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The role of e-commerce in enterprises
With the development of network technology, electronic money, as a network-based payment and settlement tool, is developing at an unprecedented speed. Starting from the concept of electronic currency, the article not only analyzes its development, but also focuses on its application in e-commerce based on the business process of e-commerce. Finally, problems and solutions that arise during the application process are proposed.
Keywords: Electronic money, Internet finance, e-commerce
With the development of computer technology, there are more and more electronic payment tools related to e-commerce. These payment tools can be roughly divided into three categories: one is electronic money, such as electronic cash, electronic wallets, etc.; the other is electronic credit cards, including smart cards, debit cards, phone cards, etc.; and the other is electronic checks. , such as electronic checks, electronic transfers (EFT), electronic transfers, etc. This article will analyze and research the applicability of electronic money, one of the tools of electronic payment, in e-commerce.
1. Basic concepts and main forms of electronic money
1. Basic concepts of electronic money.
As the latest form of currency, electronic currency has been used more and more widely since its emergence in the 1970s. Electronic money is a kind of credit currency developed on the Internet, using commercial electronic machines and various types of transaction cards as the medium, using electronic computer technology and modern communication technology as the means, and using electronic pulses for fund transmission and storage. Financial electronic information exchange through online banking, electronic money has the advantages of low storage costs, low circulation costs, low standardization costs, and low use costs compared with other forms of currency such as banknotes. Especially suitable for small amount online purchases. Electronic currency technology solves technical problems in the storage, circulation, and use of intangible currency and has great potential for development. Mark Twain Bank in the United States was the first bank in the United States to provide electronic money services. As early as April 1996, it acquired 10,000 electronic money customers.
2 The main forms of electronic money.
Electronic money comes in two main forms: payment cards in the form of smart cards and digital currency documents. The former is mainly used for offline payment, and the latter is used for online payment.
Electronic cash is mainly used to replace banknotes and coins for daily small consumption. In addition to the characteristics of cash, the Mondex card also has a better characteristic than cash, that is, it can be used as a person-to-person, person-to-merchant, and person-to-bank payment safely through electronic channels (such as telephone, Internet, etc.) Long distance transfer value. my country's e-commerce is just getting started, there are few online financial services, and the construction of electronic money systems is progressing slowly. Mondex is currently the closest electronic currency to cash.
E - Cash is a digital currency developed by Digicash for online transactions. It is a currency that circulates in the form of data. Convert cash values ??into a series of encrypted serial numbers, and use these serial numbers to represent the currency values ??of various amounts in reality. After users open an account at a bank that conducts electronic cash business and deposit money in the account, they can make purchases at stores that accept electronic cash.
2. Development of electronic money
1. Overview of the development of electronic money.
The emergence of electronic currency is the result of economic and technological development to a certain extent. The use of electronic money can, first, replace the issuance of cash to the greatest extent, reducing the cost of currency issuance; second, the issuing entity will change from the central bank to other entities.
The current electronic money mainly includes bank cards and online electronic money. Now, bank cards have been more commonly used in people's lives. For customers, using bank cards for shopping, payment, cash withdrawal, deposit and transfer is convenient, fast, safe and efficient, and they can also get the convenience of consultation and financing. At the same time, online financial services driven by online electronic money are developing rapidly in the world. According to statistics, online financial services accounted for 10% to 20% of traditional financial services in 2004. Among them, online financial services in the United States have developed the fastest, and European countries are also developing vigorously. In Asia, Singapore and other countries are advanced regions in the development of electronic money. .
Officials of the Singapore Monetary Board said that the country will strive to switch to electronic currency in 2008. The currency will include an "electronic digital pulse". The transmitting device is installed on mobile phones, PDAs or even watches, and then emits pulse signals for payment. At that time, all commercial and service institutions will accept electronic money in accordance with the law. The European Central Bank also pointed out that the application scope of electronic currency will become wider and wider, and the promotion of electronic currency will become an integral part of the European Central Bank's future monetary policy.
2. The development of electronic money in my country.
Generally speaking, the development of electronic money in my country started later than developed countries and is still in its infancy. There are few online financial services and the construction of electronic money systems is progressing slowly. Due to national conditions and the concept of credit, there was no market basis in the early development of China's commodity economy. It was not until the mid-to-late 1990s that, with the deepening of financial system reform and banks being pushed into the market, the survival competition consciousness of the commodity economy forced China's The banking industry has begun to think about the development strategy of electronic money.
In our country, the current focus of development is still mainly on the credit card business. my country's first bank credit card was the "Bank of China Card" issued by the Zhuhai Branch of the Bank of China in June 1985. Compared with foreign countries, the development history of bank credit cards is very short. In recent years, my country's bank card business has developed rapidly. By the end of June 2001, 55 financial institutions across the country had launched bank card business, with a total number of cards issued reaching 330 million; the balance of bank card account deposits was 374.2 billion yuan, only In the first half of 2003, the total transaction volume reached 4,853.2 billion yuan, an increase of 224% over the same period of the previous year; there were 129,000 bank outlets nationwide accepting bank cards and about 100,000 merchants; all financial institutions have installed automatic teller machines. 49,000 units and 334,000 sales terminals.
3. The development trend of electronic money.
The current development of electronic money is very rapid. According to expert predictions, 12% to 15% of transactions in the United States may be conducted electronically in the past ten years, and this development trend will continue to accelerate. In 2000, about 10% of people used electronic money for commercial transactions. In our country, some people in the industry also analyze that e-commerce will develop vigorously. It can be seen that electronic money will develop in a more convenient, safer, and more standardized direction, and payment methods will also tend to be simplified and unified. Electronic money will inevitably have broader development prospects.
3. Application of electronic money in e-commerce
In the face of the digital era that has arrived, with the rapid development of financial electronics and the Internet, the Internet as a new trade The field is gradually becoming a major development trend in business. Electronic money system is the basis of e-commerce activities. Only by correctly understanding the advantages of electronic money, establishing and improving the electronic money system, can we truly carry out e-commerce activities.
1 A brief description of the e-commerce process.
E-commerce is a way of buying and selling that uses the most advanced information technology. The entire e-commerce process is not a replica of business activities in the industrial economy stage. E-commerce is a business service that integrates three basic services: "communication services", "data management services", and "security services". In the process of e-commerce, consumers and merchants (i.e. buyers and sellers) input their various supply and demand wishes into the e-commerce network in a certain format, and the e-commerce network will search for relevant information and provide it to consumers based on the consumer's requirements. A variety of buying and selling options. Once the consumer confirms, e-commerce will assist in completing the entire set of business including contract signing, classification, delivery and payment collection. At the same time, in order to ensure the security of the transaction process, certification agencies authenticate buyers and sellers trading on the Internet to confirm their true identities. E-commerce essentially forms a virtual market exchange place.
2. Electronic money and e-commerce.
There is a very close relationship between electronic currency and e-commerce. In e-commerce, online banking, online electronic payment, data encryption, electronic signature, etc. all play an important and indispensable role. Among them, the depth and breadth of the application of electronic money as a payment tool directly affects the development of e-commerce. We can see through the process of e-commerce that e-commerce not only includes commodity flow, information flow, and logistics, but also covers the scope of capital flow.
In the payment process, it is inevitable to make currency payments or fund transfers through the Internet. Electronic money can be used to safely and flexibly store currency on one's own hard drive in an anonymous form and use it during the payment process. It connects consumers and merchants (buyers and sellers) with banks. Consumers can open accounts at relevant banks. When they need to use electronic money, they can install corresponding software or deposit cash in advance, but consumers must negotiate with merchants. After signing the order contract, you can use the corresponding electronic currency to pay for the purchased goods. Among them, the certification body ensures the security of the transaction process.
3. Problems and solutions that arise in the application.
The application and development of electronic money makes spot and cash transactions possible on the Internet, promoting the innovation of corporate marketing structures, marketing methods, and settlement methods; and convenient, fast, and easy shopping methods will also greatly The land stimulates consumption and expands demand, bringing unlimited business opportunities to retailers; at the same time, due to the implementation of open network operations, market competition has been greatly intensified, prompting companies to provide the market with high-quality and low-cost goods, high-quality and efficient services.
In e-commerce, using electronic money for payment has many advantages compared with traditional currency payment methods. First of all, in the same space, the denomination value that can be stored in electronic currency is unlimited; while the denomination value of traditional currency is limited. Secondly, electronic currency is less limited by time and space and can be transmitted over long distances in a short time through communication systems. Third, electronic money can be managed by computers, which makes up for the high cost of traditional currency management. Fourth, the anonymity of electronic currency is stronger than traditional currency, avoiding face-to-face transactions. In addition, the author also believes that electronic currency has the advantage of larger information carrying capacity compared with traditional currency. By using electronic money in the transaction process, merchants, manufacturers and consumers can get more information than traditional transaction methods. For example, merchants can quickly and timely count the sales of hot-selling products on the Internet, accurately see the user profiles who participated in browsing or purchasing through user registration information, and can even conduct follow-up market surveys through phone calls and emails. , in order to provide more convenient services. At the same time, consumers can also get quick feedback information and complete after-sales service.
However, for now, there are still some shortcomings in the application of electronic money as a payment tool in e-commerce. There are many opinions on this issue. For example, security issues, imperfect network infrastructure, immature development of e-commerce, system reliability, security and digital authentication technology, etc. The emergence of these problems will have a great impact on the development of electronic currency. . In order for electronic currency to develop rapidly and healthily, these problems must be solved as soon as possible. It is not only necessary to strengthen the construction of network infrastructure and increase the penetration rate of the Internet; at the same time, it is necessary to actively develop e-commerce, thereby promoting the development of electronic money; in addition, it is also necessary to introduce and improve corresponding laws and regulations as soon as possible to provide corresponding support for network security. Legal protection, standardization of online transaction procedures, and correct use of digital certificates.
In addition, through the study of electronic currency, the author believes that the emergence and application of electronic currency poses new challenges to traditional value economics and monetary banking. In future development, due to the application of electronic money, the central bank will no longer be able to regulate the market economy by adjusting the issuance of currency. New value economics and monetary banking will emerge, and inflation and deflation will also occur. There will be new interpretations to adapt to the development of the future network economy. Electronic currency will form a brand-new subject and impact traditional theories and ideas in the economic and financial circles.
IV. Conclusion
Expanding the electronic currency business is an inevitable requirement for economic development. With the accelerating process of economic globalization and the rapid development of information technology, the realization of electronic currency and financial systems will be an inevitable trend. At present, the continuous rise of electronic commerce, e-commerce, various online shopping systems based on secure data exchange protocols, supply chain management, and online marketing related to information technology have made the original computer application system, management system, and trade system structure It can no longer keep up with the development and needs of the times. It is believed that in the near future, driven by the continuous development of e-commerce, electronic currency will also develop more comprehensively in social and economic life.
Correctly grasp the essence of e-commerce
Papers of the 4th China International E-Commerce Seminar and Exhibition
Beijing Junsi E-Commerce Research and Development Center Anhui< /p>
Abstract of thesis: Fundamentally speaking, e-commerce is a competition that arises in the transition from industrial economy to "knowledge economy", with developed countries as the leading force and new enterprises as the main driving force. Changes in industrial structure and corporate structure. Analyzing the conditions for the emergence of e-commerce and the development and application trends, the essence of e-commerce is "a result" and "a change". "A result" means that e-commerce is the result of the high development of modern industrial society; "a change" means that e-commerce is a change in the traditional industrial structure, especially the corporate structure. Therefore, the development of e-commerce in China is a step-by-step process. From a macro perspective, the key to the development of e-commerce in China is to vigorously develop the market economy, standardize market order, and establish a sound legal and regulatory system; from a meso perspective, it is We must vigorously develop logistics, finance, information and other industries; from a micro perspective, we must establish a modern enterprise system with clear property rights, scientific management, and a sense of competition.
Keywords: e-commerce knowledge economy industrial structure enterprise system information innovation
Abstract: In essence, electronic commerce is a reform to the industrial structure and enterprise structure that occurs in industrial economy's transition towards “knowledge economy” with the developed countries as the leading factor and new type enterprises as the main driving force. In the angle of the conditions for the emergence of electronic commerce and the trend of its development and application, the essence of electronic commerce is “a result” and “a reform”. “A result” means electronic commerce is the result of the rapid development of modern industrial society; “a reform” means electronic commerce is a reform to the traditional industrial structure, especially the enterprise structure . Therefore, the development of Chinese electronic commerce is a step-by-step process. The crux to the development of Chinese electronic commerce, from a macro point of view, is to vigorously develop market economy, standardize the order of market, establish and perfect the legal system; from a moderate point of view, is to energetically develop such trades as the interflow of commodities, finance and IT, etc.; from a micro point of view, is to establish an modern enterprise system featured by clear property rights , scientific management and a consciousness of competition.
Keywords: Electronic commerce, knowledge economy, industrial structure, enterprise system, information, creation
It has been booming since the mid-1990s. The e-commerce wave has attracted the attention of countries around the world.
The impact of e-commerce on various sectors of the national economy has become increasingly apparent. From economically developed countries to developing countries, from international economic organizations to national governments, from industrial and commercial enterprises to consumers, they are all involved in the shock wave caused by e-commerce. Vigorously developing e-commerce has become a problem that is not based on human will. for the general trend of transfer.
Based on the author’s many years of tracking research on e-commerce, our basic point of view is that in the upsurge of global e-commerce development, we must proceed from the objective environment and conditions for the development of e-commerce in China and carefully study what is suitable for China. The development model and rules of e-commerce should avoid rushing in and only pursuing the superficial "electronization" of business while ignoring the innovation and development of business activities.
Fundamentally speaking, e-commerce is a change in the industrial structure caused by the transition from an industrial economy to a "knowledge economy", led by developed countries and with new enterprises as the main driving force. , changes in corporate structure. "Electronization of business activities" is a symptom of e-commerce. E-commerce involves the application of network technology, security technology, etc., but e-commerce is definitely not a simple technical issue. Looking at the essence through phenomena is a scientific method to study a new thing. Analyzing the conditions for the emergence of e-commerce and the development and application trends, the essence of e-commerce is "a result" and "a change".
"A result" means that e-commerce is the result of the high development of modern industrial society; "a change" means that e-commerce is a change in the traditional industrial structure, especially the corporate structure.
1. E-commerce is the result of the high development of modern industrial society
With the rapid development of contemporary science and technology and the development of economic globalization, the industrial structure of Western developed countries is changing on a global scale. Adjusted. The development of manufacturing technology has made the parts and components of products and various stages of production more and more separable. The specialized division of labor in production has expanded from within a country to the world; with the decentralization of the production process, the corresponding transportation Services in industries such as , communications, and finance have also been further socialized and professionalized, with higher efficiency and lower costs. For example: from 1930 to 1990, the cost of air transportation dropped from an average of 68 cents per mile to 11 cents, and the cost of a three-minute phone call between New York and London dropped from US$244 to US$3; in addition, due to the development of information technology, Worldwide data transfer becomes possible. It is precisely because of the specialization of production, the socialization of services, and the networking of information systems that open, globally oriented, and network-based e-commerce is possible.
Why did e-commerce develop first in developed countries? Why does online shopping in the United States not encounter "bottlenecks" such as information technology foundation, credit system, and distribution links? Why do Europe and the United States mainly focus on security, taxation and other technical and management levels when discussing how to develop e-commerce? In the development process of e-commerce in my country, people are concerned about how to move away from the three mountains of "credit, payment, and logistics"? The key to the problem is that the market economy of Western developed countries has matured. Credit foundation, financial services, and transportation services are no longer problems to be solved in social and economic development. To a certain extent, how to further utilize, develop, and develop them as "excess resources" Combination problem, and at this point, e-commerce is a new attempt and breakthrough.
Understanding this point is of great significance to the development of e-commerce in our country. If we do not consider the national conditions and the objective basis for the development of something, we will just realize the many benefits brought by e-commerce. If we vigorously develop e-commerce, e-commerce developed in this way will only become "water without a source and a tree without roots." Although there are specious statements such as "transcendence" and "latecomer effect", the market does not believe in courage and science does not believe in blindness. The key to developing China's e-commerce, from a macro perspective, is to vigorously develop the market economy, standardize the market order, and establish a sound legal and regulatory system. E-commerce cannot be based on a disorderly and closed socio-economic basic condition; From a perspective, it is necessary to vigorously develop logistics, finance, information and other industries. These industries are not only the "bottlenecks" in the development of e-commerce, but also from the perspective of the development of industrial structure, these industries are also the "barrels" in the development of our national economy. On the "shorter wooden strips"; from a micro perspective, the driving force for the development of e-commerce comes from enterprises. These enterprises should at least be modern enterprises with clear property rights, scientific management, and a sense of competition. Use", or a "beautiful story", should be a kind of sadness.
2. E-commerce is a change in the industrial structure, business operation and management structure
According to relevant information, in 1998, the world's largest e-commerce companies, the top 10 were Cisco , Dell, IBM, Intel, AOL, Amazon, Marshall Industries, 3COM, Ingram Micro, MCI World Com. None of the top 10 e-commerce companies is a traditional enterprise. Other information says: In 1998, the top 10 companies engaged in B to C e-commerce in the United States in terms of online sales revenue that year were Amazon (selling books, periodicals and CDs), CDNOW (selling music products), and Charies Schwab (stock trading). intermediaries), Cisco (sales of home modems, ADSL and other network products), Dell (sales of home PCs), E-Trade (finance, online securities intermediary services), NECX (sales of computer parts), OnSale (online auction of old products), REI (sells mountaineering equipment, travel supplies, etc.), 1800Flowers (sells flowers and gifts, etc.). In 1998, the top 10 companies engaged in B to B e-commerce in the United States in order of online sales revenue that year were: Marshall Industries (sales of electronic components, tools and equipment, etc.), Cisco (sales of network products and solutions), and Bay Networks (Same as above), Dell (sells computers), Compaq (sells computer products, application systems and network solutions), Federal Express (express services), IBM (sells computer systems, software, application systems and network solutions), W.W. Grainger (Sales of motors, electrical appliances, etc.), 3COM (Sales of network products and solutions), First Union Group (online banking and financial services). The top ten e-commerce companies in the United States and their market capitalization (January 19, 2000) are: amazom.com ($20,720 mil), barnesandnoble.com ($420 mil), beyond.com ($283 mil), ebay ($18,042 mil), egghead.com ($285 mil), etoys ($2,402 mil), e*trade ($6,325 mil), open market ($1,368 mil), priceline.com ($8,423 mil), shopnow.com ($n/a mil). Among these companies, there is no traditional enterprise.
Why is this a result? The fundamental reason is that the network economy has different laws and models from the traditional industrial economy. Therefore, e-commerce cannot be a replica of traditional business activities on the Internet.
The resource combination model, market operation model and consumption seeking model of the network economy are different from the traditional industrial economy. From the perspective of e-commerce applications, such as online purchasing and online sales, the purpose is to achieve "zero distance" in purchasing and selling activities. ", "zero inventory", when time and space are no longer obstacles to business activities, the establishment of emerging industries will be required accordingly. At the same time, the organizational structure and corresponding business processes based on the traditional corporate pyramid cannot realize the "higher, higher" level of online marketing. Therefore, although traditional enterprises in developed countries have a very high level of informatization and networking, they are slow in e-commerce.
If China wants to develop e-commerce, especially when companies want to apply e-commerce, they should focus on grasping the laws of the network economy and focusing on innovation and breakthroughs in business operations and management.
3. The development of e-commerce is a social system project
American e-commerce heroes such as Bezos and Del have brought endless power of role models to people, constantly There are elites who want to create e-commerce miracles, but the fact is that the development of e-commerce in China requires moving mountains one after another and breaking through bottlenecks one after another. Too many stories of pioneers becoming martyrs prove one thing, that is, e-commerce The development of business is a social system project. This system project should at least include the following aspects:
1. The construction of information highway.
The Internet is the media and carrier of e-commerce. Without the support of high-speed communication networks, it will be difficult to engage in online marketing.
2. Improvement of financial payment methods. The advantage of e-commerce is that it can realize zero-distance collection and payment, and zero-distance purchase and sale. But without safe and effective financial services, especially electronic payment methods, "zero distance" cannot be achieved.
3. Construction of standards and legal environment. E-commerce is a paperless trade, which involves the legal status and validity of digital signatures, electronic invoices, and electronic contracts. In addition, it also involves information security issues, privacy protection issues, transaction program specifications and data exchange standards issues, as well as tax issues. E-commerce cannot occur without standards.
4. Construction of enterprise internal management information system. To realize e-commerce, enterprises must achieve unified management and sharing of enterprise information resources, connect themselves with trading partners with purchasing and sales relationships, and establish rapid response systems and "zero inventory" supply chain systems. Fundamentals of business applications.
5. Establishment of physical goods distribution service system. Without a professional and social product distribution service system, e-commerce, especially online shopping, can only be an online shopping catalog service.
The development of e-commerce in China should promote the concept of macro-e-commerce, that is, e-commerce is a socialized systematic project, which involves many aspects such as the external environment of e-commerce applications and the internal conditions of e-commerce users. .
4. E-commerce should focus on business activities between enterprises
Generally speaking, e-commerce can be divided into the following categories based on its transaction parties and substantive content: That is, business-to-consumer (B-to-C) e-commerce; business-to-business (B-to-B) e-commerce; consumer-to-consumer (C-to-C) e-commerce and business-to-government ( B-to-G), consumer-to-government (C-to-G) e-commerce, etc. But no matter how it is divided, the core of e-commerce should be e-commerce between enterprises, because after all, e-commerce is just a new way of network economic activity, and enterprises, as the "cells" of economic activities, still play a core role in the new economy. . Judging from the development trend of e-commerce in recent years, this has also been proved.
According to research from Forrester Research, a market research organization, inter-enterprise e-commerce activities (in addition to advertising expenditures, products or services purchased by enterprise users through the Internet) have grown from zero levels in 1990 to The US$43 billion in 1998 will reach the US$843 billion mark in 2000.
Market research company Gartner Group stated that the global business-to-business e-commerce market was US$145 billion in 1999, but it is expected to continue to grow in the future; it is expected to reach US$7.29 trillion in 2004. .
Research firm IDC said business-to-business e-commerce will surge from US$30 million last year to US$1.38 trillion by 2003.
Because of this, business-to-business e-commerce has become a popular topic at this year’s World Economic Forum annual meeting. Business tycoons are also optimistic that the industry's peak is yet to come.
China's e-commerce started in the mid-1990s. Objectively speaking, from concept to model, it is related to big-name foreign IT manufacturers. As a result, many people's understanding of e-commerce is limited to a technical perspective rather than a business perspective. From the perspective of e-commerce, the misunderstanding between technology and business has led to indigestion in the application of e-commerce in our country. In fact, e-commerce is a new way of business activities with certain technical content. However, if the discussion of e-commerce applications only stays at the technical perspective, it seems to be putting the cart before the horse.
From a business perspective, the implementation of e-commerce should be multi-level. At the primary level, enterprises use the network for information processing and information exchange, but this does not constitute an effective condition for reaching transactions with customers; The e-commerce application at the intermediate level involves technical and legal issues because it constitutes part of the problem of contract performance; the e-commerce application at a higher level is to realize business activities between enterprises and consumers. This level is the content of business activities because it will Information flow, business flow, logistics, and capital flow are perfectly combined. In addition to technical issues, a socialized service guarantee system is crucial.
According to some data, among the 500 online corporate websites in China, 85% of the websites publish information that has not been updated or added for 6 months, and 90% of the websites only have photos of the general manager and company products. This shows that the e-commerce application of most enterprises in our country is still in its infancy. To improve the application level of enterprises, it is more effective to spend time on "technology" than on "business".
Looking at the development trends of global e-commerce, here are some thoughts on the development of e-commerce in China:
First, the development of e-commerce in China is a step-by-step process. Among them, the government needs to improve the external foundation and conditions for e-commerce applications as soon as possible and promote the development of related industries. At the same time, various enterprises need to actively but not blindly try. What China needs to cross to develop e-commerce is not the river of "applications", but the gap of "environment" (market, law, credit, services, etc.).
Second, the development of e-commerce in China needs to solve the problem of awareness. E-commerce is related to technology, but it is not a technical issue. "Business-oriented" is an accurate grasp of e-commerce.
Third, China’s e-commerce development needs to be studied calmly. Since e-commerce is not a technical issue, an application issue, or a single enterprise issue, it needs to be carefully studied; for China, e-commerce is not only a pressure from developed countries, but also a driving force and opportunity for development, but what is needed is Face up to China's objective environment and conditions and avoid the rise of false fire.