Like all lithographs, lithographs are a new kind of printing. /kloc-during the first industrial revolution in the 0/8th century, an epoch-making accident led to the invention of lithograph printing due to the need of large-scale simple printing. The original intention of lithograph research and creation is to find a cheap way to print words and pictures. With the rapid prosperity of industry and commerce, the emerging bourgeoisie and the citizen class are open-minded, life-oriented and arty, which brings a lot of demand for copying famous paintings and prints reflecting secular life. The reproduction print market has gradually matured lithograph as a printing technology, and at the same time, it has produced a new variety of lithograph & lithograph art.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, passionate and creative painters with France as the center were not satisfied with the reproduction and production process of lithographs, and began to intervene in all the production processes of lithographs, expressing the original spirit of painters by direct painting, and the truly creative lithograph art was born and developed.

The rise and fall of lithographs are ups and downs with the market demand. Since romanticism, the masters of major painting schools and modern painting schools in the 20th century have actively devoted themselves to the creation of lithographs, and guided the development of lithographs with their own forms of expression and aesthetic concepts.

Picasso's restless nature injected his inspiration into every link of lithograph plate making and printing, which turned the technical process of lithograph plate making and printing into a means of artistic re-creation, and put forward a new concept of modern lithograph making.

China also experienced the historical stage from the introduction of lithographs to the initial formation of lithographs. However, the development of lithograph is restricted by some political and educational needs, and there is no market force to pull it, so it has become an art that a few people are struggling to explore, and at the same time it has left a large area of undeveloped art space.

The purpose of this part of the course is: to understand the history of lithographs, and to understand the technical and artistic characteristics of lithographs by reviewing their development; Looking back on the past, thinking about the relationship between the development and evolution of lithographs and the current artistic practice, and understanding the creation principle of lithographs.

1. The invention of lithograph and the development of lithograph art

1. 1 Senefeld and lithography

/kloc-in the late 8th century, with the start of the British spinning machine, the roar of the machine spread all over western Europe. Although Germany was in a state of division at that time, the wave of industrial revolution had begun to hit both sides of the Rhine.

At this time, in Bavaria, Aloys Senefeld (1771-kloc-0/834), a Czech youth born in Prague, studied law at the university, and at the same time inherited his dead father's travel performance career and became the head of a troupe. He began to write music scores and plays from 1792, but no publishing house is willing to adopt the plays of unknown writers. He wants to publish scripts for printing, but woodcut and copperplate printing require some special skills.

A dense and delicate light-colored limestone slab, which is a specialty of Bavarian Songerduifen quarry, is widely used as building materials and paving roads. Selfield decided to give it a try and use it to engrave the printing plate. 1796 One day, he wrote the order for mom's laundry on these tablets with crayons in case he forgot. When he tried to clean the slate with nitric acid solution, the handwriting appeared. Try to watermark the paper with ink at once, and the dirty places also have handwriting reproduction. There is another saying about this accidental discovery, that is, put a wet dress on a slate, write it with oil crayons, and then paint it with ink. Only the writing part absorbs ink, and the rest does not, because there is water.

Hearing this news, Gula Isner, the music director of the Bavarian Royal Theatre, bought a copperplate printing machine for Senefeld, with the intention of printing simple music scores. Once the experiment is successful, it will obtain the patent right of the Bavarian king's aid right. But on the copper plate machine, the stone cracked and the printing effect was not ideal. After further research, Senefeld found that gum Arabic absorbed water and discharged oil. After the surface of the stone is coated with greasy crayons, it is coated with Arabic gum mixed with nitric acid. Wet with water after cleaning and print with ink. Because oil and water repel each other, ink is only adsorbed on crayons and printed on paper. From 1797 to 1798, this primitive "lithograph" printed music scores and document pictures, which is an epoch-making great invention in the history of printing and printmaking. Today, offset printing still uses its basic technical principles. According to Greek, which describes this meaning on stone, this printing method is named lithograph.

1799, the Bavarian government granted Senefeld the exclusive right to print lithographs, and no competitors were allowed in 15 years. But Senefeld never kept a secret, and he was happy to introduce visitors.

1800, in offenbach, Germany, Senefeld founded the first lithograph studio, which was founded by Ann John? Amdo bought the patent for 200 guilders and ran the workshop, which was run by Senefeld and trained by two people. Andole and his cousin Francois? Giovanni was the first person to print pictures with lithographs.

Senefeld made woodcuts and lithographs in 1805 and 18 17. While painting on the stone surface, he also found a way to draw on paper with ink and crayons and then press it on the stone plate. Transfer paper, transfer ink and plate-making ink were made. With this transfer plate-making method, copperplate prints and woodcuts can be transferred to stone tablets. 18 17 successfully polished the surface of zinc-tin plate into sand net instead of slate plate. Transfer printing and metal application have become the basis for the further development of offset printing.

180 1 year, a brother named Philp, who lives in Amdo, London, applied for the patent right of the British government without telling Senefeld. Three years later, he also published an original collection of lithographs, including 12 paintings by two artists, so lithographs settled in Britain. In Paris, Amdo's other brother 1802 obtained a patent from the French government and set up a lithograph printing workshop.

Bavaria gained its independence in 1804. On the recommendation of Baron Aletai in 1808, Senefeld copied and published Diu Lei's Prayer for maximilian in the Royal Library. Because of this brilliant commemorative publication, the Bavarian royal family bought the factory of Seinfeld and appointed him as the director of the Royal Printing House. 18 10, Stowe Lochova, my brother's door, published The Secret Biography of Lithography. The president of the Royal Academy of Sciences thought that a comprehensive book on lithography should be written by Senefeld himself, so Senefeld published the Encyclopedia of Lithography in 18 18, including comments and explanations. The next year, the book's

1834 On February 26th, Senefeld died in Munimo. Close your eyes, he saw lithograph experts and lithograph printing workshops in London, Paris, Milan, Barcelona, new york and other places are surprisingly active, and lithographs even landed in China, the hometown of printing.

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