James I's second son, 16 12, became the crown prince after the death of his brother Henry, Prince of Wales. 1625, he became king of Britain, known as Charles I, and married Princess Henrietta Maria, sister of French King Louis XIII. 1625 June, the first parliament was held. Because the parliament was dissatisfied with the monopoly of its favorite Duke Buckingham and the failure of the Spanish War, it refused the privilege of collecting tariffs from the king, which formed the opposition between the parliament and the king. 1626 February, the second parliament was held. Parliament impeached the Duke of Buckingham because of its defeat in the Spanish War, but it was rejected. In June, Parliament was dissolved. During this period, Charlie levied taxes at will without the consent of Congress, and the army also stationed in private houses at will, causing public grievances. Congress then filed a right petition in 1628, asking the king to improve, and Charlie signed it for Congress to agree to tax. 1629, in violation of the provisions of the petition, Charlie sent someone to arrest a member of parliament who was radical in words and deeds, and then dissolved the parliament. In the following year 1 1, the parliament was not convened again, which was called 1 1 year's "cruel rule". 1640 in April, the parliament was called "short-term parliament" because it refused to resume the war. 1 1 in June, 2006, the parliament was called again, that is, the "long parliament", but it still refused to cooperate with the king. Because Parliament forcibly arrested Count Strafford, the king's favorite, and planned to control the army that should have been controlled by foreign countries. Charles I arrested five members of parliament for treason, and was personally led by guards to the parliament to arrest people. This incident marked the break between the king and parliament and became the fuse of the English Civil War. The news of Charles I's arrest in Parliament angered the people of London, who took control of London. The king was forced to flee north to York on 1 month 1642, and gathered Wang Liliang. In June, the proposal of member 19 was rejected; On August 22nd, the flag was raised in Nottingham and the civil war broke out. 1644, the Scots were forced to give up attacking London because they fought against the king's army. 1645 On June 4th, the model army with Sir Fairfax and Cromwell as the first and second commanders defeated the King's army in the Battle of Nesby. /kloc-in the spring of 0/646, the parliamentary army besieged Oxford, the king's army surrendered, Charles I fled in disguise, and the first civil war ended. On May 5, he was sent by Scotland to sell to Parliament and escaped. With the support of the Scots, the second civil war started. 1648, the Scottish army was defeated by the parliamentary army. At the end of the Second Civil War, Charles I was captured. The Queen fled to France for assistance and was snubbed by the ruling French Prime Minister Cardinal Masalin. 1649 65438+ 10, the special court began the trial of Charles I, and on 27th, 59 of the 35 members of the special court/kloc-0 signed the order to execute the king issued by Cromwell. On the 30th, Charles I was guillotined in front of the banquet hall in Whitehall, becoming the only king executed in British history.