own identification practice. She believes: “The handwriting features that have been confirmed and widely used in identification mainly include the following: written language features, text layout features, calligraphy level features, font and font style features, writing style features, typo features, stroke order features, penmanship features, With proportional features, marking features, punctuation marks and Arabic numeral features." In addition, Professor Tu added another feature: "the charm of characters".

The above is a classification of Chinese handwriting from the perspective of handwriting identification. Due to the different research purposes and tasks, the classification has obvious identification characteristics.

3. Modern Chinese classification of handwriting characteristics from the perspective of handwriting psychology or graphology

Chinese graphology expert Mr. Han Jin analyzed the characteristics of Chinese handwriting from five aspects: (1 ) chapter. Including full text layout, margins, line spacing, line packing, character spacing, signature, format, punctuation, pen movement, pen pressure, speed, font tilt, font size, etc.; (2) Words.

Including the fluency of writing, the outline of the font (square, round, long, flat, trapezoid, inverted trapezoid, horizontal trapezoid, irregular, radial, hollow), the different structural features of the font, etc.; ( 3) Radical features; (4) Line (stroke) features. Including dot, horizontal, vertical, left and right writing; (5) Partial. Including starting the pen, moving the pen, closing the pen, etc.

Mr. Liu Zhaozhong, an expert in handwriting psychology, divides the characteristics of handwriting into eight aspects: (1) Characteristics of strokes. Including 44 characteristics such as long and strong strokes, short and powerful strokes, thick and vigorous strokes, convoluted strokes, strong strokes, uniform stroke thickness, rigid strokes, and mistakes are covered to prevent identification...; (2) Speed ??(6 characteristics) ) and intensity (4 features); (3) shelf structure features (6 features); (4) ink color features (7 features); (5) font features (16 features); (6) character line features . Including the running of word lines, the start and end of word lines, the spacing between word lines, the distance between word lines and margins, the position of word lines within the grid, etc.; (7) Characteristics of calligraphy. Including 10 characteristics including the preference for writing regular script, cursive script, etc.; (8) Characteristics of composition. It includes 10 characteristics including neat arrangement, seamless integration, large to small characters throughout, lack of coordination...etc. In addition, Mr. Wang Changyu divided handwriting characteristics into seven aspects. His classification has many similarities with Liu Zhaozhong's.

4. Comparison of the classification of Chinese handwriting characteristics from two different perspectives

The first two classifications are carried out from the two perspectives of handwriting identification and handwriting psychological analysis. Therefore, there are many similarities and certain differences in the classification of handwriting. Since the purpose of handwriting identification is mainly to identify the similarities, differences, and authenticity of handwriting, the classification of handwriting focuses on grasping the handwriting features that can reflect different characteristics. For example, "pen mark characteristics", in terms of handwriting identification, it is very important for handwriting identification and case detection to determine what kind of pen was used to write, whether it was a new pen or an old pen, whether it was written with a complete nib or a broken nib, etc. important. But the value for psychological analysis is not very great. Another example is "language features". From the perspective of handwriting identification, "linguistic characteristics" reflect a person's language habits and language level, such as word usage habits, vocabulary level, grammar and rhetoric characteristics and levels and other personality characteristics. For handwriting identification, these aspects can reflect a person's language characteristics. Therefore, analyzing these differential characteristics of handwriting is very important to distinguish the similarities and differences of handwriting. For the psychological analysis of handwriting, the written language content can also contribute to the psychological analysis of handwriting under certain circumstances. However, in general, handwriting analysis does not pay attention to the writing content, and even deliberately avoids the impact of writing content on handwriting analysis.

According to the different classifications of handwriting, it can be seen that although there are certain differences between the two classifications, these classifications basically reflect the basic characteristics of handwriting, but the classification from the perspective of handwriting identification is more comprehensive. Some. The classification from the perspective of handwriting analysis reflects the need for psychological analysis of handwriting. There are also certain differences in the specific classification of the two major classification angles. For example, the differences between the classifications of Mr. Han Jin and Mr. Liu Zhaozhong are quite obvious. Looking at the different classifications, although they seem to have their own characteristics and variety, in terms of the basic characteristics of handwriting, they are all included, but there are some different divisions and different focuses from the perspective of subdivision.